The Convolvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean region and the Near and Middle East PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE RIJKS- UNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF.DR. A.C. DE VOOYS, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DE SENAAT IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP MAANDAG 2 OKTOBER 1967 TE 14.30 UUR PRECIES DOOR Fatima el Zahra+Mahmoud+Abdallah+Sa’ad GEBOREN OP 2 JANUARI 1925 TE CAIRO 1967 "BRONDER-OFFSET" ROTTERDAM PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. J. LANJOUW AAN mijn ouders AAN mijn echtgenoot AAN mijn kinderen Hanan en Dalai The Convolvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterraneanregion and the Near and Middle East 1) F.M. Sa'ad Botanical Museum and Herbarium Utrecht Contents Introduction 9 A. General part 13 1. the in the Delimitation of genus Convolvulus past 13 and present 2. Morphology 15 The subterraneanparts; the shoots, the spines; the leaves; the seedling; the inflorescence; the calyx; the corolla; the androecium; the pistil; capsule and seeds; the indumentum 3. Karyology 29 4. Pollen morphology 33 5. Geography 35 6. Ecology 37 7. Uses 37 B. Taxonomic part 39 Materials 39 and the Convolvulus Diagnosis subdivisions of genus 41 Key to the sections 42 Key to the subsections 42 Sections and subsections of the Convolvulus genus 43 Key to the species 51 Species descriptions 62 References 258 Index of Exsiccatae 262 Index 283 Future address: Herbarium Section of Dokki U.A.R. 1) (CAIM), Ministry Agriculture. Cairo, (Egypt), INTRODUCTION This study was undertaken in 1963 at the suggestion of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw. As the genus Convolvulus is so large that a revision of all its species would have taken too much time, and as a revision of the African ones alone would have been because these do form natural not interesting species not a it to choose to into group, was decided a middle way, and take consideration also the the This all species occurring in adjoining countries. was the more Indicated as the Convolvulus species of the area which includes besides the Mediterraneanregion also the area extending eastwards of the latter to the of i. countries and western border Afghanistan, e. such as Iraq Iran, show many signs of affinity. During our study of the species occurring in these parts, it was realized that it would be desirable to consider also those occurring in Afghanistan and Turkmeniskaya and further to the west in the Caucasus, Armenia of the the Black and a part area surrounding Sea. The Canary and Madeira Isles were also included, as they are close to the North African part of this region and as these islands moreover are interesting because they show a high degree of endemism and because some of the Convolvulus species occurring here were regarded by some authors as sufficiently distinct from those found else- where be referred their for which the to to a genus of own, a genus name Rhodorrhiza was proposed. In 1789 The genus Convolvulus was introduced by Linnaeus (1753). it was revised by Desrousseaux, who described 107 species under the heading he the into viz. 1° “Liseron”; divided genus two subdivisions, “peduncles with 2° solitary flowers” and “peduncles with numerous flowers”; in the delimitation he of the genus followed Linnaeus. Some of the species which Linnaeus and Desrousseaux had included in 9 Convolvulus transferred R. Brown were by (1810) to a new genus His delimitationof the Convolvulus Calystegia. genus was accepted by the present author. Webb (1841) transferred some of the endemic species of the Canary Isles Rhodorrhiza. In the to a new genus present work they are considered to be true the representatives of genus Convolvulus. The next important revision was that of Choisy (1845), who described 117 returned to the species, Rhodorrhiza genus Convolvulus, and followed Don in of (1838) his division the genus into two subsections, viz. Orthocaulos and A delimitation of the Strophocaulos. good genus was given in Bentham H and Hooker's "Genera Plantarum" (vol. 1876); the genus Rhodorrhiza Webb was treated here as a section of Convolvulus, a view with which the author does present not agree. Hallier (1893) added to the diagnostic characters of the Convolvulus genera and Calystegia a difference in the struc- ture of their pollen grains. The subdivision of the genus Convolvulus has always been based on differences in habit, but Boissier (1875) in his revision of the species of the Orient in sectiones rightly made the following remark "genus naturales aegre dividendum; greges hie propositae saepissime artificiales nam limltes inter species ramis tandem spinescentibus vel inermibus, caulibus scandentibus vel subscandentibus, rhizomate plus minusve suffrutescenti donatas interdum incerti sunt". Peter in Engler and Prantl (1897) used besides the habit of the plant the the shape of the inflorescence; this gives a greater accuracy to subdivison of the genus. The author recognises in the area surveyed in this work 118 species of which 16 are new to science; two of the new species were described from the Nubian Desert in Egypt (U. A. R.), i.e.from a stretch of country which is now forever covered by the water of the Aswan Dam. The author had the opportunity to collect here with the co-author of the two new Egyptian species some other ones, viz. C. hystrix Vahl, C. prostratus Forsk. and C. arven- sis L. In other parts of Egypt too they collected some species. The species occurring in the above delimitedarea are in this work divided three twelve subsections and four over sections, series; among these are one new section, two new subsections and two new series. Before the Netherlands the coming to present author had the opportunity to see some of the Egyptian Convolvulus species in their natural habitat, 10 viz. when she in of the behind was engaged a botanical survey plants growing the Aswan Dam, an area which will be covered forever by the water of the dam. The seeds from which the plants were obtained which permitted the author besides the usual characters the to study taxonomomic karyology, pollen mor- phology and some other less easily accessible features, were partly obtained from a number of botanical gardens and partly collected by the author and some of her compatriots in their natural habitats in Egypt. Not all the seeds germi- nated and gave mature plants in the garden, as the weather in the Netherlands is not favourable for their germination and growth. A considerablepart of the seeds obtained from botanical gardens were not correctly named. The karyological data were obtained from eight species representing two sections; in three of the species the chromosomes were counted for the first of them found time, and in two basic numbers were which proved to be new for the genus. The author intends to go on with these karyological studies when she is back in Egypt where the climatic conditions are more favourable for most of the species of this genus. In other fields of taxonomic research too there is still much to be done be before a better understandingof the relationships within this genus can reached. the Concerning the infraspecific taxa author spent a good deal of time in searching the literature. Those which the author found in the publications which came to her hand are all dealt with; since there is no special index for these it of obtain of categories, is, course, nearly impossible to a complete survey them. Acknowledgement This study was carried out at the "Instituut voor Systematische Plantkunde' of the State University, Utrecht, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw, the head of this Institute, to whom the author is deeply indebted for his guidance and stimulating criticism. The author wishes to acknowledge her sincere appreciation to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture, for granting her a study leave and for enablingher to out this to the Netherlands for the Advancement of carry study; Organization Pure Research (Z. W. O.) for a grant which enabled her to visit the herbaria of Madrid, Paris, Geneva and London in order to study there the type specimens of various species; to Prof. Dr. F. A. Stafleu for helping her in solving some 11 problems regarding the lypification of part of the species and the dates of their publication; to Prof. Dr. C.E.B.Bremekamp for revising the engllsh text, the and the the criticizing manuscript contributing latln diagnoses of new spe- to K. U. for criticism the cies; Dr. Kramer his guidance and during progress of the work; to Dr. A. Mennega, for her help In obtaining material on loan from various and for her and herbaria criticism assistance In the anatomical part; to Dr. T.W.J. Gadellaforhlsasslstancelnthekaryologlcal part; to Dr. W. Punt for In E. for helping her the pollen-morphological part; to Mr. Mennega pro- curing seeds for cultivation from various Botanical Gardens; to Miss M. who with Boterenbrood, very kindly translated the part dealing the genus C onvolvulus from the Flora; Russian to Miss Hupkens van der Elst and to Mr. T.Schlpper for their excellent drawings; to Miss H.C.C. de Wilde who helped her In obtaining the relevant literature; to Miss J.Sprey for her parti- cipation in the registering of the exsiccata and for typing, together with Miss N. the manuscript. I also wish to express my obligation and gratitude to Prof. V.Tackholm, Department of Botany, Cairo University, U.A.R. for her kind help and guidance in the preliminary phase of this study. Thanks Is also due to Miss P. A. Allersma, "Kinderhuis Zonne-Hoogte", Driebergen, for taking care of the author's children during the time of her study while extending my sincere gratitude to the board of the house for their help in this connection.