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ALMANAC ON INDONESIAN SECURITY SECTOR REFORM 2007 Editor : Beni Sukadis The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces ALMANAC ON INDONESIAN SECURITY SECTOR REFORM 2007 Editor : Beni Sukadis First Edition, August 2007 Translation from Indonesian into English by Catherine Muir, August 2008 Copyright © Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (LESPERSSI) and Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2007 ISBN 978-979-25-2031-6 Warning: The views expressed in this book are the responsibility of the authors and not the official views of the publishers, i.e., the Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (Lesperssi) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Suripto, SH, Deputy Chairperson, Commission III National Parliament .......................... Dr. Philipp Fluri, Deputy Director of DCAF..................................................................................................... Introduction Beni Sukadis.............................. .......................................................................................... The Department of Defence of the Republic of Indonesia Kusnanto Anggoro................................................................................................................ The Indonesian Armed Forces Al Araf.................................................................................................................................... The Indonesian Parliament and Security Sector Reform Rico Marbun and Hilman R. Shihab....................................................................................... Reform of the Indonesian National Police S. Yunanto.............................................................................................................................. Police Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Muradi ............................................................................................................................... Special Detachment 88 of the Indonesian National Police Eko Maryadi .......................................................................................................................... State Intelligence Agency (BIN) Aleksius Jemadu..................................................................................................................... Strategic Intelligence Agency (BAIS) Rizal Darma Putra................................................................................................................. Military Business Eric Hendra ........................................................................................................................... The Territorial Command and Security Sector Reform Agus Widjojo........................................................................................................................... The Role of Civil Society Organisations (CSO) in Security Sector Reform Muvti Makaarim Al Ahlaq ..................................................................................................... The Media and Security Sector Reform Ahmad Taufik.......................................................................................................................... Relations between the Department of Defence (DoD) and TNI Headquarters in the Reform Era Rico Marbun............................................................................................................................ Border Management and National Security Anak Agung Banyu Perwita.................................................................................................... Legislative Reform of the Indonesian Security Sector Bhatara Ibnu Reza.................................................................................................................. Contributors.......................................................................................................................... ANNEX................................................................................................................................. Institution Profile Security Sector Reform in Indonesia An Effort to Guarantee the Security of Citizens Suripto, SH Deputy Chairperson, Commission III of the Indonesian Parliament (DPR-RI) and Chairperson, Founders Board, Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (LESPERSSI) The reform movement that brought an end to the authoritarian and centralised system of government of the Soeharto regime in 1998 soon rolled out a number of reform agendas in a variety of fields including security sector reform, with the objective of improving the system of government to make it more transparent, accountable, and democratic. The expected impact of the security sector reform agenda is a heightened level of community wellbeing, accompanied by a guarantee of personal security for each and every citizen. This being the case, security sector reform should encompass a number of stake holders, not only those directly involved in operational matters with responsibility for defense and security, such as police and military institutions, but also other institutions at the executive level as the parties with authority for planning policy for use of military force, and at the legislative level as a form of democratic civilian control. In addition, the print and electronic media and non-governmental organisations performing democratic, non-governmental, civilian control functions must also be involved, mindful of the vital roles both played in initiating the course of security sector reform, if it is to remain consistent with the ideal of human security. Then, hopefully all parties associated with the security sector can cooperate sinergistically to carry out security sector reform, having learned from historical experience of the security sector in the past, when defence and security actors deviated significantly from their roles. Security sector reform has been underway in Indonesia for over eight years but there are many unresolved problems in military, police and intelligence reform. There are a number of factors causing security sector reform in Indonesia to remain in need of attention, among them the continuing weakness of legal and institutional frameworks for civilian control of the security sector and the enduring strength of the old paradigm that infects the mindset of actors in the security sector, i.e., the view that still sees security institutions as political actors as was customary under the New Order regime. The old paradigm, cultivated for more than thirty years, has virtually crystalised into a culture that is difficult to change. So, too, close ties between vested business interests and actors in the security sector are impediments, causing security sector reform to progress in fits and starts, making it difficult for institutions responsible for the security sector to behave professionally. This Indonesian Security Sector Reform Almanac 2007 will discuss a number of issues in security sector reform in Indonesia that currently remain in need of attention. Reform of the institution of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) is not yet comprehensive, restructuring of military business has not been finalised and reform of the TNI Territorial Command structure remains a topic of heated debate on the performance and professionalism of the TNI. In its role and responsibility as political representative of the Indonesian community, the Indonesian Parliament (DPR), the institution with legislative and control functions over the defence and security sector, is perceived to move quite sluggishly. On the other hand the Department of Defence (DoD), the civilian institution with authority and responsibility for determining policy for national defence, has not exerted its supremacy as the institution to which military authorities are subordinate. In that context, relations between DoD and TNI Headquarters are also an integral element that cannot escape discussion in this volume. The structure of the relationship between these two institutions will define the extent to which the ideals of reform of Indonesia's security sector can be realised. Similarly, issues concerning state intelligence institutions and their reform are also a separate sub-theme of this book. The Indonesian National Police (POLRI), Indonesia's principal domestic security authority, is also discussed from various perspectives, i.e., institutional reform of POLRI, the Mobile Brigade (Brimob) as a form of paramilitary policing, and the Special Anti-Terrorism Detachment 88 (Densus 88). With the dynamic evolution of problems related to national boundaries and issues of sovereignty, border violations and management of national borders, the need for autonomous border guard troops is seen to be a critical response to this dynamic, rendering this a topic of interest to this discussion. The roles of the media and non-government organisations also influence the discussion in this volume as the fifth pillar of democracy, who act as watch dogs over the success of security sector reform in Indonesia. In general, this book is divided into two sections: the first section will address the institutional actors in security sector reform in Indonesia, while the second section will address the dynamics of developing issues in security sector reform in Indonesia. In closing, the Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (LESPERSSI) wishes to convey its deepest gratitude to the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
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