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Shum Laka, Un Site Exceptionnel En Afrique Centrale 205 Anthropologieet Préhistoire,107, 1996, 197 -2Il 30 000 ans d'occupatior, 6 mois de fouilles Shum Laka, un site exceptionnelen Afrique centrale Philippe LavacHERy, Els ConNELrssEN, Jan MoEyERSoNSet pierre og MeRET Résumé L abri sousroche de Shum Laka, au Cameroun(Province du Nord-Ouest),se situe dans la région volcaniquedes Grassfields. Des fouilles récentesont montré que le site.avaitété occupédepuis plus de 30000ans, du aOU"tde l,Âge àe la pierre Récent jusqu'à l'Âge du Fer'Tout en mettanten évidencel'anciennàte a" p""it"ment danscette région clé du continentafricain, berceau des languesbantoues, les nouvellesdonnées de Shum Laka nous permettentd'aborder de nombreusesquestions archéologiques de portée régionale. Abstract (North-Western The rock shelterof Shum l-aka in Cameroon Proaince)is situatedin the aolcanicregion of the Grassfields.Recent excaaationsreueal an ocuryation of morethan 30,000years spanning the transition from thebeginning of theLte StoneAge to thelron Age. Besides confirmingthe great antiquity of the archaeologicalrecord in thiskey area-of the African con"tiient,craddle of thîBantn langttages, the new euidenceat Shumlakn enablesus to addressseaeral regional archaèologicai isstres. 1. IrrlrnoDucrroN 1963; Ehret, 1982; Bastin et a1.,1983;Heine, I9B4). L étude du lexique de la proto-langue reconstituée Depuis le début de notre aventure coloniale - concept identique à celui de l'indo-européen - les archéologues belges travaillant en Afrique se montre que les locuteurs Proto-Bantous étaient sont essentiellement intéressés au passé du Zaire, agriculteurs, éleveurs et potiers (Ehret, I9g2,l9g4; du Rwanda et du Burundi. Malheureusement Vansina, 7984, 1990). Ils n'auraient acquis la la situation politique et économique de ces maîtrise de la métallurgie que plus tardivement pays s'est progressivement détériorée à un point (de Maret & Nsuka, 1977). Il est important tel que le travail de terrain y est aujourd'hui de préciser que les Pygmées et leurs ancêtres, pro- devenu pratiquement impossible. Les chercheurs bables prédécesseurs des Bantous en Afrique Cen- belges ont donc porté leur intérêt vers les pays trale, n'ont jamais produit ni poterie, ni métal et avoisinants, comme le Cameroun. Cette région a sont toujours actuellement chasseurs-collecteurs en effet une importance toute particulière pour la (Bahuchet, 7993). Si la glottochronologie préhistoire africaine. est trop peu précise pour dater un phénomène culturel de L"une des problématiques fondamentales de la façon absolue, par contre l'archéologie peut nous recherche archéologique au sud du Sahara porte, y aider, pour autant que la diffusion d'une culture depuis les années soixante, sur l'identification bantoue en Afrique Centrale ait laissé des traces des traces matérielles des < migrations )) bantoues archéologiques identifiables comme telles : on (Hiernaux, 1968; Posnansky, 1968; David, 1980; pense naturellement à la poterie et la métallurgie, de Maret, 1989). À l'heure acfuelle, les quelque mais aussi aux indices d'économie de production 450 langues bantoues sont parlées par près de et de sédentarisation. L50 millions d'individus habitant au sud d'une ligne allant de l'est du Nigeria au Kenya. C'est Les Grassfields, zone de hauts plateaux d,ori- leur étroit apparentement et l'homogénéité de leur gine volcanique aux terres fertiles, n'avaient fait distribution qui suggère, selon les linguistes, que l'objet d'aucune fouille archéologique jusqu,aux la répartition actuelle des langues bantoues résulte années soixante-dix : seules des collections de d'un phénomène de diffusion ou de migration surface étaient connues. Ainsi savait-on que la relativement récent à partir d'un centre unique. La région livrait de très nombreux outils lithiques région d'origine des langues bantoues se situerait bifaces, parfois échancrés, rarement polis $ef- à la frontière entre le Nigeria et le Cameroun, dans freys, 1951.,1972;Chikwendu, I9T9). Si cela laissait les Grassfields, au sud-est de la zone des langues présager un peuplement ancien, aucune chrono- Bénoué-Congo dont elles sont issues (Greenberg, logie solide n'était avancée : certains artefacts 198 Philippe LavacHERY et al. étaient classéscomme " paléolithiques>> , d'autres considérés comme " néolithiques)> sur base de N IGER typologiques (de Maret et a1.,1987). présupposés - -*t.* '\4 a : <. )z^ t'r - -j$r, En 1977 le CNRS consacreun congrès à l'ex- ,'- -..* . -t- l o' ïÉ__* pansion bantoue. Il y sera souligné l'importance NIGERIA 12"if d'effectuer des recherchesarchéologiques dans les Grassfields afin d'en établir la séquencechrono- ",r,^-.- culturelle. Des prospectionset de sondagessont -/ 1' menés, entre 1978 et 1982, par |.-P. Wamier et ,.tl-"tt ,"' P. de Maret d'abord et R. Asombang ensuite.Ils lro3 i révèlent le potentiel archéologique énorme des FE DE GU"I Ltr Sclu ER ouN\,,'-- abris d'Abeke, de Mbi Crater et de Shum Laka ?---;-^-f.----,!' (de Maret, 1980; Wamier, 1984; de Maret et al., ?--'t i g,1988,1995).Un projetpluridisci- 1987; Asomban ( plinaire de fouilles extensivesdans la région est \"/ \ ,-^'--J i( finalementmis sur pieds ent99l, sousla conduite -, ,ù de P. de Maret et R. Asombang. Il se focalisera Laka. Cettecollaboration entre sur le site de Shum Fig. 1 - Carte des sites mentionnés dans le texte' l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, le Musée Royal 1. Shum Laka; 2. IUbi Crater; 3. Abeke; 4' Ukpa; de l'Afrique Centrale et l'Université de Yaoundé 5. Iwo Eleru; 6. Taruga; 7. Dutsen Kongba; 8. Termit; permettra Ia réalisation de deux camPagnesde 9. Bosumpra; 10. Kintampo; L1. Nkpone; 1'2. Konduga. fouille de trois mois (de Maret et aL,1993,1995). Il s'agit, par son amPleur, de la plus importante !994, s'est attachée à la compréhension de la fouille archéologique jamais réalisée en Afrique stratigraphieet de la chronologiedu site (de Maret Centrale. et aL, rigs) Ipl. 1 : 21. À l'issue de ces deux campagnesaucun sol d'habitat véritablementnon perturbé n'a été identifié. Toutefois nous avons eu la bonne fortune de mettre en évidence 2. Ln SITE la plus longue séquence culturelle Pour toute l'Afrique Occidentaleet Centrale,englobant la fin Shum Laka est situé, au Cameroun, à une du Pléistocèneet l'Holocène, ainsi que la plus quinzaine de kilomètres au S.-O. de la ville de ancienne ( nécroPole" du sous-continent. Bamenda,chef-lieu de la province du Nord-Ouest (h9.2), Moeyer- (fig. 1). Labri s'ouvre derrière une chute de la La stratigraphie étudiée Par I. 19961, se présente rivière Laka, à une altitude de L 650 m ASL, dans sons (MRAC) [Moeyersons, un escarpementde tufs consolidét (pl. 1 : 1).C'est comme suit : - une vaste cavité : de 50 m de latge, de 20 m de Les couches pléistocènes se divisent en profondeur et présentant une ouverture de 8 m de deux unités. À la base de la stratigraphie, iraut, ,u t.tp"tficie est d'environ 1 200m2 1deMaret on rencontre les dépôts P, Provenant de la et a1.,1987;Moeyersons, 1.996). désintégrationdes parois de la cavité. Ils ne sont La première campagnede fouille, de décembre pas encoredatés mais sont antérieursà 32000B.P. 1991à février 1992,a eu comme priorité la fouille L unité sédimentaire sus-jacente comporte un " paléo-ethnographique" de la couche supérieure mélangedes dépôts S, dont l'origine est similaire de l'abri. En effet les sondagesde 1978 et 1980 a celle des dépôts P, et des dépôts Si, transportés laissaient augurer de la découverte de niveaux de l'extérieur par l'eau de ruissellement. Ces d'occupation en place (de Maret et aL, 1993).La dépôts S/Si sont datés entre 32000et L3000B.P. seconde camPagne, de décembre 1993 à février Les donnéesfauniques et botaniques évoquent un PLANCHE 1 1 : Vue extérieure de l'abri de Shum Laka. E 2: Début des fouilles 1993-1994. 3 : Sépulture double : phase d'inhumation ancienne( t 7000B'P')' E E .rr"tl :,j ,:-*rt -': Ù': t f;"-*-1; ù-- _ !? *< -...' r 'ùr .]..''t + '"'\'j\ | I t, |.t '.., --- =f, a .t.err .- É"" I t1 ) 5r I ,*:1,,-,,t i â r' 200 Philippe LevecHERv et nL Fig.2 - Shum Laka : coupe schématiquede la stratigraphie. environnement mixte de savaneet forêts galeries de transition qui n'est pas encore datée mais de type montagnard. Le climat du Pléistocène dont le dépôt doit se situer chronologiquement final ne différerait donc guère de celui qui prévaut quelque part entre 6000 et 4000 B.P.Tout au long actuellement dans la région. de l'Holocène, les restes fauniques et botaniques - Les dépôts holocènes sus-jacentspeuvent indiquent un envirorurement mixte de savane être scindés en deux unités. Les dépôts T, dont la et de forêt. La partie supérieure de la couche base date des alentours de 10000B.P. et suggère cendreusegrise, qui a fourni des dates comprises une phase plus humide, provierment de Ia chute entre 2150 B.P. et l'époque moderne, a été d'eau. Vers 9000 8.P., les dépôts T font place remaniée après 3000B.P. par une phase d'érosion. latéralement à la coucheA, quirePosedirectement Cela signifie que les échantillons datés ne sont sur les dépôts S/Si, à l'intérieur de l'abri. La probablement pas en place. partie inférieure de la coucheA,la couchecendreuse ocre, est datée entre 9000 et 6000 B.P. et consiste La séquenceculturelle, dont la phase pléisto- cène est étudiée par E. Cornelissen (MRAC) et la en un mélange de sédiments ProvenÉrnt du (ULB), remaniementdu substrat Pléistocèneet de cendres phase holocènepar Ph. Lavachery s'établit d'origine anthropique. La partie supérieure de la comme suit (de Maret et aI.. 1987; Cornelissen, couche A, la couchecendreuse grise, datée entre L996;Lavachery, L996): 4000 et 3000 8.P., comprend des cendres ocrles - Dès avant 32000 B.P. dans les dépôts P, remaniées ainsi qu'un nouvel apport de cendres et jusqu'à 13000B.P. dans le sommet des dépôts anthropiques. Entre les deux s'intercaleune couche S/Si, on observe des industries essentiellement Shum Laka, un site exceptionnelen Afrique centrale 201 microlithiques dont l'outillage est façonné par des nucléus ayant fourni pointes ef lames aient retouche abrupte sur éclats de quartz, silice et été identifiés (fig.
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