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Aranese, the Occitan of Catalonia Aranese English the Occitan of Catalonia ARANÉS, ER OCCITAN DE CATALONHA ARANESE, THE OCCITAN OF CATALONIA ARANESE ENGLISH THE OCCITAN OF CATALONIA Aranese is the Val d’Aran’s own form of Occitan, a manifestation of this millenary language and culture. The exhibition presents Aranese as an Occitan cultural reality that is historically linked to Catalonia. It shows how the standardisation of Aranese has evolved since its recognition and official protection as a forward-looking living language. ARANESE AND THE OCCITAN REGION Aran forms part of the Occitan linguistic and cultural This cultural area has managed to survive despite the territory called the Occitan region or Occitania. It emergence of new political entities – mainly the Kingdom covers an extensive area stretching from the Atlantic to of France – that began to impose their respective the Mediterranean and from the Alps to the Pyrenees, languages and cultures on it from the 16th century and is administered by four different States: France (32 onwards. Occitan language and culture have also survived departments), Italy (12 Alpine valleys), the Principality of thanks to the people, to the working classes, to the literary Monaco, and the Val d’Aran. renaissance of Mistral’s Félibrige and to pro-Occitan movements, which have kept both alive. In the Middle Ages, Occitan language and culture gave rise to the first cultural manifestations in a European language Aran’s link to Catalonia since the treaty named Tractat after Latin. Male troubadours and trobairitz (Occitan female d’Emparança (1130), which was confirmed by the granting troubadours) developed a literature, the expression of a of a privilege called the Querimònia (1313), has allowed new culture and civilisation that spread everywhere and Aran to have its own institutions of government. These influenced other nascent cultures in Europe. institutions have maintained the language’s prestige and use, and have turned Aranese into a specific case within the Occitan region. Map of the linguistic The Occitan region covers a large area of Occitan, with its geographical area of more than main variants. Aranese 190,000 km2. Today it spreads forms part of the Gascon across four States: France, Italy, dialect. Shown in red Spain and Monaco. One of the is the Val d’Aran, the most valuable legacies of its territory where it is culture is the language, with all of spoken. its dialects and variants, among which we find Aranese. ARANÉS, ER OCCITAN DE CATALONHA ARANESE, THE OCCITAN OF CATALONIA ARAN: A COUNTRY Aran is the only north-oriented valley in Catalonia, whose POPULATION OF THE VAL D’ARAN cultural and linguistic expression is Occitan. MUNICIPALITIES. 2018 Covering just 633 km2 and 33 history-filled villages, Aran 1 Vielha e Mijaran 5.493 has been open to demographic changes while retaining 2 Naut Aran 1.790 its authenticity and safeguarding its identity under all 3 Bossòst 1.110 circumstances. Thus, within a magnificent natural, cultural 4 Les 954 and sporting environment, it now welcomes thousands of 5 Es Bòrdes 266 visitors every year. 6 Vilamòs 159 7 Canejan 84 Aran is currently one of the preferred tourist destinations 8 Bausen 64 in Catalonia. Thousands of people visit it, especially 9 Arres 63 in the winter, to make the most of its high-quality ski resorts, cuisine, hotels and shops. POPULATION by PLACE OF BIRTH. 2003-2018 ARAN FOR ITS LANGUAGE Born in the Born elsewhere Born elsewhere Born Since 1993, the Aranese have met to take part in the fun run Val d’Aran in Catalonia in Spain abroad Aran per sa lengua organised by the group Lengua Viua. Every year, on the last Sunday in July, the participants set off 10,2% 15,7% 20,7% 25,0% 23,6% 22,8% 21,0% 21,0% 21,1% from the three ends of Aran – Montgarri, Pontaut and Pòrt 25,9% 24,4% de Vielha – and congregate in Vielha, on a day of sport and 22,7% 20,6% 20,5% 20,6% 20,8% 21,0% 21,1% demands for the social use of Aranese. It ends with a party 23,3% 20,5% 21,1% 21,2% 20,9% 22,5% 19,7% 20,3% and a concert performed by the group Nadau. 21,0% 40,5% 34,7% 35,6% 36,2% 3 7,1% 36,8% 36,8% 3 7,4% 35,6% POPULATION 2018 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018 9.983 inhabitants BASIC FORMS OF ARANESE Aranese is a variant of the great historical language spoken throughout the Occitan region. As part of the Gascon dialect, it has a number of outstanding linguistic features. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS ARTICLES · Shift from the initial Latin f to h, which is aspirated · eth / er (masculine singular) depending on whether in some places a word begins with a consonant or a vowel · Dropping of the intervocalic n · era (feminine singular) · Evolution of the double l (ll) · es (masculine and feminine plural) Depending on its position within or at the end of a word, from the Latin l (ll) to th The intervocalic ll becomes r ORTHOGRAPHY · Emergence of the initial a, and doubling of r · The digraphs lh, nh and sh in Aranese are equivalent to the · Shift from the final l of a syllable to a semivowel u digraphs ll, ny and ix in Catalan ARANÉS, ER OCCITAN DE CATALONHA ARANESE, THE OCCITAN OF CATALONIA ARANESE IN FIGURES Aranese is a very important part of the Val d’Aran’s identity. KNOWLEDGE OF ARANESE. 2008-2018 Many public- and private-sector bodies encourage people Understands it Can speak it Can read it Can write it to use it and learn it, but what is Aran’s present-day 83,3% 73,5% 60% 45,8% linguistic reality? The latest data collected by the Survey of Language Use INITIAL, IDENTIFYING OR USUAL by the Population (2018) conducted by the Government LANguAGES. 2018 of Catalonia’s Directorate General for Language Policy Other Other and the Statistical Institute of Catalonia (Idescat) show Aranese Catalan Spanish languages an increase in the general knowledge of Aranese across a 6,9% 8,7% 16,6% range of skills. 17,0% 11,7% 3,2% The percentages of knowledge of Aranese have 37,7% 37,8% 44,9% increased by skill: reading (14 percentage points), writing 16,6% (11 percentage points), comprehension (2.5 percentage 16,3% 15,3% points) and speaking (3.2 percentage points). 21,4% 24,7% 19,7% Eighty-three per cent of the population understands Initial language Identifying Usual language Aranese. That percentage gradually grew by 5 points language from 2008 to 2018. In 2013, the presence of Aranese grew slightly at three KNOWLEDGE OF ARANESE by AGE. 2018 levels: as an initial language (nearly 2 percentage points), as an identifying language (3 percentage points) and as a Aged 15 to 29 Understands it Can speak it Can read it Can write it usual language (2 percentage points). 90,6% 75,2% 87,4% 72,2% The biggest group surveyed – those aged 65 and Aged 30 to 44 over – had the second highest percentages in Aranese Understands it Can speak it Can read it Can write it comprehension, reading and speaking skills. 81,9% 55,3% 67,8% 48,6% Aged 45 to 64 Among the youngest group surveyed – those aged Understands it Can speak it Can read it Can write it 15 to 29 – the increase in knowledge of Aranese was 79,9% 54,1% 70,5% 36,8% considerable, with more than 70% in all skills. Aged 65 and over A higher percentage of the population had Aranese as an Understands it Can speak it Can read it Can write it 86,7% 67,9% 78,0% 34,8% identifying language than as an initial language (24.7%). A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY KEY EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF ARANESE Considering the general situation of Occitan, which has no 1175 The territory of Aran was 1915 Jusèp Condò published recognition in France, the vitality of Aranese is exceptional. linked to the Crown by Vocabulari aranès, the In 1979, exactly 40 years ago now, Aranese was officially the treaty named Tractat first work on the incipient d’Emparança, which was lexicography of the recognised for the first time, though it was calledparla reached by the Aranese and language of Aran. Condò aranesa (Aranese language) at that time. In 1991, thanks King Alfonso I. came into contact with the to the first Law on the special regime of Aran, Aranese Felibrists through his friend attained official status in Aran and became the language 1313 King James II recognised the Bernat Sarrieu, and he privileges and government became aware of Aranese used by the Conselh Generau d’Aran (General Council of of Aran by granting the so- belonging to Gascon, one of Aran) and village councils. In 2006, Occitan also became an called Querimònia that the the great Occitan dialects. official language throughout Catalonia. In Aran, where it is Aranese had requested. usually called Aranese, it is the public authorities’ own and The cultural identity and 1931 With his thesis entitled normally used language, and it is the vehicular language in language of Aran was Vocabulario aranés, Joan retained and respected. Coromines was awarded schools. a doctorate in Madrid. 1834 The Conselh Generau d’Aran Coromines’s work confirmed was abolished as a result the Occitan nature of Aran’s of the provincial division own language. By 1925, by Javier de Burgos (1833). he had already published Aran was then administered Etimologies Araneses. Much by Lleida Provincial Council. later on, he published El Spanish became the only parlar de la Val d’Aran: official language.
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