Pathogenic Eukaryotes in Gut Microbiota of Western Lowland
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Symptomology, Biology and Management of Alternaria Leaf Spot
The Pharma Innovation Journal 2021; 10(6): 264-268 ISSN (E): 2277- 7695 ISSN (P): 2349-8242 NAAS Rating: 5.23 Symptomology, biology and management of Alternaria TPI 2021; 10(6): 264-268 © 2021 TPI leaf spot of mustard (Brassica spp.) www.thepharmajournal.com Received: 24-04-2021 Accepted: 30-05-2021 Ramesh Kumar and Poonam Shete Ramesh Kumar Department of Plant Pathology, Abstract School of Agriculture, Lovely Oilseed Brassica spp. is one of the most important diseases of oilseed crop in the world. Rapeseed Professional University, mustard are susceptible to a number of diseases which is caused by the living (biotic) pathogen. It is also Phagwara, Punjab, India known as Alternaria black spot diseases surrounded with yellow colours on the leaves which is known to be the most destructive diseases in the world. This disease is generally characterised by the different Poonam Shete names which are as follows, Alternaria brassica, Alternaria brassicola and Alternaria raphani. Department of Plant Pathology, Alternaria leaf spot pathogen produces lesion around the leaves, stem, and the Silique which cause School of Agriculture, Lovely reduction in defoliation. These pathogens are seed borne, soil borne, and airborne diseases. Alternaria Professional University, leaf spot diseases caused by the heavy rainfall and the weather with the highest diseases incidence. The Phagwara, Punjab, India Conidia, age of the host plant is also responsible for severity of the diseases. This disease is more 0 prominent during the summer seasons where the temperature falls 27- 28 C. This paper also determines the development of Alternaria leaf blightin Mustard crop in relation to the pathogen such as taxonomy, biology, epidemiology and their management through biological, chemical, cultural and botanical approaches. -
Mycology Proficiency Testing Program
Mycology Proficiency Testing Program Test Event Critique May 2013 Mycology Laboratory Table of Contents Mycology Laboratory 2 Mycology Proficiency Testing Program 3 Test Specimens & Grading Policy 5 Test Analyte Master Lists 7 Performance Summary 9 Commercial Device Usage Statistics 10 Yeast Descriptions 11 Y-1 Candida kefyr 11 Y-2 Candida tropicalis 14 Y-3 Candida guilliermondii 17 Y-4 Candida krusei 20 Y-5 Candida lusitaniae 23 Antifungal Susceptibility Testing - Yeast 26 Antifungal Susceptibility Testing - Mold (Educational) 28 1 Mycology Laboratory Mycology Laboratory at the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) is a reference diagnostic laboratory for the fungal diseases. The laboratory services include testing for the dimorphic pathogenic fungi, unusual molds and yeasts pathogens, antifungal susceptibility testing including tests with research protocols, molecular tests including rapid identification and strain typing, outbreak and pseudo-outbreak investigations, laboratory contamination and accident investigations and related environmental surveys. The Fungal Culture Collection of the Mycology Laboratory is an important resource for high quality cultures used in the proficiency-testing program and for the in-house development and standardization of new diagnostic tests. Mycology Proficiency Testing Program provides technical expertise to NYSDOH Clinical Laboratory Evaluation Program (CLEP). The program is responsible for conducting the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-compliant Proficiency Testing (Mycology) for clinical laboratories in New York State. All analytes for these test events are prepared and standardized internally. The program also provides continuing educational activities in the form of detailed critiques of test events, workshops and occasional one-on-one training of laboratory professionals. Mycology Laboratory Staff and Contact Details Name Responsibility Phone Email Director Dr. -
Base J Originally Found in Kinetoplastida Is Also a Minor Constituent of Nuclear DNA of Euglena Gracilis
© 2000 Oxford University Press Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 16 3017–3021 Base J originally found in Kinetoplastida is also a minor constituent of nuclear DNA of Euglena gracilis Dennis Dooijes, Inês Chaves, Rudo Kieft, Anita Dirks-Mulder, William Martin1 and Piet Borst* Division of Molecular Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and 1Institute of Genetics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany Received June 8, 2000; Accepted July 4, 2000 ABSTRACT DNA blots or by immunoprecipitation. The immunoprecipi- tated DNA can be analyzed by combined 32P-postlabeling and We have analyzed DNA of Euglena gracilis for the two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) experi- presence of the unusual minor base β-D-glucosyl- ments (6,7) to verify that J is present. Using these methods we hydroxymethyluracil or J, thus far only found in have shown that J is a conserved DNA modification in kineto- kinetoplastid flagellates and in Diplonema.Using plastid protozoans and is abundant in their telomeres (5). J was antibodies specific for J and post-labeling of DNA not detected in the animals, plants, or fungi tested, nor in a digests followed by two-dimensional thin-layer range of other simple eukaryotes, such as Plasmodium, chromatography of labeled nucleotides, we show Toxoplasma, Entamoeba, Trichomonas and Giardia (5). that ~0.2 mole percent of Euglena DNA consists of J, Outside the Kinetoplastida, J was only found in Diplonema,a an amount similar to that found in DNA of Trypano- small phagotrophic marine flagellate, in which we also soma brucei. -
Cronicon OPEN ACCESS MICROBIOLOGY Editorial from Head to Toe: Mapping Fungi Across Human Skin
Cronicon OPEN ACCESS MICROBIOLOGY Editorial From Head to Toe: Mapping Fungi across Human Skin Tim Sandle* Head of Microbiology, Bio Products Laboratory Limited, United Kingdom *Corresponding Author: Tim Sandle, Head of Microbiology, Bio Products Laboratory Limited, 68 Alexander Road, London Colony, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Received: July 09, 2015; Published: July 14, 2015 Introduction The human microbiota refers to the complex aggregate of fungi, bacteria and archaea, found on the surface of the skin, within saliva and oral mucosa, the conjunctiva, the gastrointestinal. When microbial genomes are accounted for, the term mirobiome is deployed. In recent years the first in-depth analysis, using sophisticated DNA sequencing, of the human microbiome has taken place through the U.S. National Institutes of Health led Human Microbiome Project [1]. This required sophisticated analysis and representative sampling, given thatThe a single collected square of centimeter data from theof human Human skin Microbiome can contain Project up to hasone enabledbillion microorganisms. microbiologists to develop an ecological map of the human relationship between humans and microorganisms. One of the most interesting areas related to fungi, especially in advancing our under body, both inside and outside. Many of the findings have extended, or even turned upside down, what was previously known about the - not correlate; some parts of the body have a greater prevalence of bacteria (such as the arms) whereas fungi are found in closer associa standing about fungal types, locations and numbers and how this affects health and disease [2]. With this fungal and bacteria diversity do tion with feet. This article reviews some of the more recent literature. -
Mycological Evaluation of Smoked-Dried Fish Sold at Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria: Preliminary Findings and Potential Health Implications
Original Article / Orijinal Makale doi: 10.5505/eurjhs.2016.69885 Eur J Health Sci 2016;2(1):5-10 Mycological Evaluation of Smoked-Dried Fish Sold at Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria: Preliminary Findings and Potential Health Implications Nijerya’da Maiduguri Metropolis’te satılan tütsülenmiş balıkların mikolojik değerlendirilmesi: Ön bulgular ve sağlığa potansiyel etkileri 1 2 3 Fatima Muhammad Sani , Idris Abdullahi Nasir , Gloria Torhile 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria 2Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja, Nigeria 3Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe, Gombe, Nigeria ABSTRACT Background: Smoked-dried fish are largely consumed as source of nutrient by man. It has been established that fish food can act as vehicle for transmission of some mycological pathogens especially in immunocompromised individuals. Methods: Between 7th October 2011 and 5th January 2012, a total of 100 different species of smoke-dried fish comprising 20 each of Cat fish (Arius hendeloti), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Stock fish (Gadus morhua), Mud fish (Neoxhanna galaxiidae) and Bonga fish (Enthalmosa fimbriota) were processed and investigated for possible fungal contamination based on culture isolation using Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and microscopy. Results: Organisms isolated and identified in pure culture were Mucor spp. (36%), Aspergillus niger (35%), Aspergillus fumigatus (6%), Candida tropicalis (3%), Candida stellatoidea (2%), Microsporum audunii (2%), Penicillium spp. (2%), and Trichophyton rubrum (1%) while Mucor spp. and Aspergillus niger (4%); Mucor spp. and Candida tropicalis (3%); Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor spp. (1%); Aspergillus niger, Candida spp. and Mucor spp. (1%) were isolated in mixed culture. -
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1 Exploring the male-induced female reproduction of Schistosoma mansoni in a novel medium Jipeng Wang1, Rui Chen1, James Collins1 1) UT Southwestern Medical Center. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by schistosome parasites that infect over 200 million people. The prodigious egg output of these parasites is the sole driver of pathology due to infection. Female schistosomes rely on continuous pairing with male worms to fuel the maturation of their reproductive organs, yet our understanding of their sexual reproduction is limited because egg production is not sustained for more than a few days in vitro. Here, we explore the process of male-stimulated female maturation in our newly developed ABC169 medium and demonstrate that physical contact with a male worm, and not insemination, is sufficient to induce female development and the production of viable parthenogenetic haploid embryos. By performing an RNAi screen for genes whose expression was enriched in the female reproductive organs, we identify a single nuclear hormone receptor that is required for differentiation and maturation of germ line stem cells in female gonad. Furthermore, we screen genes in non-reproductive tissues that maybe involved in mediating cell signaling during the male-female interplay and identify a transcription factor gli1 whose knockdown prevents male worms from inducing the female sexual maturation while having no effect on male:female pairing. Using RNA-seq, we characterize the gene expression changes of male worms after gli1 knockdown as well as the female transcriptomic changes after pairing with gli1-knockdown males. We are currently exploring the downstream genes of this transcription factor that may mediate the male stimulus associated with pairing. -
Allergic Fungal Airway Disease Rick EM, Woolnough K, Pashley CH, Wardlaw AJ
REVIEWS Allergic Fungal Airway Disease Rick EM, Woolnough K, Pashley CH, Wardlaw AJ Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester and Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2016; Vol. 26(6): 344-354 doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0122 Abstract Fungi are ubiquitous and form their own kingdom. Up to 80 genera of fungi have been linked to type I allergic disease, and yet, commercial reagents to test for sensitization are available for relatively few species. In terms of asthma, it is important to distinguish between species unable to grow at body temperature and those that can (thermotolerant) and thereby have the potential to colonize the respiratory tract. The former, which include the commonly studied Alternaria and Cladosporium genera, can act as aeroallergens whose clinical effects are predictably related to exposure levels. In contrast, thermotolerant species, which include fungi from the Candida, Aspergillus, and Penicillium genera, can cause a persistent allergenic stimulus independent of their airborne concentrations. Moreover, their ability to germinate in the airways provides a more diverse allergenic stimulus, and may result in noninvasive infection, which enhances inflammation. The close association between IgE sensitization to thermotolerant filamentous fungi and fixed airflow obstruction, bronchiectasis, and lung fibrosis suggests a much more tissue-damaging process than that seen with aeroallergens. This review provides an overview of fungal allergens and the patterns of clinical disease associated with exposure. It clarifies the various terminologies associated with fungal allergy in asthma and makes the case for a new term (allergic fungal airway disease) to include all people with asthma at risk of developing lung damage as a result of their fungal allergy. -
Trichosporon Beigelii Infection Presenting As White Piedra and Onychomycosis in the Same Patient
Trichosporon beigelii Infection Presenting as White Piedra and Onychomycosis in the Same Patient Lt Col Kathleen B. Elmer, USAF; COL Dirk M. Elston, MC, USA; COL Lester F. Libow, MC, USA Trichosporon beigelii is a fungal organism that causes white piedra and has occasionally been implicated as a nail pathogen. We describe a patient with both hair and nail changes associated with T beigelii. richosporon beigelii is a basidiomycetous yeast, phylogenetically similar to Cryptococcus.1 T T beigelii has been found on a variety of mammals and is present in soil, water, decaying plants, and animals.2 T beigelii is known to colonize normal human skin, as well as the respiratory, gas- trointestinal, and urinary tracts.3 It is the causative agent of white piedra, a superficial fungal infection of the hair shaft and also has been described as a rare cause of onychomycosis.4 T beigelii can cause endo- carditis and septicemia in immunocompromised hosts.5 We describe a healthy patient with both white piedra and T beigelii–induced onychomycosis. Case Report A 62-year-old healthy man who worked as a pool maintenance employee was evaluated for thickened, discolored thumb nails (Figure 1). He had been aware of progressive brown-to-black discoloration of the involved nails for 8 months. In addition, soft, light yellow-brown nodules were noted along the shafts of several axillary hairs (Figure 2). Microscopic analysis of the hairs revealed nodal concretions along the shafts (Figure 3). No pubic, scalp, eyebrow, eyelash, Figure 1. Onychomycotic thumb nail. or beard hair involvement was present. Cultures of thumb nail clippings on Sabouraud dextrose agar grew T beigelii and Candida parapsilosis. -
Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management
Govind Singh Saharan Naresh Mehta Prabhu Dayal Meena Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management Govind Singh Saharan • Naresh Mehta Prabhu Dayal Meena Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management Govind Singh Saharan Naresh Mehta Plant Pathology Plant Pathology CCS Haryana Agricultural University CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar , Haryana , India Hisar , Haryana , India Prabhu Dayal Meena Crop Protection Unit ICAR Bharatpur , Rajasthan , India ISBN 978-981-10-0019-5 ISBN 978-981-10-0021-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0021-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958091 Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
Comparison of Three Skin Sampling Methods and Two Media for Culturing Malassezia Yeast
Journal of Fungi Communication Comparison of Three Skin Sampling Methods and Two Media for Culturing Malassezia Yeast Abdourahim Abdillah 1,2, Saber Khelaifia 2, Didier Raoult 2,3, Fadi Bittar 2,3 and Stéphane Ranque 1,2,* 1 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, VITROME: Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; [email protected] 2 IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; khelaifi[email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (F.B.) 3 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, MEPHI: Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 October 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Malassezia is a lipid-dependent commensal yeast of the human skin. The different culture media and skin sampling methods used to grow these fastidious yeasts are a source of heterogeneity in culture-based epidemiological study results. This study aimed to compare the performances of three methods of skin sampling, and two culture media for the detection of Malassezia yeasts by culture from the human skin. Three skin sampling methods, namely sterile gauze, dry swab, and TranswabTM with transport medium, were applied on 10 healthy volunteers at 5 distinct body sites. Each sample was further inoculated onto either the novel FastFung medium or the reference Dixon agar for the detection of Malassezia spp. -
University of California Riverside
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Natamycin, a New Postharvest Biofungicide: Toxicity to Major Decay Fungi, Efficacy, and Optimized Usage Strategies A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Pathology by Daniel Sungen Chen September 2020 Dissertation Committee: Dr. James E. Adaskaveg, Chairperson Dr. Michael E. Stanghellini Dr. Alexander I. Putman Copyright by Daniel Sungen Chen 2020 The Dissertation of Daniel Sungen Chen is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I thank my mentor Dr. James E. Adaskaveg for accepting me into his research program and teaching me the intricacies of the field of postharvest plant pathology and preparing me for a bright career ahead. His knowledge of the field is unmatched. A special thanks goes out to Dr. Helga Förster, whose expertise and attention to detail has helped me out tremendously in my research and writings. I thank my dissertation committee members, Dr. Michael Stanghellini and Dr. Alexander Putman, for their time spent reviewing my dissertation and their guidance during the pursuit of my doctoral degree. Special thanks also go out to my lab members Dr. Rodger Belisle, Dr. Wei Hao, Dr. Kevin Nguyen, and Nathan Riley for their companionship and much appreciated help with my projects. I would also like to thank my former laboratory members, Dr. Stacey Swanson and Dr. Morgan Thai for their guidance and help during the early years of my graduate program. Thanks go out to Dr. Lingling Hou, Dr. Yong Luo, and Doug Cary for their assistance with performing experimental packingline studies at the Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center. -
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar): Caused by Leishmania Donovani
تابع 2 أ.د / فاطمة إبراهيم سنبل أستاذ الميكروبيولوجيا الصيدلية • (Plate 2) • Life cycle of Balantidium coli Mastigophora • General characters : • This subphylum includes those protozoa that move actively by means of a Flagellum (or several flagella) during all or part of their life. In addition, the body has a definite form (not irregular as in amoebae) maintained by a firm pellicle on its outer surface. Some flagellates are devoid of a mouth opening but some have an opening or Cytostome through which food is ingested. They reproduced by longitudinal binary fission (not transverse fission as in case of B. coli). • Some have undulating membrane which appear to consist of highly modified flagellum. Flagellates have vesicular type of nucleus . • The parasitic flagellated protozoa fall into two categories with respect to the type of disease produced in humans : • a) Intestinal and genital flagellates : these are found only in the intestinal or genital tracts and their transmission does not require a biological vector and so pass directly from man to man usually enclosed in a cyst. They include : • - Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) • - Enteromonas hominis • - Trichomonas hominis • - Trichomonas tenax • - Trichomonas vaginalis • - Dientamoeba fragilis (amoeba-like flagellate) • The parasites are nearly all harmless commensals but two species, Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis are associated with inflammatory lesions in heavy infections and for practical purposes may be regarded as pathogenic . • b) Blood and tissue flagellates (haemoflagellates) : these infect the vascular system and various tissues and their transmission requires a biological vector. usually an arthropod (insect) in which they undergo a fresh cycle of alteration and multiplication before they can again infect man.