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Indonesia Beyond Reformasi: Necessity and the “De-Centering” of Democracy
INDONESIA BEYOND REFORMASI: NECESSITY AND THE “DE-CENTERING” OF DEMOCRACY Leonard C. Sebastian, Jonathan Chen and Adhi Priamarizki* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: TRANSITIONAL POLITICS IN INDONESIA ......................................... 2 R II. NECESSITY MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXT FOR DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA .................... 7 R III. NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ................... 12 R A. What Necessity Inevitably Entailed: Changes to Defining Features of the New Order ............. 12 R 1. Military Reform: From Dual Function (Dwifungsi) to NKRI ......................... 13 R 2. Taming Golkar: From Hegemony to Political Party .......................................... 21 R 3. Decentralizing the Executive and Devolution to the Regions................................. 26 R 4. Necessary Changes and Beyond: A Reflection .31 R IV. NON NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ............. 32 R A. After Necessity: A Political Tug of War........... 32 R 1. The Evolution of Legislative Elections ........ 33 R 2. The Introduction of Direct Presidential Elections ...................................... 44 R a. The 2004 Direct Presidential Elections . 47 R b. The 2009 Direct Presidential Elections . 48 R 3. The Emergence of Direct Local Elections ..... 50 R V. 2014: A WATERSHED ............................... 55 R * Leonard C. Sebastian is Associate Professor and Coordinator, Indonesia Pro- gramme at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of In- ternational Studies, Nanyang Technological University, -
Redalyc.Democratization and TNI Reform
UNISCI Discussion Papers ISSN: 1696-2206 [email protected] Universidad Complutense de Madrid España Marbun, Rico Democratization and TNI reform UNISCI Discussion Papers, núm. 15, octubre, 2007, pp. 37-61 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=76701504 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 15 (Octubre / October 2007) ISSN 1696-2206 DEMOCRATIZATIO A D T I REFORM Rico Marbun 1 Centre for Policy and Strategic Studies (CPSS), Indonesia Abstract: This article is written to answer four questions: what kind of civil-military relations is needed for democratization; how does military reform in Indonesia affect civil-military relations; does it have a positive impact toward democratization; and finally is the democratization process in Indonesia on the right track. Keywords: Civil-military relations; Indonesia. Resumen: Este artículo pretende responder a cuatro preguntas: qué tipo de relaciones cívico-militares son necesarias para la democratización; cómo afecta la reforma militar en Indonesia a las relaciones cívico-militares; si tiene un impacto positivo en la democratización; y finalmente, si el proceso de democratización en Indonesia va por buen camino. Palabras clave: relaciones cívico-militares; Indonesia. Copyright © UNISCI, 2007. The views expressed in these articles are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNISCI. Las opiniones expresadas en estos artículos son propias de sus autores, y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de U*ISCI. -
The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance
Policy Studies 23 The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Marcus Mietzner East-West Center Washington East-West Center The East-West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through its programs of cooperative study, training, seminars, and research, the Center works to promote a stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia Pacific community in which the United States is a leading and valued partner. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government, private foundations, individuals, cor- porations, and a number of Asia Pacific governments. East-West Center Washington Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East- West Center Washington is to further the East-West Center mission and the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the theme of conflict reduction, political change in the direction of open, accountable, and participatory politics, and American understanding of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Policy Studies 23 ___________ The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance _____________________ Marcus Mietzner Copyright © 2006 by the East-West Center Washington The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance by Marcus Mietzner ISBN 978-1-932728-45-3 (online version) ISSN 1547-1330 (online version) Online at: www.eastwestcenterwashington.org/publications East-West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C. -
No. 227 Assessing 12-Year Military Reform in Indonesia: Major
The RSIS Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author’s own and not that of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. If you have any comments, please send them to the following email address: [email protected]. Unsubscribing If you no longer want to receive RSIS Working Papers, please click on “Unsubscribe.” to be removed from the list. No. 227 Assessing 12-year Military Reform in Indonesia: Major Strategic Gaps for the Next Stage of Reform Leonard C. Sebastian and Iisgindarsah S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Singapore 6 April 2011 About RSIS The S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) was established in January 2007 as an autonomous School within the Nanyang Technological University. RSIS’ mission is to be a leading research and graduate teaching institution in strategic and international affairs in the Asia-Pacific. To accomplish this mission, RSIS will: • Provide a rigorous professional graduate education in international affairs with a strong practical and area emphasis • Conduct policy-relevant research in national security, defence and strategic studies, diplomacy and international relations • Collaborate with like-minded schools of international affairs to form a global network of excellence Graduate Training in International Affairs RSIS offers an exacting graduate education in international affairs, taught by an international faculty of leading thinkers and practitioners. The teaching programme consists of the Master of Science (MSc) degrees in Strategic Studies, International Relations, International Political Economy and Asian Studies as well as The Nanyang MBA (International Studies) offered jointly with the Nanyang Business School. -
Power Politics and the Indonesian Military
Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Power Politics and the Indonesian Military Throughout the post-war history of Indonesia, the military has played a key role in the politics of the country and in imposing unity on a fragmentary state. The collapse of the authoritarian New Order government of President Suharto weakened the state, and the armed forces briefly lost their grip on control of the archipelago. Under President Megawati, however, the military has again begun to assert itself, and to reimpose its heavy hand on control of the state, most notably in the fracturing outer provinces. This book, based on extensive original research, examines the role of the military in Indonesian politics. It looks at the role of the military histori- cally, examines the different ways in which it is involved in politics, and considers how the role of the military might develop in what is still an uncertain future. Damien Kingsbury is Head of Philosophical, International and Political Studies and Senior Lecturer in International Development at Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. He is the author or editor of several books, including The Politics of Indonesia (Second Edition, 2002), South-East Asia: A Political Profile (2001) and Indonesia: The Uncertain Transition (2001). His main area of work is in political development, in particular in assertions of self-determination. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Power Politics and the Indonesian Military Damien Kingsbury Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 First published 2003 by RoutledgeCurzon 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005. -
Ebookspdfs-Anon 3385.Pdf
A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA, SECOND EDITION Since the Bali bombings of 2002 and the rise of political Islam, Indone- sia has frequently occupied media headlines. Nevertheless, the history of the fourth-largest country on earth remains relatively unknown. Adrian Vickers’s book, first published in 2005, traces the history of an island country, comprising some 240 million people, from the colonial period through revolution and independence to the present. Framed around the life story of Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indone- sia’s most famous and controversial novelist and playwright, the book journeys through the social and cultural mores of Indonesian society, focusing on the experiences of ordinary people. In this new edition, the author brings the story up to date, revisiting his argument as to why Indonesia has yet to realize its potential as a democratic country. He also examines the rise of fundamentalist Islam, which has haunted Indonesia since the fall of Suharto. adrian vickers is Professor of Southeast Asian Studies in the School of Languages and Cultures at the University of Sydney. He is the author of the acclaimed Bali: A Paradise Created (1989). In 2003 he curated the exhibition Crossing Boundaries, a major survey of modern Indonesian art, and he has also been involved in making documentary films, including Done Bali (1993). A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA Second Edition ADRIAN VICKERS The University of Sydney cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107624450 c Adrian Vickers 2005, 2013 This publication is in copyright. -
Indonesia Update: Trends Toward Consolidation, Threats of Disintegration (January-December 1999)
UNHCR Centre for Documentation and Research WRITENET Paper No. 18/1999 INDONESIA UPDATE: TRENDS TOWARD CONSOLIDATION, THREATS OF DISINTEGRATION (JANUARY-DECEMBER 1999) By John T. Sidel December 1999 WriteNet is a Network of Researchers and Writers on Human Rights, Forced Migration, Ethnic and Political Conflict WriteNet is a Subsidiary of Practical Management (UK) E-mail: [email protected] THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED MAINLY ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND COMMENT. ALL SOURCES ARE CITED. THE PAPER IS NOT, AND DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE, EITHER EXHAUSTIVE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRY SURVEYED, OR CONCLUSIVE AS TO THE MERITS OF ANY PARTICULAR CLAIM TO REFUGEE STATUS OR ASYLUM. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF WRITENET OR UNHCR. ISSN TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................1 1.2 THE THREAT OF “DISORDER”: FROM RIOTS TO REBELLION AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICT3 2. ACEH: THE NEXT DOMINO? ....................................................................................4 2.1 BACKGROUND TO REBELLION ......................................................................................5 2.2 FROM REFORMASI TO REBELLION ................................................................................7 3. AMBON: THINGS FALL APART?............................................................................11 -
A Abdullah Sidiq, 232, 233 Abdurrahman Wahid, 4, 15, 50, 52
INDEX A military atrocities, 285–86, 292–93, Abdullah Sidiq, 232, 233 321 Abdurrahman Wahid, 4, 15, 50, 52, military emergency, 291–94 175, 197, 201, 271, 302 MoU (Memorandum of Aceh, protest against MoU, 305–06 Understanding), 303–07, 317, biography, 41 327 dismissal of, 30, 55, 60–61, 78 natural resources, 280–81, 320 impeachment, 149, 172, 195–96, negotiations, 151, 297–300 266, 288 refugees to Malaysia, 324 military reform under, 136–40 separatism, roots of, 282–85 rule of, 28–32, 137 separatist challenge, resolving, ABRI (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik 279–319 Indonesia), 129, 131–32, 144 “special autonomy”, 94, 282, 286, police integration, 134–35 289, 300–01, 303 police separation from, 135, 156, sultanate, 282, 284 179 survey of conflict-affected people, 324 see also military; TNI TNI economic stake in, 281, 318 Aburizal Bakrie, 36, 217, 238 TNI lack of professionalism in, 284 “accountability report”, 52, 54, “Verandah of Mecca”, as, 284 111–12 see also AMM; GAM; NAD Aceh, 4, 12, 17, 23, 91, 95, 141–42, Aceh National Army (Tentera Neugara 155, 166, 176, 338, 347–48 Aceh), 314 cease-fire agreement, 289–91 Aceh Referendum Information Centre, central government apology, 285 see SIRA DPRD in, 308, 312, 327 Aceh Reintegration Agency, see BRA ethnicity, 284, 320–21 Aceh Transition Committee, see KPA Helsinki talks and peace agreement, Acknowledgement of Debt, see AKU 300–05 Adam Damiri, Maj. Gen., 172 “Humanitarian Pause”, 287 ADEKSI (Asosiasi DPRD Kota Seluruh local elections in, 314–16 Indonesia), 105, 226 373 11 P_Reform Index.indd -
Too High a Price RIGHTS the Human Rights Cost of the Indonesian Military’S Economic Activities WATCH June 2006 Volume 18, No
Indonesia HUMAN Too High a Price RIGHTS The Human Rights Cost of the Indonesian Military’s Economic Activities WATCH June 2006 Volume 18, No. 5(C) Too High a Price The Human Rights Cost of the Indonesian Military’s Economic Activities Summary......................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Military Finance in Indonesia .................................................................................................. 9 Military Self-Finance and Human Rights .............................................................................. 9 A Brief History of Military Economic Activity..................................................................10 Military Business Activity and the Law................................................................................16 II. An Anatomy of Military Economic Activity .....................................................................26 Military-Owned Businesses ...................................................................................................26 Military Collaboration with Private Businesses..................................................................44 Military Involvement in Criminal Activity ..........................................................................63 Military Corruption.................................................................................................................71 III. Obstacles to Reform............................................................................................................80 -
Indo 71 0 1106942062 135
C urrent Data on the Indonesian M ilitary Elite: January 1, 1999 - January 31, 2001 The Editors The present listing shows the holders of key positions at TNI Headquarters as well as in the army central and regional command structure between January 1, 1999 and January 31, 2001. The military underwent a deep institutional crisis in the 25 months covered by this listing. It continued to suffer as it did in the previous period from a loss of legitimacy and popular trust because of its human rights abuses and its inability to maintain law and order.1 Its officers were under investigation for human rights abuses in Aceh and East Timor, and some middle- and low-ranking officers and soldiers were court- martialed, though no one of high rank was actually punished.2 It lost the war in East Timor and its troops had to be withdrawn while multinational forces took over 1 For instance, Defense Minister Juwono Sudarsono said on July 12,2000 that 150 police and army posts were attacked by local people in one month. Unfortunately, he did not say where these attacks occurred, though it is clear from the context that they took place all over the country. Suara Pembarmn, July 13,2000. 2 In the period under discussion, officers were under investigation for, inter alia, human rights abuses in Aceh and East Timor and the July 27,1996 Affair. For the kidnapping of pro-democracy activists in 1997 and early 1998, eleven Kopassus officers and non-commissioned officers were court-martialed and sentenced to 12-20 months imprisonment, while their commanding officers—Lt. -
Indonesian Military’S Economic Activities
June 2006 Volume 18, No. 5(C) Too High a Price The Human Rights Cost of the Indonesian Military’s Economic Activities Summary......................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Military Finance in Indonesia .................................................................................................. 9 Military Self-Finance and Human Rights .............................................................................. 9 A Brief History of Military Economic Activity..................................................................10 Military Business Activity and the Law................................................................................16 II. An Anatomy of Military Economic Activity .....................................................................26 Military-Owned Businesses ...................................................................................................26 Military Collaboration with Private Businesses..................................................................44 Military Involvement in Criminal Activity ..........................................................................63 Military Corruption.................................................................................................................71 III. Obstacles to Reform............................................................................................................80 Unaccountable Military Finances .........................................................................................80 -
A History of Indonesia's Armed Forces and Analysis of Military Reform
A History of Indonesia’s Armed Forces and Analysis of Military Reform during the Reformasi Period (1998-2012) A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by John Matthew Sova January 2013 © 2013 John Matthew Sova ABSTRACT 21 May 1998 was a seminal moment in Indonesian history. After more than thirty- one years of centralized military authoritarianism, President Suharto was unable to recover from a confluence of national problems and abruptly announced his resignation. The ensuing Reformasi (reform) period ushered in many reforms against Suharto’s regime, including transitioning to a democracy and implementing military reform. This thesis has two aims. The first is to investigate the historic influences of the Indonesian military and trace its evolution to its New Order pre-Reformasi condition in order to best analyze the ongoing military reform movement. The second is to examine the effects of military reform during the first fourteen years of the Reformasi period (1998- 2012) and identify successful practices for future reform. One tool that I use to construct my argument is an exploration of the military's traditional functions and roles in society, specifically through its dual-function doctrine and territorial command system. My research shows that structures and systems created for specific functions have been adjusted to meet changing political, social, and security challenges and priorities, and have subsequently become