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Tesis De Doctorado TESIS DE DOCTORADO Gestión de materiales silíceos macrocristalinos en el Pleistoceno de Europa occidental. Evolución de las estrategias de adaptación a los condicionantes litológicos. TOMO II Arturo de Lombera Hermida ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO INTERNACIONAL PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN HISTORIA, XEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DA ARTE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA 2020 DECLARACIÓN DEL AUTOR DE LA TESIS Gestión de materiales silíceos macrocristalinos en el Pleistoceno de Europa occidental. Evolución de las estrategias de adaptación a los condicionantes litológicos. D. Arturo de Lombera Hermida Presento mi tesis, siguiendo el procedimiento adecuado al Reglamento, y declaro que: 1) La tesis abarca los resultados de la elaboración de mi trabajo. 2) En su caso, en la tesis se hace referencia a las colaboraciones que tuvo este trabajo. 3) La tesis es la versión definitiva presentada para su defensa y coincide con la versión enviada en formato electrónico. 4) Confirmo que la tesis no incurre en ningún tipo de plagio de otros autores ni de trabajos presentados por mí para la obtención de otros títulos. En Santiago de Compostela, 4 de junio de 2020 Fmdo: 511 512 AUTORIZACIÓN DEL DIRECTOR / TUTOR DE LA TESIS Gestión de materiales silíceos macrocristalinos en el Pleistoceno de Europa occidental. Evolución de las estrategias de adaptación a los condicionantes litológicos. D. Ramón Fábregas Valcarce D. Xosé Pedro Rodríguez Álvarez INFORMAN: Que la presente tesis, corresponde con el trabajo realizado por D. Arturo de Lombera Hermida, bajo mi dirección, y autorizo su presentación, considerando que reúne los requisitos exigidos en el Reglamento de Estudios de Doctorado de la USC, y que como director de ésta no incurre en las causas de abstención establecidas en Ley 40/2015. En Santiago de Compostela, 4 de junio de 2020 Fmdo: Fmdo: 513 514 Índice 1. Introducción ...................................................................57 2. Marco teórico y estado de la cuestión .................................63 2.1 - ¿Por qué el uso del cuarzo? 66 2.2 - De la uniformidad a la variabilidad 68 2.3 - Los patrones de fractura y estudios de funcionalidad 72 2.4 - Los conjuntos líticos en cuarzo y la organización de la tecnología lítica 76 2.5 - Más allá de la técnica. Los roles simbólicos y de género del cuarzo 82 2.6 - El estudio de las industrias líticas en Galicia 85 3. Planteamiento de partida y objetivos .................................91 4. Metodología ....................................................................95 4.1 - Definición de los cuarzos y cuarcitas 95 4.1.1 - Caracterización de las industrias en cuarzo ...........................................................95 4.1.2 - Caracterización de las industrias en cuarcita .......................................................113 4.2 - Análisis de los conjuntos líticos 116 4.2.1 - El Sistema Lógico Analítico ..............................................................................116 4.2.2 - El Análisis de los artefactos líticos .....................................................................127 4.2.2.1 - Análisis descriptivo 128 4.2.2.2 - Análisis morfotécnico 131 515 4.2.2.3 - Análisis Morfopotencial 141 4.2.2.4 - Análisis métrico y tratamiento estadístico 142 4.2.2.5 - Determinación del estatus tecnoeconómico de las materias primas 143 5. Materiales y resultados ..................................................147 5.1 - La subunidad de TD10.1 de Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Burgos) 147 5.1.1 - La Sierra de Atapuerca .....................................................................................147 5.1.2 - El contexto litológico de la Sierra de Atapuerca ....................................................149 5.1.2.1 - Contexto geológico. Principales unidades morfoestructurales y fuentes de materias primas 150 5.1.2.2 - Los cuarzos y cuarcitas del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca. 155 5.1.3 - El yacimiento de Gran Dolina ...........................................................................168 5.1.3.1 - Historia de las intervenciones 168 5.1.3.2 - Secuencia litoestratigráfica de Gran Dolina 170 5.1.3.3 - La subunidad litoestratigráfica TD10.1 179 5.1.3.4 - Evolución de las condiciones de habitabilidad, procesos de formación y arqueoestratigrafía de la subunidad TD10.1 184 5.1.4 - Materiales líticos de TD10.1 ...........................................................................193 5.1.4.1 - Los conjuntos líticos de la subunidad TD10.1 198 5.1.4.2 - Materias primas 204 5.1.4.3 - Bases Naturales y elementos de percusión 211 5.1.4.4 - Estrategias de explotación 216 5.1.4.5 - Productos de talla 237 5.1.4.6 - Procesos de configuración 259 5.1.4.6.1 - Cantos tallados y Grandes objetos configurados ................................260 5.1.4.6.2 - Pequeños instrumentos configurados .................................................266 5.1.4.7 - Otros elementos técnicos evolucionados de los conjuntos líticos de TD10.1 279 516 5.1.5 - Discusión del conjunto lítico de TD10 ...............................................................299 5.1.5.1 - Consideraciones sobre las estrategias de abastecimiento de las materias primas en los conjuntos líticos de TD10.1 299 5.1.5.2 - Consideraciones acerca de las estrategias de explotación 307 5.1.5.3 - Consideraciones acerca de las estrategias de configuración 320 5.1.5.4 - Evolución de las ocupaciones de TD10.1 327 5.1.5.5 - Los conjuntos líticos de TD10.1 en el marco del Pleistoceno medio de la Sierra de Atapuerca 338 5.2 - Los yacimientos de la cuenca media del Miño 347 5.2.1 - La cuenca media del Miño ................................................................................347 5.2.2 - Contexto estructural y evolución geomorfológica de la Depresión de Monforte de Lemos ... 353 5.2.3 - El contexto litológico de la cuenca media del Miño ...............................................357 5.2.3.1 - Contexto litológico de la Depresión de Monforte de Lemos. Principales unidades y fuentes de materias primas del yacimiento de Valverde 357 5.2.3.2 - Contexto litológico de las Sierras Orientales. Principales unidades y fuentes de materias primas del yacimiento de Cova Eirós 367 5.2.3.3 - Ocurrencias de sílex en el Noroeste peninsular 373 5.3 - El yacimiento de Valverde de la Depresión de Monforte de Lemos 381 5.3.1 - Los yacimientos de la Depresión de Monforte de Lemos. Emplazamiento e intervenciones arqueológicas. ..............................................................................................................381 5.3.2 - El yacimiento de Valverde .................................................................................392 5.3.3 - El conjunto lítico de Valverde .............................................................................398 5.3.3.1 - Materias primas 401 5.3.3.2 - Bases naturales 411 5.3.3.3 - Estrategias de Explotación 412 5.3.3.4. - Productos de talla 424 517 5.3.3.5 - Estrategias de configuración 439 5.3.3.6 - Consideraciones generales sobre el conjunto lítico, las ocupaciones de Valverde y su contexto en el Paleolítico superior del Noroeste peninsular 449 5.3.3.6.1 - Consideraciones acerca de la gestión de las materias primas. ............451 5.3.3.6.2 - Consideraciones acerca de la explotación ..........................................476 5.3.3.6.3 - Consideraciones acerca de las estrategias de configuración ...............485 5.3.3.6.4 - El conjunto lítico y las ocupaciones de Valverde ...............................490 5.3.3.6.5 - El yacimiento de Valverde en el contexto del Solutrense peninsular .494 Tomo II ............................................................................506 Índice 515 5.4 - El yacimiento de Cova Eirós 523 5.4.1 - Localización y características de la cavidad de Cova Eirós ....................................523 5.4.1.1 - El sistema cárstico del Monte Penedo y Cova Eirós 524 5.4.1.2 - Historia de las intervenciones 530 5.4.1.3 - El Arte rupestre Paleolítico 539 5.4.1.4 - La continuidad de las ocupaciones en Cova Eirós 541 5.4.2 - Estratigrafía de Cova Eirós ...............................................................................545 5.4.3 - El conjunto lítico del Nivel 3 de Cova Eirós ........................................................554 5.4.3.1 - El Nivel 3 de Cova Eirós 554 5.4.3.2 - Materiales y contexto arqueoestratigráfico 559 5.4.3.3 - Materias primas 562 5.4.3.4 - Bases naturales 567 5.4.3.5 - Estrategias de explotación 571 5.4.3.6 - Productos de talla 582 5.4.3.7 - Estrategias de configuración 600 5.4.3.8 - Consideraciones generales sobre el conjunto lítico, las ocupaciones del Nivel 3 de Cova Eirós y su contexto en el Paleolítico medio del Noroeste peninsular 606 518 5.4.3.8.1 - Consideraciones generales sobre el conjunto lítico del Nivel 3 ..........606 5.4.3.8.2 - Las ocupaciones del Nivel 3 de Cova Eirós ........................................626 5.4.3.8.3 - El Nivel 3 de Cova Eirós en el contexto del Paleolítico medio peninsular ...............................................................................................................................628 5.4.4 - El conjunto lítico del Nivel 2 de Cova Eirós ........................................................640 5.4.4.1 - El Nivel 2 de Cova Eirós 640 5.4.4.2 - Materiales y contexto arqueoestratigráfico 645 5.4.4.3 - Materias primas 648 5.4.4.4 - Las Bases naturales 653 5.4.4.5 - Estrategias de explotación 658 5.4.4.6 - Productos de talla 667 5.4.4.7 - Estrategias de configuración 682 5.4.4.8 - Consideraciones generales sobre el conjunto lítico, las ocupaciones del Nivel 2 de Cova Eirós y su contexto en el Paleolítico
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