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Generalidades Información Taxonómica Síntomas Alternaria

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Generalidades Información Taxonómica Síntomas Alternaria Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria japonica y Alternaria tenuissima Generalidades Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Dirección General de El género Alternaria incluye a más de 100 especies, la mayoría saprofitas Sanidad Vegetal Sinonimias: Macrosporium brassicae Berk. cosmopolitas o patógenas de plantas (Woudenberg et al., 2013). Entre Sporidesmium exitiosum J.G. Kühn estas últimas, un complejo de tres especies: A. brassicicola, A. brassicae y A. japonica, pueden ocurrir de forma individual o de manera simultanea en Cercospora bloxamii Berk &Broome el mismo hospedante, son responsables de causar la enfermedad de tizón Centro Nacional de Referencia o mancha negra en muchas especies cultivables del género Brassica Nombres comunes: Mancha negra de las crucíferas (español) Fitosanitaria (Iacomi-Vasilescu et al., 2002; Singh et al., 2014). Black spot of crucifers (inglés) Por su parte Alternaria tenuissima, se encuentra asociada a cultivos de Leaf blight of crucifers (inglés) cebolla (Allium cepa) y arándano (Vaccinum corymbosum) (SNAVMP, 2020). Subdirección de Diagnós- tico Alternaria japonica Yoshii (1941) Estos patógenos se pueden trasmitir a través de material propagativo y ser Fitosanitario dispersados por el viento y lluvia (Sharma et al., 2013). La infección de Sinonimias: Alternaria raphani Groves & Skolko semillas por estos hongos resulta en marchitez con una alteración significa- Alternaria mattiolae Neerg. tiva de la eficiencia de germinación y una reducción de hasta el 46 % del Alternaria nepalensis Simmons rendimiento en campo (Iacomi-Vasilescu et al., 2002; Singh et al., 2014). Departamento de Fitopa- Nombres comunes: Mancha negra de las crucíferas (español) tología Actualmente en México, A. brassicicola, A. japonica y A. tenuissima se Black spot of crucifers (inglés) encuentran en la Lista de Plagas Reglamentadas en la importación de semi- Pod spot of radish (inglés) llas de diversas especies ante la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (CIPF, 2015). En el Módulo de consulta de requisitos fitosani- Alternaria tenuissima (Nees & T. Nees; Fr.) Wiltshire Laboratorio de tarios para la importación de mercancías, se incluye a A. brassicicola en Micología alrededor de 58 claves de combinación que abarcan al brócoli, tomate, Sinonimias: Macrosporium tenuissimum (Nees & T. Nees) Fr. coliflor, col, entre otras, de diversos orígenes y procedencias (Senasica, Herminthosporium tenuissimum Kunze ex Nees & T. Nees 2020). Nombres comunes: Mancha negra (español) Por su parte, Alternaria brassicae es el agente causal de la enfermedad Black spot (inglés) conocida como mancha negra en cultivos de Brassica, pudiendo causar una reducción de hasta el 47% en el rendimiento (Soengas et al., 2007; Meena Síntomas et al., 2012). Afecta hojas y cabezas florales, siendo los restos vegetales la principal fuente de infección, además de que puede ser transmitido por Los síntomas ocurren en la parte aérea de las plantas, principalmente semilla (Fatima et al., 2019; Kumar et al., 2016; Soengas et al., 2007). en hojas, tallos y cabezas florales (Iacomi-Vasilescu et al., 2002) y las lesiones se alargan al confluir entre manchas, mientras que las semillas Alternaria japonica y Alternaria tenuissima, se han reportado asociados a suelen ser asintomáticas (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020). semillas y cabezas florales de brócoli (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020 ; Fraire -Cordero, et al., 2010). Alternaria brassicicola Las manchas son de color gris, café a negro, circulares de 8-12 mm diámetro, normalmente con un halo clorótico (Figura 1a); las cabezas Información taxonómica florales pueden sufrir una pudrición acuosa (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020 ). Posición taxonómica: Fungi, Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae. Alternaria brassicae Las manchas son de color marrón claro a grisáceo o marrón oscuro, circulares de 0.5-12 mm de diámetro (Figura 1b). En las nervaduras las Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltsshre lesiones son oblongas o lineales y hundidas. Las cabezas florales pueden Sinonimias: Alternaria oleracea Milbr. presentar manchas negras (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020 ). Helminthosporium brassicicola Schwein Alternaria japonica Sporidesmium exittiosum J.G. Kiihn. Macrosporium circinans Berk & M.A. Curtis. Las manchas son similares a la causadas por A. brassicicola en color y tamaño (Figura 1c), sin embargo, las cabezas florales raramente pre- Alternaria septorioides (Wested.) E.G. Simons. sentan lesiones (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020). Alternaria mimicula E.G. Simmons Alternaria solidaccana E.G. Simmons Alternaria tenuissima Nombres comunes: Mancha negra de las crucíferas (español) No existen reportes confiables de esta especie afectando plantas de Black spot of crucifers (inglés) brócoli, sin embargo, la sintomatología en otras especies se caracteriza Scab of cucumber (inglés) por lesiones de color marrón, principalmente en hojas y esporádica- Alternaria blight (inglés) mente en frutos (SNAVMP, 2020). CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA LABORATORIO DE MICOLOGÍA Morfometría de estructuras: En medio de cultivo PCA los conidióforos son solitarios, cortos y estrechos de 18-80 x 4-6 µm. Conidios solitarios o en cadenas cortas y sin ramificaciones (Figura 4b). Conidios ovoides, obcla- vados o elipsoides, marrón a marrón pálido, de 20-68 x 8-25 µm, con dos a siete septos transversales (ocasionalmente con constricciones) y de cero a cuatro septos longitudinales (Figura 4c y 4d). Frecuentemente con forma- ción de clamidosporas intercalares en cadenas (Figura 4e), tanto aéreas como sumergidas en el agar, de 10-21 x 8-16 µm (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020). a b c Alternaria tenuissima Figura 1. Síntomas causados por Alternaria en crucíferas. Lesiones circulares características en Morfología colonial: en medio de cultivo PCA y V8, colonias con creci- hoja: a) A. brassicicola, b) A. brassicae, c) A. japonica. Tomado y modificado de: a) Lawrence et al. (2008). b) y c) Nishikawa y Nakashima (2020). miento algodonoso, de 5 cm de diámetro a los 5 a 7 días, con 2-3 pares de anillos concéntricos ligeramente definidos con esporulación. En PCA, la esporulación a los dos días es escasa, con cadenas de 12 conidios con o sin Morfología ramificación, mientras que enV8 es más densa con cadenas de 6 a 8 coni- La diferenciación o tamaño de las estructuras fungosas pueden verse afec- dios no ramificados (Simmons, 2007). tadas por el sustrato y condiciones en las cuales se desarrollan, por lo que Morfometría de estructuras: para la adecuada identificación a nivel de especie, es necesario considerar En medio de cultivo PCA, conidios obclavados, muriformes, con ornamen- las condiciones que reporta la literatura que se utilizará como referencia. tación rugosa punteada, septos transversales y longitudinales de 4 a 6 y de Alternaria brassicicola 2 a 3, respectivamente y un tamaño variable de 11 a 42 X 7.7 a 11 µm (Figura 5a y 5b); conidióforos primarios de 31-88 X 3.3 a 4.4. µm, no rami- Morfología colonial: colonias de 4 a 5 cm de diámetro después de 5-7 días ficados, con hasta 5 conidios en cadena, en caso de tener ramificaciones en medio de cultivo Papa Zanahoria Agar (PCA; por sus siglas en inglés), son muy cortas y se originan de un conidio (Figura 5b y 5c) (Andersen et con crecimiento y esporulación, formando de dos a tres anillos pobremen- al., 2002). te definidos de color marrón a negro (Simmons, 2007). Morfometría de estructuras: En PCA, Conidios catenulados en forma acropétala, cadenas sin ramificar con 10-20 esporas; sin embargo, la ramificación múltiple de conidióforos y cadenas primarias es un carácter dominante. Conidios estrechamente ovoides o elipsoides. Los conidios iniciales tienen un rango de tamaño de 50-60 x 12-17 µm y 6-8 transeptos con 0-1 longi- septo en algunos segmentos (Figura 2). Esporas ovoides intermedias de 30- 40 x 15-18 µm y 4-5 transeptos con 0-2 longiseptos en algunos segmentos; esporas ovoides más pequeñas de aproximadamente 10-25 x 6-10 µm y 1- 3 transeptos sin longisepto. El conidio terminal en cualquier cadena tiene una célula apical redondeada (Simmons, 2007). Alternaria brassicae Morfología colonial: colonias de 37.6 ± 1.6 mm de diámetro después de 7 días en medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA), a 25 °C (Figura 3a). Crecimiento algodonoso, de color blanco a gris pálido o grisáceo verdoso y esporulación escasa. En el reverso con centro de color verde oscuro a negro (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020). Morfometría de estructuras: Sobre medio de cultivo V8 (Jugo de verduras V8) conidióforos de color marrón pálido a marrón obscuro, de 38-183 x 6.11 µm (Figura 3b); conidios solitarios o en cadenas cortas de 1-4 (Figura 3c), subcilíndricos a oblongos, con ápice romo, de 33-160 x 8-33 µm, con 1 -10 septos transversales y de 0-3 (-9) septos longitudinales (Figura 3d y 3e), de color marrón pálido a marrón obscuro (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020). Figura 2. Características morfológicas de Alternaria brassicicola. a) Ilustración de los tipos de conidios. Escala = 25 µm. b) Patrón de esporulación en medio PCA. c) Conidios en medio PCA. Escala Alternaria japonica = 20 µm. a y b) Tomado y modificado de Nishikawa y Nakashima, (2020) Morfología colonial: en medio de cultivo PDA alcanzan 6 ± 3 cm de diáme- tro en 7 días a 25°C, con hifas aéreas algodonosas blancas, gris pálido o grisáceo verde. En el reverso, centro verde oscuro a negro (Figura 4a), esporulación escasa (Nishikawa y Nakashima, 2020). a b c Figura 5. Características morfológicas de Alternaria tenuissima. a), b) y c) Conidios con septos transversales y longitudinales. b) Conidióforos primarios no ramificados. c) Conidios en cadenas cortas con ramificación a partir de conidio. Tomado y modificado de: a) Wonder, et al., 2013. b) Index Fugorum, 2020. c) Andersen et al., 2002 Técnicas de diagnóstico Muestra El material propagativo: cuatrocientas semillas, si la muestra lo permite, o el 75% del total de ésta (Senasica, 2018) Cultivo establecido: hojas, tallos y cabezas florales con síntomas caracte- Figura 3. Características morfológicas de Alternaria brassicae. a) Cultivo en PDA rísticos. (izquierda = anverso, derecha = reverso). b) Conidióforo. c) Patrón de esporulación. d) Ilustración de los tipos de conidios. e) Conidios. b, c y d Escala = 25 µm.
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