chapter 3 Speaking for Oneself and Others: Real and Imagined Communities in Gaelic Poetry from the Nineteenth Century to the Present
Emma Dymock
Abstract
A sense of community pervades much of Scottish Gaelic literature through the centu- ries in both the classical bardic tradition of panegyric as a mode of praise for both clan and individual hero, and the vernacular tradition of song, which celebrates the everyday life of the community and often includes a community-based dimension to its composition. This chapter examines how that legacy of Gaelic community in poetry survives and continues into the later nineteenth century to the present day and will argue that far from keeping Gaelic poetry in stasis, it has actually been one of the most significant vehicles of innovation, stimulating Gaelic poets in confronting and understanding their self-imposed role as spokespersons for both real and imag- ined communities. Historical themes such as the Highland Clearances, the Land Agitation and Land Reforms, emigration and the World Wars will be studied in rela- tion to perceptions of community, as well as the effect of literary and socio-political circumstances, including the rural–urban experience, the influence of Gaelic learners on the literature, and the concept of ‘native’ authenticity.
Keywords
Gaelic poetry – Highland Clearances – Land Agitation – World War One – World War Two – urban Gaels – crofting community
If the clan was the main marker of group identity for the Gaels, from the time of the Lordship of the Isles (arguably from the 1330s to 1493) to the Jacobite Risings (the period 1688–1746), then it was community, particularly the croft- ing community, which reinforced and, in some cases, replaced, clan society in the nineteenth century onwards. Taking into account traumatic events such as the Battle of Culloden in 1746 and its aftermath – the breakdown in the tradi- tional relationship between chief and clan as chiefs became increasingly more
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1 John MacInnes, ‘Gaelic Poetry in the Nineteenth Century’, in Dùthchas Nan Gàidheal: Selected Essays of John MacInnes, ed. by Michael Newton (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2006), pp. 357–79 (p. 357). 2 A folksong with a verse and chorus, usually sung in Gaelic by a group of women, while waulk- ing (cleansing) cloth. The song helped the women to maintain rhythm as the newly woven tweed was beaten against the table. 3 See, for example, Alexander Carmichael’s introduction to Carmina Gadelica, vol. 1 (1900), pp. xxxv–xxxvi, in which a woman from Lewis explains how her community has turned its back on its oral tradition and customs in favour of Evangelical Protestantism. 4 The Napier Commission was the Royal Commission and public inquiry into the condition of crofters and cottars in the Highlands and Islands. The Commission was a response to the events of the Land Agitation or Land War, when crofters finally rebelled against excessively high rents, lack of security of tenure and rights of access to land.