Almanac on Indonesian Security Sector Reform 2007

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Almanac on Indonesian Security Sector Reform 2007 ALMANAC ON INDONESIAN SECURITY SECTOR REFORM 2007 Editor : Beni Sukadis The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces ALMANAC ON INDONESIAN SECURITY SECTOR REFORM 2007 Editor : Beni Sukadis First Edition, August 2007 Translation from Indonesian into English by Catherine Muir, August 2008 Copyright © Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (LESPERSSI) and Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2007 ISBN 978-979-25-2031-6 Warning: The views expressed in this book are the responsibility of the authors and not the official views of the publishers, i.e., the Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (Lesperssi) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Suripto, SH, Deputy Chairperson, Commission III National Parliament .......................... Dr. Philipp Fluri, Deputy Director of DCAF..................................................................................................... Introduction Beni Sukadis.............................. .......................................................................................... The Department of Defence of the Republic of Indonesia Kusnanto Anggoro................................................................................................................ The Indonesian Armed Forces Al Araf.................................................................................................................................... The Indonesian Parliament and Security Sector Reform Rico Marbun and Hilman R. Shihab....................................................................................... Reform of the Indonesian National Police S. Yunanto.............................................................................................................................. Police Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Muradi ............................................................................................................................... Special Detachment 88 of the Indonesian National Police Eko Maryadi .......................................................................................................................... State Intelligence Agency (BIN) Aleksius Jemadu..................................................................................................................... Strategic Intelligence Agency (BAIS) Rizal Darma Putra................................................................................................................. Military Business Eric Hendra ........................................................................................................................... The Territorial Command and Security Sector Reform Agus Widjojo........................................................................................................................... The Role of Civil Society Organisations (CSO) in Security Sector Reform Muvti Makaarim Al Ahlaq ..................................................................................................... The Media and Security Sector Reform Ahmad Taufik.......................................................................................................................... Relations between the Department of Defence (DoD) and TNI Headquarters in the Reform Era Rico Marbun............................................................................................................................ Border Management and National Security Anak Agung Banyu Perwita.................................................................................................... Legislative Reform of the Indonesian Security Sector Bhatara Ibnu Reza.................................................................................................................. Contributors.......................................................................................................................... ANNEX................................................................................................................................. Institution Profile Security Sector Reform in Indonesia An Effort to Guarantee the Security of Citizens Suripto, SH Deputy Chairperson, Commission III of the Indonesian Parliament (DPR-RI) and Chairperson, Founders Board, Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (LESPERSSI) The reform movement that brought an end to the authoritarian and centralised system of government of the Soeharto regime in 1998 soon rolled out a number of reform agendas in a variety of fields including security sector reform, with the objective of improving the system of government to make it more transparent, accountable, and democratic. The expected impact of the security sector reform agenda is a heightened level of community wellbeing, accompanied by a guarantee of personal security for each and every citizen. This being the case, security sector reform should encompass a number of stake holders, not only those directly involved in operational matters with responsibility for defense and security, such as police and military institutions, but also other institutions at the executive level as the parties with authority for planning policy for use of military force, and at the legislative level as a form of democratic civilian control. In addition, the print and electronic media and non-governmental organisations performing democratic, non-governmental, civilian control functions must also be involved, mindful of the vital roles both played in initiating the course of security sector reform, if it is to remain consistent with the ideal of human security. Then, hopefully all parties associated with the security sector can cooperate sinergistically to carry out security sector reform, having learned from historical experience of the security sector in the past, when defence and security actors deviated significantly from their roles. Security sector reform has been underway in Indonesia for over eight years but there are many unresolved problems in military, police and intelligence reform. There are a number of factors causing security sector reform in Indonesia to remain in need of attention, among them the continuing weakness of legal and institutional frameworks for civilian control of the security sector and the enduring strength of the old paradigm that infects the mindset of actors in the security sector, i.e., the view that still sees security institutions as political actors as was customary under the New Order regime. The old paradigm, cultivated for more than thirty years, has virtually crystalised into a culture that is difficult to change. So, too, close ties between vested business interests and actors in the security sector are impediments, causing security sector reform to progress in fits and starts, making it difficult for institutions responsible for the security sector to behave professionally. This Indonesian Security Sector Reform Almanac 2007 will discuss a number of issues in security sector reform in Indonesia that currently remain in need of attention. Reform of the institution of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) is not yet comprehensive, restructuring of military business has not been finalised and reform of the TNI Territorial Command structure remains a topic of heated debate on the performance and professionalism of the TNI. In its role and responsibility as political representative of the Indonesian community, the Indonesian Parliament (DPR), the institution with legislative and control functions over the defence and security sector, is perceived to move quite sluggishly. On the other hand the Department of Defence (DoD), the civilian institution with authority and responsibility for determining policy for national defence, has not exerted its supremacy as the institution to which military authorities are subordinate. In that context, relations between DoD and TNI Headquarters are also an integral element that cannot escape discussion in this volume. The structure of the relationship between these two institutions will define the extent to which the ideals of reform of Indonesia's security sector can be realised. Similarly, issues concerning state intelligence institutions and their reform are also a separate sub-theme of this book. The Indonesian National Police (POLRI), Indonesia's principal domestic security authority, is also discussed from various perspectives, i.e., institutional reform of POLRI, the Mobile Brigade (Brimob) as a form of paramilitary policing, and the Special Anti-Terrorism Detachment 88 (Densus 88). With the dynamic evolution of problems related to national boundaries and issues of sovereignty, border violations and management of national borders, the need for autonomous border guard troops is seen to be a critical response to this dynamic, rendering this a topic of interest to this discussion. The roles of the media and non-government organisations also influence the discussion in this volume as the fifth pillar of democracy, who act as watch dogs over the success of security sector reform in Indonesia. In general, this book is divided into two sections: the first section will address the institutional actors in security sector reform in Indonesia, while the second section will address the dynamics of developing issues in security sector reform in Indonesia. In closing, the Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defence Studies (LESPERSSI) wishes to convey its deepest gratitude to the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
Recommended publications
  • Indonesia Beyond Reformasi: Necessity and the “De-Centering” of Democracy
    INDONESIA BEYOND REFORMASI: NECESSITY AND THE “DE-CENTERING” OF DEMOCRACY Leonard C. Sebastian, Jonathan Chen and Adhi Priamarizki* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: TRANSITIONAL POLITICS IN INDONESIA ......................................... 2 R II. NECESSITY MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXT FOR DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA .................... 7 R III. NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ................... 12 R A. What Necessity Inevitably Entailed: Changes to Defining Features of the New Order ............. 12 R 1. Military Reform: From Dual Function (Dwifungsi) to NKRI ......................... 13 R 2. Taming Golkar: From Hegemony to Political Party .......................................... 21 R 3. Decentralizing the Executive and Devolution to the Regions................................. 26 R 4. Necessary Changes and Beyond: A Reflection .31 R IV. NON NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ............. 32 R A. After Necessity: A Political Tug of War........... 32 R 1. The Evolution of Legislative Elections ........ 33 R 2. The Introduction of Direct Presidential Elections ...................................... 44 R a. The 2004 Direct Presidential Elections . 47 R b. The 2009 Direct Presidential Elections . 48 R 3. The Emergence of Direct Local Elections ..... 50 R V. 2014: A WATERSHED ............................... 55 R * Leonard C. Sebastian is Associate Professor and Coordinator, Indonesia Pro- gramme at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of In- ternational Studies, Nanyang Technological University,
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Indonesia: the Unlikely Nation?
    History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page i A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page ii Short History of Asia Series Series Editor: Milton Osborne Milton Osborne has had an association with the Asian region for over 40 years as an academic, public servant and independent writer. He is the author of eight books on Asian topics, including Southeast Asia: An Introductory History, first published in 1979 and now in its eighth edition, and, most recently, The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future, published in 2000. History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iii A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA THE UNLIKELY NATION? Colin Brown History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iv First published in 2003 Copyright © Colin Brown 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. Allen & Unwin 83 Alexander Street Crows Nest NSW 2065 Australia Phone: (61 2) 8425 0100 Fax: (61 2) 9906 2218 Email: [email protected] Web: www.allenandunwin.com National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Brown, Colin, A short history of Indonesia : the unlikely nation? Bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • Tensions Among Indonesia's Security Forces Underlying the May 2019
    ISSUE: 2019 No. 61 ISSN 2335-6677 RESEARCHERS AT ISEAS – YUSOF ISHAK INSTITUTE ANALYSE CURRENT EVENTS Singapore | 13 August 2019 Tensions Among Indonesia’s Security Forces Underlying the May 2019 Riots in Jakarta Made Supriatma* EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • On May 21-22, riots broke out in Jakarta after the official results of the 2019 election were announced. These riots revealed a power struggle among retired generals and factional strife within the Indonesian armed forces that has developed since the 1990s. • The riots also highlighted the deep rivalry between the military and the police which had worsened in the post-Soeharto years. President Widodo is seen to favour the police taking centre-stage in upholding security while pushing the military towards a more professional role. Widodo will have to curb this police-military rivalry before it becomes a crisis for his government. • Retired generals associated with the political opposition are better organized than the retired generals within the administration, and this can become a serious cause of disturbance in Widodo’s second term. * Made Supriatma is Visiting Fellow in the Indonesia Studies Programme at ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. 1 ISSUE: 2019 No. 61 ISSN 2335-6677 INTRODUCTION The Indonesian election commission announced the official results of the 2019 election in the wee hours of 21 May 2019. Supporters of the losing candidate-pair, Prabowo Subianto and Sandiaga Uno, responded to the announcement with a rally a few hours later. The rally went on peacefully until the evening but did not show any sign of dispersing after the legal time limit for holding public demonstrations had passed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Growing Militarization of Counterterrorism in Southeast Asia
    Philippine flag flown in war torn Marawi. (iStock) 138 | FEATURES PRISM 7, NO. 4 Sending in the Cavalry The Growing Militarization of Counterterrorism in Southeast Asia By See Seng Tan here is a growing consensus among security analysts that the Battle of Marawi in the Philippines, which lasted from May to October 2017, constitutes a watershed moment in the evolution of the ter- T rorist threat in Southeast Asia. Pro–Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants threatened to turn Marawi into “the Mosul of Southeast Asia,” with their astounding ability to operate large groups capable of controlling territory and exposing the inadequacy of the region’s security services.1 Although member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) had pondered the question of possible participation by their armed forces in counterterrorism well before the Battle, it is undeniable that Marawi has become the catalyst behind the regional drive to militarize counterterrorism efforts in Southeast Asia.2 Cooperative frameworks furnished by ASEAN have since taken on added significance, especially the defense-oriented arrangements that bring together the defense establishments and armed forces of the ASEAN countries as well as those of external powers including China, India, Japan, and the United States. The growing militarization of counterterrorism efforts will neither be easy nor straightforward, given long- standing regional sensitivities and the potentially diversive ramifications that excessive securitization could have for democratic life within ASEAN countries. Battle of Marawi: Game Changer? At their retreat in early February, the defense ministers of the 10 ASEAN member countries identified terrorism as the single biggest threat to their region, even as they recognized a number of other regional security challenges including the South China Sea and North Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Eko Murdiyanto ISBN
    Perpustakaan Nasional : Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Eko Murdiyanto Sosiologi Perdesaan/ Eko Murdiyanto -Edisi I – Yogyakarta: UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta 2008. 264 hlm: 21 cm ISBN: 978-979-8918-88-9 Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang Diterbitkan oleh: Wimaya Press UPN ”Veteran” Yogyakarta Edisi pertama : Desember 2008 Alamat Penerbit: Badan Usaha Universitas (BUU) Jl SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur Yogyakarta. 55283 Telp/Fac: (0274) 489027 ISBN : 978-979-8918-88-9 ajian sosiologi perdesaan yang berfokus pada memahami memahami karakter masyarakat sebagai suatu komunitas Sosiologi Perdesaan Eko Murdiyanto Yang utuh semakin pesat perkembangannya. Hal ini seiring dengan kondisi masyarakat di perdesaan yang senantiasa berubah sejak revolusi industri bergulir di Eropa dan membawa konsekuensi perubahan dalam masyarakat yang cenderung cepat. Perubahan ini mendorong munculnya mobilitas penduduk di seluruh dunia. Sejalan dengan itu perubahan pola dalam mobilitas penduduk membawa implikasi bagi perkembangan masyarakat secara luas. Akibat yang kemudian muncul bagi daerah perdesaan, adalah perubahan baik secara fisik maupun sosial kemasyarakatan. Oleh karena itu proses mobilitas penduduk SOSIOLOGI atau migrasi harus senantiasa dipandang sebagai proses alami, sehingga perubahan dalam masyarakat yang ditimbulkannya dapat diantisipasi. Dengan memahami perubahan dalam masyarakat di perdesaan diharapkan program pengembangan masyarakat menuju masyarakat yang PERDESAAN lebih baik dapat dilakukan dengan smart. Buku ini mencoba memberikan wacana bagaimana memahami karakter masyarakat di perdesaan sebagai Pengantar Untuk Memahami suatu komunitas secara utuh, yaitu suatu pemahaman yang berasal dari dalam diri masyarakat itu sendiri. Hal ini diperlukan untuk memahami Masyarakat Desa kondisi masyarakat di perdesaan dalam rangka pengembangan masyarakat menuju masyarakat yang lebih baik dengan tidak meninggalkan masa lalu dan mengabaikan masa depan.
    [Show full text]
  • Pergolakan Andi Azis Di Makassar
    PERGOLAKAN ANDI AZIS DI MAKASSAR Bustan Buhari Dosen Jurusan Pendidikan Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Andi Azis was born in Barru, South Sulawesi 19 September 1924. He had attended Europe Leger School but was not finished. Andi Azis was later taken by a Dutch Resident Assistant Resident to the Netherlands. Andi Aziz by many people is believed to be a member of the military with a good person but in the scale of military unity KNIL in South Sulawesi itself more inclined as a puppet. Colonel Schotborg and Sumokil are the main controllers of KNIL force in Makassar City. When the Andi Aziz rebellion in Makassar, to anticipate the RIS Government in Jakarta has formed a joint forces Expedition East Indonesia. These troops consist of battalions from West Java, Central Java and East Java supported and Police. Commander of the Command appointed Colonel Kawilarang Panglima. Keyword: Upheval, Andi Azis, Makassar. Abstrak Andi Azis dilahirkan di Barru, Sulawesi Selatan 19 September 1924. Beliau pernah sekolah di Europe Leger School namun tidak sampai tamat. Andi Azis kemudian dibawa oleh seorang pensiunan Asisten Residen bangsa Belanda ke negeri Belanda. Andi Aziz oleh banyak kalangan diyakini sebagai anggota militer dengan pribadi yang baik. Namun dalam skala kesatuan militer KNIL di Sulawesi Selatan dirinya lebih condong sebagai boneka. Kolonel Schotborg dan Sumokil adalah pengendali utama kekuatan KNIL di Kota Makassar. Ketika berlangsung pemberontakan Andi Aziz di Makassar, untuk mengantisipasinya Pemerintah RIS di Jakarta telah membentuk pasukan gabungan Expedisi Indonesia Timur. Pasukan ini terdiri dari batalyon dari Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur didukung dan Kepolisian.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations
    Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia: Akronim dan Singkatan Dr. Ingo Wandelt Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia : Akronim dan Singkatan 1 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia: Akronim dan Singkatan Dr. Ingo Wandelt November 2009 2 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia : Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia : Akronim dan Singkatan 1 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations Akronim dan Singkatan By: Disusun Oleh: Dr. Ingo Wandelt Dr. Ingo Wandelt Published by: Diterbitkan oleh : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Indonesia Office Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Indonesia Office Cover Design & Printing: Design & Percetakan: German-Indonesian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (EKONID) Perkumpulan Ekonomi Indonesia-Jerman (EKONID) All rights reserved. Hak cipta dilindungi Undang-undang. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi terbitan ini dalam bentuk apapun tanpa izin tertulis dari FES Indonesia. Tidak untuk diperjualbelikan. Second Edition Edisi Kedua Jakarta, November 2009 Jakarta, November 2009 ISBN: 978-979-19998-5-4 ISBN: 978-979-19998-5-4 2 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia : Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia : Akronim dan Singkatan 3 Content I Daftar Isi Foreword ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MOE Steve Ijames
    27-CR-20-12953 Filed in District Court State of Minnesota 1/14/2021 1:33 PM Steve Ijames EDUCATION • Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal Justice Administration, Drury University, Springfield, Missouri • Master of Science Degree in Public Administration, City University, Bellevue, Washington • Graduate, Missouri State Highway Patrol Law Enforcement Academy • Graduate, Missouri State Highway Patrol undercover narcotics investigator training program. • Graduate, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) undercover narcotics investigator training program. • Graduate, Mid States Organized Crime Information Center (MOCIC) narcotic investigators Criminal Intelligence Techniques training program. • Graduate, Springfield, Missouri Police Department Academy • Graduate, 186th FBI National Academy LAW ENFORCEMENT/PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Poplar Bluff, Missouri Police Department • April 1979 through February 1981-Patrol Officer • February 1981 through August 1982-Narcotics Detective Springfield, Missouri Police Department • August 1982-1000 hour Springfield Police academy training • January 1983-uniformed patrol officer • September 1985-undercover narcotics investigator and Federal Drug Task Force member-Commissioned Deputy Untied States Marshal • October 1987-uniformed patrol • July 1988-Detective-criminal investigations and undercover narcotics investigations • September 1989-Sergeant-criminal investigations • April 1990-Crisis Action Team leader/sergeant (SWAT) • December 1992-Lieutenant, Special Operations Commander-overseeing all SWAT and narcotics
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Democratization and TNI Reform
    UNISCI Discussion Papers ISSN: 1696-2206 [email protected] Universidad Complutense de Madrid España Marbun, Rico Democratization and TNI reform UNISCI Discussion Papers, núm. 15, octubre, 2007, pp. 37-61 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=76701504 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 15 (Octubre / October 2007) ISSN 1696-2206 DEMOCRATIZATIO A D T I REFORM Rico Marbun 1 Centre for Policy and Strategic Studies (CPSS), Indonesia Abstract: This article is written to answer four questions: what kind of civil-military relations is needed for democratization; how does military reform in Indonesia affect civil-military relations; does it have a positive impact toward democratization; and finally is the democratization process in Indonesia on the right track. Keywords: Civil-military relations; Indonesia. Resumen: Este artículo pretende responder a cuatro preguntas: qué tipo de relaciones cívico-militares son necesarias para la democratización; cómo afecta la reforma militar en Indonesia a las relaciones cívico-militares; si tiene un impacto positivo en la democratización; y finalmente, si el proceso de democratización en Indonesia va por buen camino. Palabras clave: relaciones cívico-militares; Indonesia. Copyright © UNISCI, 2007. The views expressed in these articles are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNISCI. Las opiniones expresadas en estos artículos son propias de sus autores, y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de U*ISCI.
    [Show full text]
  • RSIS COMMENTARIES RSIS Commentaries Are Intended to Provide Timely And, Where Appropriate, Policy Relevant Background and Analysis of Contemporary Developments
    RSIS COMMENTARIES RSIS Commentaries are intended to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy relevant background and analysis of contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS. Due recognition must be given to the author or authors and RSIS. Please email: [email protected] or call (+65) 6790 6982 to speak to the Editor RSIS Commentaries, Yang Razali Kassim. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. 2/2011 dated 6 January 2011 Leadership Renewal in TNI: Fragile Steps Towards Professionalism By Iisgindarsah Synopsis The recent personnel changes in the Indonesian military have brought more officers from the 1980s generation into many strategic positions. Despite this encouraging rejuvenation of the ranks, the drive to professionalise the country’s military remains fragile. Commentary THE RECENT appointment of a new Commander-in-Chief for the Indonesian National Defence Forces (TNI) Admiral Agus Suhartono has been typically followed by a major reshuffle of the other ranks. From 17 November 2009 up to 18 October 2010, there were a total of 17 waves of personnel changes. These latest changes, however, not only placed officers from the Military Academy classes of 1976 to 1978 in charge of the TNI’s high command; they also highlighted the rapid promotion of officers from the 1980 to 1982 classes. Professionalising the Military The rapid rise of the 1980s generation officers is to overcome the shortage of high-ranking military officers to occupy top positions in TNI Headquarters and several civilian ministries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance
    Policy Studies 23 The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Marcus Mietzner East-West Center Washington East-West Center The East-West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through its programs of cooperative study, training, seminars, and research, the Center works to promote a stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia Pacific community in which the United States is a leading and valued partner. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government, private foundations, individuals, cor- porations, and a number of Asia Pacific governments. East-West Center Washington Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East- West Center Washington is to further the East-West Center mission and the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the theme of conflict reduction, political change in the direction of open, accountable, and participatory politics, and American understanding of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Policy Studies 23 ___________ The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance _____________________ Marcus Mietzner Copyright © 2006 by the East-West Center Washington The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance by Marcus Mietzner ISBN 978-1-932728-45-3 (online version) ISSN 1547-1330 (online version) Online at: www.eastwestcenterwashington.org/publications East-West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Conflict Resolution Between Government of Indonesia and Separatist Movement in Papua Using Horse-Trading Mechanism
    Society, 7 (2), 83-100, 2019 P-ISSN: 2338-6932 | E-ISSN: 2597-4874 https://society.fisip.ubb.ac.id Internal Conflict Resolution between Government of Indonesia and Separatist Movement in Papua using Horse-Trading Mechanism Sekar Wulan Febrianti 1 , Ajeng Sekar Arum 1,* , Windy Dermawan 1 , and Akim 1 1 Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University, 45363 West Java, Indonesia * Corresponding Author: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Publication Info: The study aims to analyze the process of internal conflict Literature Review resolution between the Government of Indonesia and the separatist movement in Papua (Free Papua Movement How to cite: (Indonesian: Organisasi Papua Merdeka or OPM)) using a Febrianti, S. W., Arum, A. S., horse-trading mechanism. This study was qualitative method Dermawan, W., & Akim, A. (2019). by discussing the Free Papua Movement background and the Internal Conflict Resolution Between conflict, then discussing the conflict process of timeline Government of Indonesia and analysis tool to understand the development of its movement Separatist Movement in Papua using based on chronological order, and discussing the conflict Horse-Trading Mechanism. Society, resolutions that have been carried out with conflict mapping 7(2), 83-100. analysis tool to understand the actors that involved and their DOI : 10.33019/society.v7i2.86 objectives. The conflict is the result of complexity among historical backgrounds, ideology, and a sense of injustice in Copyright © 2019. Owned by Papua, on the other hand, the international community has Author(s), published by Society increasingly supported Papua. Horse-trading has been used to resolve the conflict of Free Papua Movement and the Government of Indonesia, yet it has not yet reached a new resolution.
    [Show full text]