Round Midnight

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Round Midnight UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRA MUZIKOLOGIE Vývoj a prom ěny jazzového standardu ’Round Midnight Development And Tranformations Of Jazz Standard ’Round Midnight Bakalá řská práce Autorka práce: Tereza Štaudová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jan P řibil OLOMOUC 2015 Pod ěkování Up římn ě d ěkuji Mgr. Janu P řibilovi za odbornou pomoc p ři vedení mé bakalá řské práce. Velice si cením jeho p řipomínek a rad. Dále d ěkuji všem, kte ří m ě p ři psaní této práce podporovali. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že p ředložená bakalá řská práce je mým p ůvodním autorským dílem, které jsem vypracovala samostatn ě. Veškerou literaturu a další zdroje, z nichž jsem p ři zpracování čerpala, v práci řádn ě cituji a uvádím je v seznamu použité literatury. V Olomouci dne …………… ……………………... podpis OBSAH ÚVOD .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. STAV BÁDÁNÍ ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2. VZNIK SKLADBY ’ROUND MIDNIGHT A JEJÍ RANÝ VÝVOJ ................................................ 17 2.1 ZÁKLADNÍ ZNAKY OSOBNOSTI A TVORBY THELONIA MONKA .......................................................... 17 2.2 VZNIK SKLADBY ’ROUND MIDNIGHT A JEJÍ ANALÝZA ....................................................................... 20 2.3 PRVNÍ NAHRÁVKY ’ROUND MIDNIGHT .............................................................................................. 25 2.3.1 Cootie Williams ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.3.2 Dizzy Gillespie ......................................................................................................................... 28 2.4 ’ROUND MIDNIGHT V DÍLE THELONIA MONKA ................................................................................. 31 3. PROM ĚNY STANDARDU ’ROUND MIDNIGHT V REPERTOÁRU VÝZNAMNÝCH JAZZOVÝCH INTERPRET Ů A JEHO DALŠÍ VYUŽITÍ ................................................................. 38 3.1 PŘEHLED NAHRÁVEK A JEJICH STRU ČNÁ CHARAKTERISTIKA ............................................................ 39 3.2 UŽITÍ SKLADBY ’ROUND MIDNIGHT MIMO OBLAST JAZZOVÉ HUDBY ................................................ 44 3.2.1 Klasická a populární hudba ..................................................................................................... 44 3.2.2 Film ’Round Midnight, filmová a scénická hudba ................................................................... 45 3.2.3 Zamyšlení nad využitím skladby ’Round Midnight................................................................... 48 3.3 ANALÝZA KLÍ ČOVÝCH INTERPRETACÍ ’ROUND MIDNIGHT ................................................................ 49 3.3.1 Miles Davis .............................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.2 Wes Montgomery ..................................................................................................................... 54 3.3.3 Bill Evans ................................................................................................................................. 56 3.3.4 Herbie Hancock ....................................................................................................................... 64 3.3.5 Art Ensemble Of Chicago ........................................................................................................ 68 ZÁV ĚR ...................................................................................................................................................... 75 SEZNAM ZDROJ Ů ................................................................................................................................. 77 SHRNUTÍ .................................................................................................................................................. 82 SEZNAM NOTOVÝCH UKÁZEK ........................................................................................................ 85 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK ..................................................................................................... 86 SEZNAM P ŘÍLOH .................................................................................................................................. 87 Úvod Předkládaná bakalá řská práce otevírá téma jazzových standard ů, tedy skladeb, které se staly natolik oblíbenými, že je další a další generace muzikant ů za členily do svých repertoár ů. Je samoz řejmé, že v rukou jednotlivých jazzových interpret ů doznává standard v ětších či menších zm ěn. Na rozdíl od vážné hudby, kde je vyžadováno precizní ztvárn ění skladatelem zapsané kompozice, jsou zásahy do jazzových standard ů vítány a oce ňovány. Každé zpracování a nahrání nové verze odráží danou dobu, aktuální stylový proud, osobitý p řístup konkrétního interpreta ke kompozici a improvizaci, jeho techniku hry, nástrojové obsazení a mnoho dalšího. Z toho vyplývá, že stejný standard, může nabývat mnoha různorodých podob, a čím více prom ěnami projde, tím je úsp ěšn ější. Za konkrétní skladbu, na které popíši vývoj a prom ěny jazzového standardu, jsem zvolila ’Round Midnight . Jde o baladu z pera Thelonia Monka, napsanou na po čátku 40. let 20. století, která výrazn ě oslovila (a stále oslovuje) jazzové interprety a poslucha če. Výb ěr skladby byl motivován mými osobními preferencemi. Ve chvíli, kdy jsem sáhla po transkripci (tehdy pro m ě tém ěř neznámé) ‘Round Midnight pro klasickou kytaru a za čala se „prokousávat“ šestibé čkovou skladbou, jsem postupn ě odhalovala její taje, odkrývala krásnou melodii, zápasila s akordy, až na m ě na konci mého snažení dýchlo celé kouzlo ‘Round Midnight . Sama jsem si do interpretace p řidala n ěkteré prvky (zejména melodické, dynamické a výrazové) a za čalo m ě zajímat, jak si s tím poradili profesionálové. Ke svému překvapení jsem v ‘Round Midnight odhalila jeden z nejnahrávan ějších standard ů vůbec a tím pádem široké množství r ůznorodých pojetí jedné skladby. Jak jsem se probírala desítkami a pozd ěji stovkami nahrávek, tak jsem v ’Round Midnight nacházela stále nové prvky hudební i náladové. Ve své práci krom ě p ředstavení autora – Thelonia Monka – a samotné skladby, předkládám soupis nahrávek obsahujících standard ‘Round Midnight , komentá ř k nim a podrobn ější analýzu interpretací několika významných p ředstavitel ů r ůzných jazzových styl ů a období. Cílem je zmapovat vývoj jazzové skladby od jejího napsání a první nahrávky, analýzu p ůvodní verze skladby, p řes prom ěň ování vizí samotného autora v dalším pr ůběhu jeho kariéry, až po odkaz, který za sebou autor zanechá v podob ě 4 standardu. V rámci tohoto odkazu jde o sledování obliby skladby a d ůvod ů, pro č se z ní zrodil standard, základních údaj ů o nahrávkách, a zejména popis a komparaci prom ěn, kterých standard doznává v repertoárech jiných um ělc ů. Použité jsou tedy metody historiografická, analytická a kompara ční. Cílem není předložit strohý, úplný vý čet všech verzí skladby, ale praktická ukázka principu, který je jedním z pilí řů jazzu – hraní standard ů známých mnoho desítek let a výrazn ě individuální p řínos každého interpreta do této skladby. Také se nezabývám koncertním ztvárn ění ‘ Round Midnight , ale pouze nahrávkami, a to z důvodu snazší dostupnosti údaj ů. ‘Round Midnight slouží tedy jednak jako konkrétní p říklad úsp ěšného standardu, jednak obecn ě jako p říklad vývoje a prom ěn standardu v pr ůběhu času. 5 1. Stav bádání Kapitola „stav bádání“ si klade za cíl zmapovat dostupnou literaturu jednak o Theloniu Monkovi, p ředevším ale o jeho skladb ě ’Round Midnight 1. S ohledem na fakt, že jde o téma sv ětové, které se okrajov ě objevuje v mnoha publikacích, p ředkládám stru čný přehled nejd ůležit ější literatury a detailn ěji se v ěnuji pouze zdroj ům, p řinášejícím poznatky o konkrétních prvcích Monkovy tvorby, rozvád ěných v dalších částech této práce a o zdrojích, v nichž dostala v ětší prostor skladba ’Round Midnight . Encyklopedie Jméno Thelonia Monka, jakožto jednoho z nejvýrazn ějších osobností bebopu, a tedy moderního jazzu v ůbec, má své místo v celé řad ě encyklopedií zam ěř ených na jazz, hudbu 20. století, černošskou kulturu, ale i obecn ě na hudbu a kulturu vůbec. Obvykle jde o záznam stru čných údaj ů o život ě, významu díla, dopln ěný seznamem výrazných skladeb či diskografií. Takto je tomu nap říklad v The New Grove Dictionary Of Jazz (Blake 2014), Encyclopedia Of African American Popular Culture (Smith 2011, s. 955- 957), New Encyclopedia Of Southern Culture (Malone 2008, s. 294-296), Musicians & Composers Of The 20th Century (Cramer 2009, s. 980-983). V jediné české jazzové encyklopedii - Encyklopedii jazzu a moderní populární hudby je Monk uveden v II. části jmenné Sv ětové scén ě (Matzner, Poled ňák, Wasserberger 1986-1987, s. 120-122.). Auto ři p ředkládají plné 2,5 strany o život ě a díle Thelonia Monka, jeho jednotlivých kapelách a nahrávkách, hodnotí jeho vliv na další muzikanty a p řínos do d ějin jazzu. Ve všech uvedených encyklopediích je ‘Round Midnight zmín ěna (pouze) ve vý čtu nejd ůležit ějších skladeb, z nichž se staly jazzové standardy. Obecná jazzová literatura V literatu ře zam ěř ené na jazz, jeho vznik, historický vývoj, p ředstavitele a sou časnou scénu, je op ět Thelonious Monk zmi ňován tém ěř vždy. V knihách zam ěř ených na
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