INDEX

A military atrocities, 285–86, 292–93, Abdullah Sidiq, 232, 233 321 , 4, 15, 50, 52, military emergency, 291–94 175, 197, 201, 271, 302 MoU (Memorandum of Aceh, protest against MoU, 305–06 Understanding), 303–07, 317, biography, 41 327 dismissal of, 30, 55, 60–61, 78 natural resources, 280–81, 320 impeachment, 149, 172, 195–96, negotiations, 151, 297–300 266, 288 refugees to , 324 military reform under, 136–40 separatism, roots of, 282–85 rule of, 28–32, 137 separatist challenge, resolving, ABRI (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik 279–319 ), 129, 131–32, 144 “special autonomy”, 94, 282, 286, police integration, 134–35 289, 300–01, 303 police separation from, 135, 156, sultanate, 282, 284 179 survey of conflict-affected people, 324 see also military; TNI TNI economic stake in, 281, 318 Aburizal Bakrie, 36, 217, 238 TNI lack of professionalism in, 284 “accountability report”, 52, 54, “Verandah of Mecca”, as, 284 111–12 see also AMM; GAM; NAD Aceh, 4, 12, 17, 23, 91, 95, 141–42, Aceh National Army (Tentera Neugara 155, 166, 176, 338, 347–48 Aceh), 314 cease-fire agreement, 289–91 Aceh Referendum Information Centre, central government apology, 285 see SIRA DPRD in, 308, 312, 327 Aceh Reintegration Agency, see BRA ethnicity, 284, 320–21 Aceh Transition Committee, see KPA Helsinki talks and peace agreement, Acknowledgement of Debt, see AKU 300–05 Adam Damiri, Maj. Gen., 172 “Humanitarian Pause”, 287 ADEKSI (Asosiasi DPRD Kota Seluruh local elections in, 314–16 Indonesia), 105, 226

373

11 P_Reform Index.indd 373 3/11/10 1:26:47 PM 374 Index

Adi Upaya, 188 APPSI (Asosiasi Pemerintah Provinsi Administrative Law Court, 231 Seluruh Indonesia), 105 Adrian Kiki Ariawan, 235 Arifin Panigoro, 60, 82 Agum Gumelar, Gen., personal Army Strategic Reserve Command, see wealth, 238 Kostrad Agung Laksono, 114, 301, 306, 326 Artidjo Alkoster, 208 Agustadi Sasongko Purnomo, General, Arun LNG Company, 280, 283, 320 152 Asia Foundation, study, 101 Agus Widjojo, see Widjojo, Agus, Asian Financial Crisis, 1, 14, 19, 76, Agus Wirahadikusumah, see 130, 175, 203, 209, 245, 331, Wirahadikusumah, Agus 333 Ahtisaari, Martti, 298–300 ASNLF (Acheh-Sumatra National AKU (Akta Pengakuan Utang), 234 Liberation Front), 283, see also Alagappa, Muthiah, 127, 161 GAM Aland Islands, 301 association of kabupaten governments, Al-Qaeda, 5, 155, 258, 267, 285 see APKASI Ambon, 244 association of municipal governments, Christian dominance, 243–44 see APEKSI conflict in, 247–48 association of municipal parliaments, response by government and see ADEKSI military, 248–51 association of provincial governments, see also Maluku; RMS see APPSI , 28, 41, 50, 58, 67, 76, ATA (Anti-Terrorist Assistance), 184 80, 82–83, 91, 105, 183, 252 Attamimi, Muhammad, 259, 267, 275 personal wealth, 238 Aulia Pohan, 239 AMM (Aceh Monitoring Mission), authoritarian regime, 3, 20 304, 306, see also Aceh; GAM; collapse of, 1–2, 11, 47, 87 NAD autonomy laws Amnesty International, 296 debate on revision of, 103–06 Andas T. Tanri., 71 implementation of, 95–98 Antasari Azhar, 233 Ayip Syafruddin Soeratman, 253 anti-Chinese riots, 1, 4, 20, 23, 166, 204, 346 B commission of enquiry, 39 Babinsa (Bintara Pembina Desa), anti-corruption agencies, 212–16 157–59, 185, 186 conflict between, 221–23 Bagir Manan, 195–96, 221–22 Anti-Corruption Court, see Tipikor Baharuddin Lopa, 235 Antonius Sujata, 208 BAIS (Badan Intelijen Strategis), 144 Antony Zeidra Abidin, 85 Bakorstanas (Badan Kordinasi Bantuan APEKSI (Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota Pemantapan Stabilitas Nasional), Seluruh Indonesia), 105 138, 180 APKASI (Asosiasi Pemerintah Bakrie, Aburizal, see Aburizal Bakrie Kabupaten Seluruh Indonesia), Bali bombing, 5, 155, 266–67, 277 105 Bambang Setyo, 71

11 P_Reform Index.indd 374 3/11/10 1:26:48 PM Index 375

Bank Alpha, 234 , 36 Bank Andromeda, 233 Bondan Gunawan, 180, 288, 322 Bank Artha Graha Internasional, 163, BPD (Bintang Pelopor Demokrasi), 168, 187, 217 307, 313 Bank Aspac (Bank Asia Pacific), 206 BPK (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan), 72, Bank Bali, 41 164, 168, 187, 204, 234 case, and 1999 elections, BPKP (Badan Pengawasan Keuangan 207–11 dan Pembangunan), 219 Bank Harapan Sentosa, 235 BP Migas, 166 Bank Industri, 233 BRA (Badan Reintegrasi Aceh), 307 banking, and BLBI scandal, 203–06 Brimob (Brigade Mobil), 154, 173, Bank , 233 190, 249, 254, 263–64, 273, Bank Mandiri, 222 276, 288 Bank Modern, 206 British Department for International Bank Niaga PT, 71 Development, see DFID Bank of Indonesia Liquidity Broad Outlines of State Policy, 44, Assistance, see BLBI 60–61 Bank of Indonesia, see BI Brunei, loan from Sultan of, 30 Bank Surya, 235 Bulog (State Logistics Board), 30, 202, Bank Umum Servitia, 206 209–11, 236 Bantaqiah, Teuku, 170 BUMN (state corporation), 219 Baramuli, Arnold, 208 Burhanuddin Abdullah, 73 Barnas (Barisan Nasional), 25, 41 Busyro Muquddas, 222 BBM (Butonese, Bugis, Makassarese), Butar Butar, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Rudolf, ethnic groups, 244–47, 272 190 Beddu Awang, 202, 232–33 BI (), 72, 204, 206, C 291, 233, 328 Capital Investment Coordination Bibit Waluyo, Lt. Gen., 141, 159, 290 Agency, see BKPM “Big Bang”, decentralization, 92–95, Cardig International Group, 188 118–19 cease-fire agreement, Aceh, 289–91 Bimantara, PT, 188 Central Axis (Poros Tengah), 28–30, BIN (Badan Intelijen Negara), 174, 32 321 central government bin Laden, Osama, 267 apology to Aceh, 285 Laskar Jihad, falsely linked to, 258, authority of, 92–93, 108–09, 124–25 275 fields reserved for, 97 BKPM (Badan Kordinasi Penanaman financial dependency on, 102 Modal), 106 grants from, 93 Blair, Denis, 165–66 resentment of, 91 BLBI (Bantuan Likuiditas Bank centralized government of Soeharto, Indonesia), 73, 212, 220, 234 88–90 scandal, 203–06, 228 Central Kalimantan, communal block grant, see DAU violence, 167

11 P_Reform Index.indd 375 3/11/10 1:26:50 PM 376 Index

CETRO (Centre for Electoral constitutional amendments, 52–62, Reform), 83 113, 196–97 Chief Justice, 193, 195–96, 221–22, Constitutional Commission, 82 227 Constitutional Court, 55–56, 74–75, Chinese, anti-, riots, 1, 4, 20, 23, 166, 79, 81, 113, 124, 196–97, 223, 204, 346 227 commission of enquiry, 39 function of, 61 Choirie, Effendy, 145, 160, 184 constitutional legacies, 44–46 Christian dominance, Ambon, 243–44 electoral system, 45–46 Ciganjur Statement, 50 presidentialism, 45, 53–54, 60, 69 Cik di Tiro, Teungku 283 Constitution, of 1945, 46, 52, 88, civil emergency, 255, 268 154, 192, 231, 340 Laskar Jihad, and, 251–55 “parliamentary” interpretation of, 81 civilian supremacy, 138 Coordinating Agency for the civil-military relations, legislating, Maintenance of National 142–50 Stability, see Bakorstanas civil servants Coordination Team for the Eradication decentralization, and, 99, 121 of the Crime of Corruption, see Golkar, association with, 49–50, 80 Tim Tastipikor “closed list” system, 63, 74, see also corruption district system , charges on, 58 CMI (Crisis Management Initiative), anti-corruption agencies, 212–16, 298, 300, 303 221–23 COHA (cessation of hostilities anti-corruption politics, in regional framework agreement), 290, 322, DPRD, 223–27 324 cases, dropped, 211–12 Cold War, 190 cases, major, 199–211 “collusion, corruption and nepotism”, combating, 197–99 see KKN decentralization, and, 97, 110 “collusive democracy”, 78 DPR, in, 70–73, 84–86 “commercialisation of political offices”, DPRD, in, 111–12, 115–17 63, 83 Indonesia, in, 68–75 Commission on Banking and Finance, judiciary, in, 198–99 DPR, 71, 73 officially encouraged, 17 Commission to Eradicate the Crime of Soeharto family, 200–03 Corruption, see KPTPK “coup clause” 146 Commission to Examine the Wealth “court mafia”, 10, 14, 198, 211 of State Officials, see KPKPN courts Communist Party, see PKI military “impunity”, and, 169–74 Concerned Forum of West Sumatra , and, 192 (Forum Peduli Sumatra Barat), covert operations unit, see Sandhi 224 Yudha constituencies, electoral, 65 Crescent and Star Party, see PBB

11 P_Reform Index.indd 376 3/11/10 1:26:52 PM Index 377

crisis-ridden reforms, 7–10, 13, 15, DFID (British Department for 27, 34, 87, 110, 131, 177, 229, International Development), 184 243, 333, 344 Dili massacre, 293 Diponegoro University, 195 D direct presidential election, 56–59, 62, Dadang Sukandar, 209–11, 236 76, 125, 176, 345 Darul Islam, 282–84, 320 dismissal of President, 55–56, 81 DAU (Dana Alokasi Umum), 93, 100, district government 102, 124 authority of, 93 Deddy Supriadi Bratakusumah, 241 economic inequality among, 101–02 decentralization, 87, 227, 335, 339 revenue sources, 100 “Big Bang” approach, 92–95, district regional command, see Kodim 118–19 district system, election, 63, see also civil servants, and, 99, 121 “closed list” system corruption, 97, 110 Djadja Suparman, 139, 181, 253, 274 financial, 93, 99–102 Djaelani, Maj. Gen., 230 goal of, 94 Djoko Munandar, 224 Latin America, in, 117 Djoko Santoso, General, 37, 152, 155, motives for, 90 160-61, 167, 263–64, 270, 306 regional government, 27 Djoko Suyanto, Air Marshal37, 152, resistance to, 96–97, 120 189 defence budget, 162, 187 Dodi Sumadi, 202, 232 Democracy Forum, 29, 136 DOM (Daerah Operasi Militer), 283, Democrat Party, see PD 320 democratic civilian control, 127 DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah), 59 Department of Communications, 218 role of, 61 Department of Defence, 143–47, 150, DPRD (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat 154, 165, 168, 174–75, 183, Daerah), 61–62, 64, 93, 94, 186, 190 104–05, 108, 165, 282 TNI under, 144–45 Aceh, in, 308, 312, 327 Department of Foreign Affairs, 293, anti-corruption politics, in regional, 324 223–27 Department of Forestry, 97, 235 authority of, 224 Department of Home Affairs, 88, 92, candidates for, 89 96–97, 101, 103, 106–10, 124, corruption in, 111–12, 115–17 138, 144, 224, 227, 289, 308, general election for, 66 311, 313, 341–42 Golkar control of, 89–90, 108, 217, Department of Justice, 193–95, 197, 336 227 seats in, 65, 74 Department of Mining and Energy, DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat), 22, 99 24, 28, 30–34, 38, 44, 89, 115, Detachment 81, 155 146–47, 158, 172, 175, 195–96, Detachment 88, 155, 184 301, 306

11 P_Reform Index.indd 377 3/11/10 1:26:53 PM 378 Index

authority of, 54, 81 Election Commission, see KPU Commission on Banking and elections, regional, 113 Finance, 71, 73 party alliances, 113–14, 117 corruption in, 70–73, 84–86 electoral constituencies, 65 five-year term, 106 electoral laws, 48, 50, 339 general election for, 66 New Order, under, 46, 63 military in, 133–34, 149, 183, 343 “package” of, 83 representation, range of, 83 renewing of, the, 62–67 seats in, 47, 50, 64–65, 67, 74 electoral system, 45–46 Working Committee, 148–49 Ellis, Andrew, 43 Dual Function, see Dwi Fungsi El Nino, 1, 23, 209 doctrine emergency, in Maluku, 267–68 Dutch colonialism, 46, 161, 183 Emergency Law of 1959, 155 Dutch colonial military, 128 Endang Suwarya, Maj. Gen., 168, Dutch-style parliamentary system, 45 281, 292–94, 301 Dwi Fungsi doctrine, 23, 25, 129, Endin Wahyudin, 213–14 131, 138, 148–49, 161, 177–78, Era Giat Prima (EGP), PT, 207–08 181–82, 336 Ernst & Young, 168 Megawati presidency, and, 140–42 Erry Riyana Hardjapamekas, 168, 226 Dwi Ria, 226 Erwin Sudjono, Lt. Gen., 152, 171 ethnic groups, BBM (Butonese, Bugis, E Makassarese), 244–47, 272 , 4, 12–13, 17, 54, 91, “ethnic, religious, racial, inter-group” 132, 141, 150, 171 conflict, see SARA Dili massacre, 293 European Union Assessment Mission, referendum, 26, 95, 135, 150, 176, 303 249, 279, 285, 335, 342 ExxonMobil, 166, 288, 296, 320 Eaton, Kent, 96 economic growth under New Order, F 90 failed-states Edi Sudradjat, General, 22, 41, 59, concept of, 5 84, 143, 181, 183 restoration of regional, 346–48 election Farhan Hamid, Ahmad, 307, 310, Aceh, in, 314–16 312, 327 Golkar, and, 19, 26, 66, 157, Fauzatulo Zendrato, 214, 237 207–11 Fauzi Hasbi, 285, 321 gubernatorial, 114, 125 federalism, 115, 308, 311 money politics and, 110–15 proposed, 91, 95, 118–20 of 1999, 46–52, 111 rejection of, 88 of 2004, 62–67 Feith, Pieter, 303, 306 of 2009, 73–75 “feudal culture”, 41 President, of, 56–57 Finance and Development Supervision Yudhoyono, and, 67, 160, 174 Board, see BPKP

11 P_Reform Index.indd 378 3/11/10 1:26:54 PM Index 379

financial decentralization, 93, 99–102 chairman, as, 68, 70, financial dependency on central 113, 152, 345 government, 102 civil servants association with, Firman Gani, Brig. Gen., 255–56 49–50, 80 Five Principles, see Panca Sila DPRD, control of, 89–90, 108, FKM (Front Kedaulatan Maluku), 254, 217, 336 260, 263, 265 election, and, 19, 26, 66, 157, forestry law, 71 207–11 Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah wal- image of, 48–49 Jama’ah, 252, 266 military, and, 129, 134 Forum Peduli HAM, NGO, 322 regional seats, and, 51, 64, 111, , see GAM 336–37 Free Papua Organization, see OPM seats in MPR, 52, 200 Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Goro Batara Sakti, PT, 202, 209 Inc, 166 governing institutions, reform of Freeport, mine, 166 339–42 Free Riau movement, 95 Government of Indonesia and Bank of Indonesia Memorandum of G Economic and Financial Policies, GAM (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka), 151, 188 155, 176, 233, 253, 280–81, government, central 284, 294–96, 316, 320–21, 344 apology to Aceh, 285 alliance with PPP, 314–15 authority of, 92–93, 108–09, 124–25 cease-fire agreement, 289–91 fields reserved for, 97 Jakarta contacts with, 286–89 financial dependency on, 102 negotiation team, 300, 326 grants from, 93 post-Soeharto revival of, 285–86 resentment of, 91 refuge in Sweden, 283, 287, 297 government, district Stockholm-based, 298–99 authority of, 93 stronghold, 321 economic inequality among, see also Aceh; AMM; ASNLF; 101–02 NAD revenue sources, 100 gang rivalry, in Maluku, 254, 274 government, provincial Garuda Airlines, 174 budget, 108–09, 124 General Election Commission, 80 plan to dissolve, 94 General Elections bill, 63 government, regional “Generation 1945”, 129, 130, 177 anti-corruption politics in, 223–27 Ghalib, Andi Muhamad, 201, 232 decentralization of, 27 Ginanjar Kartasasmita, 211, 281, 237 disputes, 98 Glenn Yusuf, 207 hierarchy of, 107, 109 Golkar, 8–9, 16, 21, 27–30, 32, 35, illegal mining, 101, 121 41–43, 61, 113–15, 149–50, performance of, 111 268, 301, 313 representation, 56

11 P_Reform Index.indd 379 3/11/10 1:26:56 PM 380 Index

grants from central government, 93 Hasan, Noorhaidi, 252, 273 “green” generals, 21–22, 40, 131, 178 Hasbi Abdullah, 314–15, 329 gubernatorial election, 114, 125 Hassan Wirayuda, 287 Guided Democracy, 1, 53, 82, 192, , 67 230, 350 HDC (Henri Dunant Centre), 287, Gus Dur, see Abdurrahman Wahid 289, 295, 322 Guterres, Eurico, 172–73 Helsinki talks and peace agreement, 300–05 H Hendarman Supandji, 219–20 Habibie, B.J., 3–4, 6, 8–9, 13, 20, 40, Hendra Rahardja, 235 75, 171, 201 Hendrawan Haryono, 206 accountability report, 52, 54 Hidayat, M.S., 210 alliance with , 23 Hidayat Nurwahid, 306, 327 as chairman of ICMI, 18 hierarchy of regional government, 107, democratization programme, 25 109 memoir, 22, 40–41 Honna, Jun, 185 military reform under, 130–36 Humam Hamid, 315, 329 referendum on East Timor, 26, 95, “Humanitarian Pause”, 287 135, 150, 176, 249, 279, 285, human rights, and military 335, 342 “impunity”, 169–74 reformer, as, 334–35 Human Rights Court, 173, 303, 310, regional autonomy laws under, 313, 319, 328 90–102 Human Rights Watch, 187, 295, 324 transition under, 21–28, 47 Huntington, Samuel, 3 Habil Marati, 71 Husni Putuhena, 259 Hadiz, Vedi, 6, 111 Hutomo Mandala Putra, 201–02, 209, Haluan Negara (National Will), 55, 232–33, 235 81 Hamid Awaluddin, 300, 326 I Hamka Yandhu, 73, 85 IBRA (Indonesian Bank Restructuring , 30, 32, 67, 252, 266, Agency), 71, 166, 204, 205, 277 207–08, 234 personal wealth, 238 Ibrahim Embong, 160 Harini Wiyoso, 221–22, 239 ICMI (Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Hari Sabarno, General, 104, 123–24, Se-Indonesia), 245, 251 147, 225, 240 Habibie as chairman of, 18 Harjriyanto Tohari, 145 ICW (Indonesia Corruption Watch), Harmoko, 201, 232 70, 198, 201, 203, 211, 231, Hartomo, Lt. Col., 173 240–41 Hartono, General, 40 Ida Resosudarmo, 100–01 Hasan, Bob, 40, 206, 235 IKAHI (Ikatan Hakim Indonesia), 214 Hasan Muhammad di Tiro, Teungku, IMF (International Monetary Fund), 283, 287, 298, 307, 324 19–21, 168, 193, 203, 207

11 P_Reform Index.indd 380 3/11/10 1:26:57 PM Index 381

Indonesia J “basket case”, 16 Ja’far Umar Thalib, 252, 257, 262, corruption, 68–75 265–67, 273, 278 economic growth, 1 Jakarta Charter, 83 failed state, as, 5 Jakarta, contacts with GAM, 286–89 Islamic state, and, 53 Jakarta High Court, 173 jurisprudence in, 99 Jakarta Post, 167, 301 NIC status, 16 Jakarta riots, 1, 4, 20, 23, 76, 128, political stability, 68–75 130, 131, 135, 141, 156, 170, Indonesia Corruption Watch, see ICW 200, 204, 336 Indonesian armed forces, see ABRI; Jamsostek, PT, 219 TNI Japanese occupation, 282 Indonesian Banking Development “Javanese domination”, 57 Foundation, 72 Jemaah Islamiyah, 267 Indonesian Chamber of Commerce Jimly Asshidique, 197 and Industry, see Kadin Joint Battalion, see Yon Gab Indonesian Democracy Party of Joint Team to Eradicate the Crime of Struggle, see PDI-P Corruption, see TGPTPK Indonesian Democracy Party, see PDI JPPR (Jaringan Pendidikan Pemilih Indonesian Islamic University, 197 untuk Rakyat), 126 Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals’ Judicial Commission, 196–97, 216, Association, see ICMI 221–23, 240 Indonesian National Commission on judicial independence, 192–97 Human Rights, 171, 255 judicial reform, 193 Indonesian National Military, see judiciary TNI corruption in, 198–99 Indonesian revolution, 282 salaries, of personnel, 198 Indonesian Ulamas’ Council, see MUI selection of, 194–95 Indonesian Wrestling Association, jurisprudence in Indonesia, 99 201 Jusuf Syakir, 214 “integralist” concept, 192, 230 Juwono Sudarsono, 42, 137, 144, 154, International Commission of Inquiry 163, 165, 168, 184, 186–87, on East Timor, 171, 189 189, 252, 271 International Crisis Group, 165, 262 International Institute of Strategic K Studies, 190 Kadin (Indonesian Chamber of Irian Jaya, see Papua Commerce and Industry), 100 Irman Lanti, 114 Kalimantan, violence in, 271 Irwandi Yusuf, Tengku, 306, 314 Kalla, Jusuf, 35, 36, 42, 67, 258–59, Islamic College, see STAIN 266, 298, 307, 317–18, 325, Islamic law, 62, 289, see also syariah 328 Islamic state, and Indonesia, 53 chairman of Golkar, 68, 70, 113, Islam, political, 18, 39 152, 345

11 P_Reform Index.indd 381 3/11/10 1:26:59 PM 382 Index

dismissal of, 139 KPTPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Helsinki talks with GAM, 300–05 Pidana Korupsi), 72, 168, 213, personal wealth, 238 215–16, 218–23, 226, 228 Vice President, as, 151, 217, 229, KPU (Komisi Pemilihan Umum), 308 65–66, 74, 84, 112, 218 Kell, Timothy, 283 Kwik Kian Gie, 42, 234–35 Kemal Idris, Lt. General, 41 Kiemas, Taufiq, 33, 210 L Aceh, protest against MoU, 305–06 Laksamana Sukardi, 41, 139 Kingsbury, Damien, 300–01, 326 La Ode Ida 72 KISDI (radical Islamic group), 252 Laskar Jihad, 250, 273–74, 285 KKN (kolusi, korupsi dan nepotisme), civil emergency, and, 251–55 23, 28, 191 departure of, 265–67, 271 Kodam (Komando Daerah Militer), military support, 252–54, 266 155–56, 158–59, 161, 172, 185, Osama bin Laden, falsely linked to, 190, 324 258, 275 Kodim (Komando Distrik Militer), peace agreement, 259–60 156, 159–61, 185, 189 Laskar Jundullah, 267 Kompas, 149 Laskar Kristus, 254, 260, 274 Kontras, NGO, 289, 325 Laskar Mujahidin, 267 (Komando Pasukan Khusus), Latin America, decentralization in, 152, 155–56, 163, 170, 173–74, 117 190, 283 Law on Basic Judicial Powers, 193 sporadic violence, and, 261–65 Law on Eradication of the Crime of Kopkamtib (Komando Operasi Corruption, 212 Pemulihan Keamanan dan Law on Fiscal Balance between the Ketertiban), 155, 180 Central Government and the Koramil (Komando Rayon Militer), Regions, 92–93, 108 157–59, 185 Law on Human Rights Courts, 172 Koran Tempo, 163 Law on National Defence, 144–46, Korem (Komando Resor Militer), 156, 152, 182 158, 160–61, 189, 255, 284 Law on Regional Autonomy, 304 Kostrad (Komando Cadangan Strategis Law on Regional Government, 92, Angkatan Darat), 20, 22, 37, 107, 124, 224, 238, 312, 328 129, 152, 156–57, 159, 163–64, Law on the Basic Principles of the 168, 186, 249, 253–54, 264, Judiciary, 193 273, 290, 293 Law on the Composition and Position KPA (Komite Peralihan Aceh), of the MPR, DPR, DPD, and 314–15 DPRDs, 106, 239 KPKPN (Komisi Pemeriksa Kekayaan Law on the Election of the President Penyelenggara Negara), 212, and Vice President, 66 214–16 Law on the Governance of Aceh, 297, KPK, see KPTPK 303, 307–14, 319

11 P_Reform Index.indd 382 3/11/10 1:27:00 PM Index 383

Law on the National Police, 144, 155 Mbak Tutut, see Siti Hardiyanti Lay, Cornelis, 112, 122 Rukmana League of Indonesian Judges, see McBeth, John, 184 IKAHI McCarthy, John, 101 “legal dualism”, 223 Megawati Soekarnoputri, 4, 13, 15, “legal umbrella”, 141 19, 27, 50–52, 103, 122 Lhokseumawe, petrochemical complex, Aceh, on, 329 280–81, 283 Aceh, protest against MoU, 305– “liberal democracy”, 45 06, 308 Liem Sioe Liong, 201, 234–35 campaigner, as 58, 82 Lindsey, Tim, 43 dwi fungsi mentality, and, 140–42 Linz, Juan, 68–69, 84, 341 personal wealth, 238 Local Government Code bill, of the presidency of, 32–35, 140, 159, Philippines, 119 168, 175, 185, 218, 224, Loncar, Budimir, 322 317 Loupatty, Berthy, 263–64, 267 presidential candidate, as, 149 Lumintang, Lt. Gen. Johnny, 140 vice-presidency, 29, 104 Meilono Suwondo, 71 M MFNIA (Master Refinancing and MacIntyre, Andrew, 338 Note Issuance Agreement), 234 Mahfudz M.D., 197 Mietzner, Marcus, 114, 126, 135, 137, Mainwaring, Scott, 68 143, 165, 181, 185 Malaysia, refugees from Aceh, 324 Migdal, Joel, 5 Malik Mahmud, 300, 303, 309, 312, military 314–15, 327 Aceh, atrocities in, 285–86, 292– Malino Peace Agreement, The, 93, 321 258–61 Ambon, response by, 248–51 Maluku, 155, 346–48 civil government, in, 129 communal violence in, 242–71 division in, 21 election, June 1999, 246 DPR, in, 133–34, 149, 183, 343 emergency, lifting of the, 267–68 firing on demonstrators, 179 gang rivalry, 254, 274 Golkar, and, 129, 134 military strategy, 255–57 Laskar Jihad, support for, 252–54, see also Ambon; RMS 266 Maluku Defenders of Islam Front, leadership, 18 259 New Order, in the, 128–30, 136, Maluku Sovereignty Front, see FKM 142, 160, 181, 144 Mandala Airlines, 139, 163, 168 reform, 342–44 Mangkoedilaga, Benjamin, 195 reform, under Habibie presidency, Manuputty, Alexander, 254, 263, 265 130–36 Marzuki Darusman, 189 reform, unresolved issues, 153–74 Matori, Abdul Djalil, 141, 145, 183 representation in parliament, 50 May 1998 riot, see Jakarta riot rivalry with police, 156

11 P_Reform Index.indd 383 3/11/10 1:27:02 PM 384 Index

Social and Political Affairs branch, Muchdi Purwoprandjono, Maj. Gen. dissolution of, 133 (ret.), 174 strategy in Maluku, 255–57 Muhammadiyah, 265 see also ABRI; TNI MUI (Majelis Ulama Indonesia), 260 military-civil relations, legislating, Muladi, 195 142–50 Munir, 174, 182 military emergency, 255, 291–94 Muslim vigilante force, see Pam- Military Enters the Village (TNI Swakarsa Masuk Desa), 164 Muspida (Musyawarah Pimpinan military finance, 161–69 Daerah), 164 Military Honour Council, 138, 170, 178 Mustopo, Brig. Gen., 261, 264–65 military “impunity”, human rights, musyawarah mufakat, 53, 340, 350 courts, and 169–74 military intelligence agency, see BAIS N Military Operations Area, see DOM NAD (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam), Mobile Brigade, see Brimob 289–90, 304, see also Aceh; money politics, 8, 10–11, 14, 56, 70, AMM; GAM 84, 229, 349 Nahdatul Ulama, see NU elections, and, 110–15 Nasution, Senior General, 40 MOOTW (Military Operations Other National Administration Institute Than War), 155, 161 (Lembaga Administrasi Negara), Morfit, Michael, 298, 300 241 MoU (Memorandum of National Audit Board, see BPK Understanding), Aceh, 303–07, National Awakening Party, see PKB 317, 327 National Front, see Barnas protests against, 305–06, 308–310 National Human Rights Commission, MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan 195, 258, 275 Rakyat), 11, 16-17, 19, 25, 27–28, National Land Agency, 98 31, 33–34, 43–45, 113, 144 , see PAN Ad Hoc Committee, 77, 171, 172 National Ombudsman Commission, annual sessions, 54 208 authority of, 53–54, 197 National Team for the Takeover of election of President, 56–57 TNI’s Business Activity, 168 Golkar seats in, 52, 200 National Unity Coalition, 84 members of, 61 natural resources, in Aceh, 280–81, role of, 60–61 320 seats in, 50 Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, 118 Special Session of, 47, 50, 79, 91, Netherlands East Indies, 280 134, 194, 200, 247, 287 New Order, 1–5, 7, 127, 157, 191, supreme state institution, as, 59, 82 269 TNI withdrawal from, 149–50 beneficiaries of, 17–18 MSAA (Master Settlement and courts during the, 192 Acquisition Agreement), 234–35 dismantling of, 6, 15, 31

11 P_Reform Index.indd 384 3/11/10 1:27:03 PM Index 385

economic growth under, 90 Pam-Swakarsa (Pengaman Swakarsa), electoral law under, 46, 63 25, 247 military in the, 128–30, 136, 142, Panaiarsi Siahaan, 183 160, 181, 144 Panca Sila (Five Principles), 53, 178, parties, 46 154, 279, 306 restrictions under, 51 Pande Lubis, 207–08, 236 structure, 16, 21, 75, 110, 179, PAN (Partai Amanah Nasional), 28, 332–33, 350 41, 51, 58, 80, 82, 301, 307, “New Paradigm”, 132–33, 138, 327 143–44, 336 election result, 66 Newsweek, 166 Panji Masyarakat, 232 New York Times, 275 Pansus (Panitia Khusus), 71 NGOs (non-governmental Papua, 4, 12, 17, 91, 95, 141, 166, organizations), 196, 227, 229, 286, 305, 316, 338 289, 292–93, 322 Pariela, Tonny, 259 Ng Tjuen Wie, see Widjaja, David Nusa parliamentarism, 45, 54, 56 NIC (Newly Industrializing parliamentary system, Dutch-style, 45 Countries), 1, 5, 16 Pattimura University, 245, 255–56, NKRI (Negara Kesatuan Republik 258–60 Indonesia), 142, 151, 176, 281, patronage network, 1, 5, 11, 17, 18, 293, 305–06, 310–11 20, 21, 23, 28, 90, 118, 130–31, Noer Iskandar, 202, 232 161, 207, 332, 350 “nuisance taxes”, 100 “party list” system, invalidated, 75 NU (Nahdatul Ulama), 29, 41, 67, Pasukan Siluman (Invisible Force), 136, 265 254 Paulus Effendi Lotulung, 214 O PBB (Partai Bulan Bintang), 69, 83, “open list” system, 63–65 113, 183 “openness” policy, 18–19 PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia), 19, Operational Command for the 44, 48, 51 Restoration of Security and PDI-P (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Order, see Kopkamtib — Perjuangan), 26–27, 29–30, OPM (Organisasi Papua Merdeka), 32–33, 35, 42, 51–52, 64, 151 113–15, 149–50, 240–41, 268, Orders to Stop Investigation, see SP3 301, 305, 313, 338 Osama bin Laden, see bin Laden, election result, 66, 112 Osama “nationalist” wing, 53, 59 Outer Islands, natural resources, 90 TNI backing, 57 PD (Partai Demokrat), 35–36, 67, P 217, 313 , 195 PDS (Partai Damai Sejahtera), 113, PAD (Pendapatan Asli Daerah), 100, 309, 313 102 “pejuang”, meaning of, 183

11 P_Reform Index.indd 385 3/11/10 1:27:05 PM 386 Index

People’s Consultative Assembly, see “praetorianism”, 14 MPR Pramono Anung, 33, 42 People’s Voter Education Network, see Pramono Edhie Wibowo, Brig Gen, JPPR 152 Perhutani, PT, 98 Pranomo, Maj. Gen. (ret.), 190 Permadi, 160, 309 Prayogo Pangestu, 212, 232–33 , 320 President “pesta demokrasi” (festival of direct election, 56–59, 62, 76, 125, democracy), 80 176, 345 Philippines, Local Government Code dismissal of, 55–56, 81 bill, 119 presidential candidate, requirements, PKB (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa), 41, 66 51, 64, 150, 160, 302, 313 presidentialism, 45, 53–54, 60, 69 election result, 66 press, crackdown, 19 PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia), PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 168, 208 16–17, 30, 179, 190, 282 Probosutedjo, 203, 221, 232–33 PKPI (Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan “Professional Army”, 148 Indonesia), 69, 84 ProPatria, 143, 182 PKS (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera), 67, PR (proportional representation), 69, 87, 113, 313 46–49, 63, 64, 74, 77 PLN (state electric company), 219 , see PKS Poerwadi, 187 Prosperous Peace Party, see PDS police force provincial government integration with ABRI, 134–35 budget, 108–09, 124 number of, 154, 184 plan to dissolve, 94 political consolidation under Puteh, Abdullah, 218, 224, 239 Yudhoyono, 35–38 rivalry with army, 156 R separation from ABRI, 135, 156, 179 Rachmat Witoelar, 41 “political engineers”, 77 Rahardi Ramelan, 209, 211, 236 “political Islam”, 18, 39 Rahman Gaffar, Abdul, Maj. Gen., 286 politics-as-usual, mode, 7–8, 10, 13, Rahman, M.A., 218 34, 51, 62, 88, 110, 143, 333, Rahman Saleh, Abdul, 217, 226, 241 337, 339 “rainbow” cabinet, 32, 69 Poso, 242, 258, 271, 297 Ramlan Surbakti, 63, 83 post-crisis reforms, 11, 337–39 recentralization, 116, 341 PPP (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan), Rectors’ Forum, 294 25, 44, 48, 50–51, 80, 83, 214, “red and white” faction, 20, 131–32, 225, 313 178 alliance with GAM, 314–15 reform election result, 66 and 1999 elections, 46–52 , Lt.Gen, 20, 40, “big bang”, 87 131, 170 courts, 344–46

11 P_Reform Index.indd 386 3/11/10 1:27:06 PM Index 387

crisis-ridden, 7–10, 13, 15, 27, 34, Rokhmin Dahuri, 219 87, 110, 131, 177, 229, 243, Rudy Ramli, 207–08, 236 333, 344 rupiah, collapse of, 19 governing institutions, 339–42 Ryaas Rasyid, 47, 79, 89, 92, 94, 96, impetus to, 47 98, 110–11, 119–20 judicial, 193 Ryamizard Ryacudu, General, 37, 59, key condition for, 332 141–42, 146, 152, 159, 167, military, 342–44 173, 186, 190, 290–91, 298 “one-roof”, 227 Aceh, protest against MoU, 305–06 post-crisis, 11, 337–39 response to crisis, 334–37 S TNI, 142–50 Said Agil Husin Al Munawar, 219 uneven, 349–50 salaries of judiciary personnel, 198 Reformasi, 15, 53, 127, 141, 150, 193, Saleh Djasit, 72, 83 224, 228, 243 Saleh Latuconsina, 245, 258, 272 regional autonomy laws under Salim Group, 234–35 Habibie, 90–102 Samadikun Hartono, 205–06 regional elections, 113 Sandhi Yudha (covert operations unit), party alliances, 113–14, 117 261, 263, 265 regional government SARA (suku, agama, ras, antar- anti-corruption politics in, 223–27 golongan), conflict, 346 decentralization of, 27 Sarwata, Air Marshal, 231 disputes, 98 Sarwo Edhie, Lt. Gen., 179 hierarchy of, 107, 109 Satya Arinanto, 112 illegal mining, 101, 121 SBY, see Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang performance of, 111 Semanggi incident, 41 representation, 56 Semen Gresik, PT, 70 Regional Government Law of 1974, 88 separatism, in Aceh, 282–85 regional legislature, see DPRD separatist movements, 4, 12, 23, 94 regional military command, see Kodam September 11 attacks, 5, 155, 258 Regional Representative Assembly, see Setiawan Haryono, 206 DPD , 207–08 regional structure, 88, 118 Sigit Hardjodjanto, 203 Reilly, Ben, 76 Silalahi, T.B., Lt. Gen. (ret.) 217 Republika, 251 Simatupang, Winfried, 210–11, 236 resignation of Soeharto, 20–21, 39, 40 Sinivasan, Manimutu, 212, 237 Riau People’s Congress, 95 SIRA (Sentral Informasi Referendum Rizal Sukma, 295 Aceh), 285, 314–15 RMS (Republic of South Maluku), Sishankamrata (Sistem Pertahanan 246, 254, 259–60, 272, see also Keamanan Rakyat Semesta), 157 Ambon; Maluku Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana, 40, 203, Robinson, Geoffrey, 136 212, 232 Robison, Richard, 6 Slater, Dan, 78

11 P_Reform Index.indd 387 3/11/10 1:27:08 PM 388 Index

Soares, Abilio, 172–73 State Intelligence Agency, see BIN Social and Political Affairs branch, State Logistics Board, see Bulog dissolution of, 133 State of Emergency Law, 255 Soedarsono Hardjosoekarto, 103 “state of war”, 155 Soedjono Chanafiah Atmonegoro, 201 student demonstrations, 23 Soedradjad Djiwandono, 234 Subagio Hadi Siswoyo, General, 40 Soeharto, 44, 46, 60 sub-district military command, see centralized government of, 88–90 Koramil children, 18, 201, 232 sub-regional command, see Korem fall of, 4–5, 15–21, 40, 45–46, 115, Sudhono Iswahyudi, 211 131, 162, 173, 194, 199, 227, Sugeng Widodo, Brig. Gen., 190 279, 285, 331, 344 sultanate, in Aceh, 282, 284 family, corruption case, 200–03 Sultan Iskandar Muda, 320 General, as, 16 Sultan of Brunei, loan from, 30 military, and, 128–29, 174 Sultan of Yogyakarta, 50 resignation, 20–21, 39, 40 Sumargono, Ahmad, 252 successor, 2–3 Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, 178 Soekarno, President, 1, 16, 44, 46, 81, Sunarko, Brig. Gen., 263 230 Supreme Advisory Council, 209 decree of presidential constitution, 45 Supreme Court, 61–62, 108, 193–98, Soepomo, Raden, 192 202, 205–06, 209–10, 214–16, Soetjipto, 33, 60, 302, 308, 311 221–22, 224–28, 230, 233, Soetjipto, Adi Andojo, 213, 230–31 235–36, 241 Soewandi, Rini, 145 Suprihadi, 147 Sofyan Djalil, 300, 306, 326, 328 Surin Pitsuan, 322 Sofyan Ibrahim Tiba, 323–24 Surjadi Surdirdja, Lt. Gen. (ret.), 96, Sofyan Jacoeb, 233 120, 252 Solahudin Wahid, 67 survey of conflict-affected people, Sophan Sophiaan, 149 Aceh, 324 Soviet Union, disintegration of, 91, Sutarip, Sukawi, 125 279, 280 Sutarto, Gen. Endriartono, 37, 59, SP3 (Surat Perintah Penghentian 82, 140–41, 145–47, 152, 158, Penyidikan), 211, 217–18 160–61, 163, 170, 182, 184, “special autonomy”, Aceh, 94, 282, 292–93, 301 286, 289, 300–01, 303 Sutiyoso, Lt. Gen., 247 Special Autonomy Law, 304, 307 Sutojo Siswomihardjo, 179 Special Force Command, see Kopassus Surojo Bimantoro, General, 202 Sriyanto Muntasram, Maj. Gen., 190 Sutrisno, Bambang, 235 STAIN (Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Sutrisno Mascung, Captain, 190 Negeri), 259, 267 Suwandi I Made, 97 Standard Chartered Bank, 207 Sweden, GAM refuge in, 283, 287, State Audit Board, see BPK 297 state corporations, see BUMN Syafi’ie, Abdullah, 288

11 P_Reform Index.indd 388 3/11/10 1:27:09 PM Index 389

Syafiuddin Kartasasmita, M., 202 Tiro, Hasan, see Hasan Muhammad di Syafrie Syamsudin, Maj. Gen., 141, Tiro, Teungku 162–63, 292 Tjandra, Djoko Soegiarto, 207–09 Syahril Sabarin, 208 TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia), Syamsul Nursalim, 212 24, 37, 40–41, 135, 138–40, syariah, 83, 312–13, 329 181–83 Syarifudin Tippe, Brig. Gen., 284 deployment of forces, 146–47 Syarwan Hamid, Lt. Gen., 92, 119 economic stake in Aceh, 281, 318 Syaukani HR, 105 “grey areas”, in, 154, 156 income, personnel, 167, 188 T lack of professionalism in Aceh, 284 Tabrani Rab, 95, 120 loss of authority, 141 Tamaela, Brig. Gen. Max, 250, 253 manpower of, 190 Tandjung, Akbar, 22, 27, 32, 36, 49, PDI-P, backing, 57 66, 79, 80, 152, 180, 217 “Professional Army”, 148 Aceh, protest against MoU, 305–06 reform in, 142–50 case, Golkar and 1999 elections, territorial structure, 156–61, 176 207–11, 237 under Department of Defence, corruption charges, 58 144–45 Tanjung, General Feisal, 22, 26, 178, unresolved issues, 153–74 180, 183 withdrawal from MPR, 149–50 Tanri Abeng, 208 Wiranto, as Commander-in-Chief, Tan Tjoe Hing, see Hendra Rahardja 134–36, 200, 249 Tarunodjojo Nusa, 206 see also ABRI; military Taufiequrahman Ruki, 216 Tobing, Jacob, 53, 76 “Team of Eleven”, 260, 276 Tommy Soeharto, see, Hutomo “Team of Seven”, 79 Mandala Putra Tempo, 195, 231, 323 Total People’s Defence and Security Texmaco, 212 System, see Sishankamrata TGPTPK (Tim Gabungan Transitional Constitution, 59 Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana “transplacement”, 3–4 Korupsi), 213–14, 216, 228 Trihatmodjo, Bambang, 201, 232–33 Thai baht, collapse of, 19 Trisakti University, 20, 170 Thamrin Ely, 259, 263, 276 Truth and Friendship Commission, 41 The Nin King, 232 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Theys Eluay, 173, 190 303, 310, 313 Third Wave, The, 3 Try Sutrisno, General, 22, 59, 84, Timbul Silaen, Brig. Gen., 172 181 Tim Tastipikor (Tim Koordinasi Aceh, protest against MoU, Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana), 305–06 219–21, 223, 228 tsunami, 151, 186, 299, 304, 317 Tipikor (Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Tyasno Sudarto, General, 137, 158, Korupsi), 215–16, 218–21, 223 180, 251

11 P_Reform Index.indd 389 3/11/10 1:27:10 PM 390 Index

U Commander-in-Chief of TNI, as, , Gen., 179 134–36, 200, 249 UN Covenant on Civil and Political dismissal of, 138, 253, 270 Rights, 171 memoir, 40, 180 Unitary State of the Republic of Minister of Defence and Security, Indonesia, see NKRI as, 135–37, 175 United Rise of Nusantara Movement personal wealth, 238 (Gerakan Nusantara Bangkit World Bank, 21, 94, 96, 100, 119–20, Bersatu), 306 166, 168, 192–93, 207 Unity and Development Party, see PPP Unity in Diversity, motto, 280 Y University of Indonesia, 197 Yacob, Yohannes, 232 “Upholding Order Operation”, 231 Yahya Harahap, 213, 237 Urip Tri Gunawan, 220 Yasa, I Made, Brig. Gen., 255–56, Usman, Brig. Gen. Johny Wainal, 190 261, 265 Utomo, Colonel Hadi, 184 Yayasan Dharma Putra Kostrad, 163 YKEP (Yayasan Kartika Eka Paksi), V 163, 168 “Verandah of Mecca”, 284 Yon Gab (Batalyon Gabungan), “Village Guidance”, see Babinsa 256–57, 261 vote-buying, 112 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 13, 15, 32, 34–35, 68, 80, 178, 186 W anti-corruption drive, 216–20 Wahid Abdurrahman, see Chief of Staff for Territorial Affairs, Abdurrahman Wahid as, 133, 178 Wattimena, Agus, 254, 274 Coordinating Minister for Political White Paper, defence, 143, 154–55, and Security Affairs, as, 140, 159, 185–86 142, 155, 258–59, 264, Widjaja, David Nusa, 206 288–89, 297, 348 Widodo Adi Sucipto, Admiral, dismissal of, 140 137–38, 149, 180, 184, 250, election, and, 67, 160, 174 255, 292, 300–01 first cabinet, 84 Widjojo, Agus, Lt. Gen,158–60, 178, military reformer, as, 140 184–85 Minister of Mining and Energy, as, 138 Winata, Tommy, 163, 217 personal wealth, 238 Wirahadikusumah, Agus, Lt. political consolidation under, 35–38 Gen.138, 158–59, 163, 179, presidency, 150–53, 317, 319 181–82, 189 Yugoslavia, disintegration of, 91 Wiranto, General, 20, 26, 29–30, 39, 67, 94, 119, 131, 149, 171–78, Z 185, 189, 200, 209, 254, 336 Zaini Abdullah, 300, 314, 329 Aceh, protest against MoU, 305–06 Zainal, Agus, 213 alliance with Habibie, 23 Zinni, General Anthony, 322

11 P_Reform Index.indd 390 3/11/10 1:27:12 PM