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Multilateral Peace Operations and the Challenges of Organized Crime
SIPRI Background Paper February 2018 MULTILATERAL PEACE PROJECT SUMMARY w The New Geopolitics of Peace OPERATIONS AND THE Operations III: Non‑traditional Security Challenges initiative CHALLENGES OF was launched with support from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, co‑sponsored ORGANIZED CRIME by Ethiopia, and in continued partnership with the Friedrich‑ jaÏr van der lijn Ebert‑Stiftung (FES). This phase of the initiative seeks to enhance understanding I. Introduction about peace operations and non‑traditional security Multilateral peace operations are increasingly confronting a set of challenges such as terrorism interrelated and mutually reinforcing security challenges that are relatively and violent extremism, new to them, that do not respect borders, and that have causes and effects irregular migration, piracy, which cut right across the international security, peacebuilding and organized crime and environmental degradation. It development agendas.1 Organized crime provides one of the most prominent aims to identify the various examples of these ‘non-traditional’ security challenges.2 perceptions, positions and There are many different definitions of organized crime depending on the interests of the relevant context, sector and organization. The United Nations Convention against stakeholders, as well as to Transnational Organized Crime defines an ‘organized criminal group’ as stimulate open dialogue, ‘a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time cooperation and mutual and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes understanding by engaging key or offences . in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other stakeholders and mapping the material benefit’.3 However, this definition is not unchallenged. -
Evolution of Police Monitoring in Peace Operations
12 Evolution of police monitoring in peace operations J. Matthew Vaccaro ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ C are often conducted in failed states or in those emerging from civil conflict. In these environments, the local criminal justice system has often been largely destroyed or has become otherwise ineffective as a result of widespread corruption among its constituent parts and/or their involve- ment in the war. This problem is exemplified by the state of indigenous police forces at the beginning of recent peace operations. In Somalia, for instance, the police were inoperative: they left their posts when a central government failed to emerge after President Siad Barre was deposed in 1991. In Haiti, the police were integrated into the armed forces and used by the ruling junta to repress the popula- tion. When the multinational peacekeeping force arrived in September 1994 and broke the regime’s stranglehold, police officers stopped doing their jobs and assumed a defensive posture, fearing that ordinary citizens would seek retribution. In Bosnia- Herzegovina, where police forces had been segregated along ethnic lines and had participated in the sectarian conflict, the police attempted to continue the fighting through intimidation and thuggery throughout the tenure of the United Nations Protection Force () (1992–95). In the ethnically polarised Kosovo conflict, the police were a primary player in the ‘ethnic cleansing’ and were forced to leave the province as part of the settlement granting access to North Atlantic Treaty Organization () troops and the establishment of a United Nations () administration. Furthermore, in each of these situations the other components of the criminal justice system—the courts, prisons and, in a less tangible way, the laws of state—were also absent, ineffective or unjust. -
Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response
Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response Rhoda Margesson Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy Maureen Taft-Morales Specialist in Latin American Affairs February 2, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41023 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response Summary The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. The damage is severe and catastrophic. It is estimated that 3 million people, approximately one third of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake. The Government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 112,000 deaths and 194,000 injured. In the immediate wake of the earthquake, President Preval described conditions in his country as “unimaginable,” and appealed for international assistance. As immediate needs are met and the humanitarian relief operation continues, the government is struggling to restore the institutions needed for it to function, ensure political stability, and address long-term reconstruction and development planning. Prior to the earthquake, the international community was providing extensive development and humanitarian assistance to Haiti. With that assistance, the Haitian government had made significant progress in recent years in many areas of its development strategy. The destruction of Haiti’s nascent infrastructure and other extensive damage caused by the earthquake will set back Haiti’s development significantly. Haiti’s long-term development plans will need to be revised. The sheer scale of the relief effort in Haiti has brought together tremendous capacity and willingness to help. -
Examining the Urban Dimension of the Security Sector
Examining the Urban Dimension of the Security Sector Research Report Project Title: Providing Security in Urban Environments: The Role of Security Sector Governance and Reform Project supported by the Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) February 2018 Authors (in alphabetical order): Andrea Florence de Mello Aguiar, Lea Ellmanns, Ulrike Franke, Praveen Gunaseelan, Gustav Meibauer, Carmen Müller, Albrecht Schnabel, Usha Trepp, Raphaël Zaffran, Raphael Zumsteg 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Authors Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction: The New Urban Security Disorder 1.1 Puzzle and research problem 1.2 Purpose and research objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Research hypotheses 1.5 Methodology 1.6 Outline of the project report 2 Studying the Security Sector in Urban Environments 2.1 Defining the urban context 2.2 Urbanisation trends 2.3 Urban security challenges 2.4 Security provision in urban contexts 2.5 The ‘generic’ urban security sector 2.6 Defining SSG and SSR: from national to urban contexts 3 The Urban SSG/R Context: Urban Threats and Urban Security Institutions 3.1 The urban SSG/R context: a microcosm of national SSG/R contexts 3.2 The urban environment: priority research themes and identified gaps 3.3 Excursus: The emergence of a European crime prevention policy 3.4 Threats prevalent and/or unique to the urban context – and institutions involved in threat mitigation 3.5 The urban security sector: key security, management and oversight institutions -
IN THIS ISSUE: Briefs
VOLUME IX, ISSUE 32 uAUGUST 12, 2011 IN THIS ISSUE: BRIEFS..................................................................................................................................1 SOMALIA’S FAMINE CONTRIBUTES TO POPULAR REVOLT AGAINST AL-SHABAAB MILITANTS By Muhaydin Ahmed Roble ......................................................................................3 INDONESIA’S “GHOST BIRDS” TACKLE ISLAMIST TERRORISTS: A PROFILE OF Armed tribesmen work- DENSUS-88 ing with Yemeni Army By Jacob Zenn .........................................................................................................5 THE BATTLE OF ZINJIBAR: THE TRIBES OF YEMEN’S ABYAN GOVERNORATE JOIN Terrorism Monitor is a publication THE FIGHT AGAINST ISLAMIST MILITANCY of The Jamestown Foundation. By Andrew McGregor ..............................................................................................7 The Terrorism Monitor is designed to be read by policy- makers and other specialists QADDAFI ALLY ROBERT MUGABE CALLS NATO “TERRORISTS,” yet be accessible to the general public. The opinions expressed THREATENS TO EXPROPRIATE WESTERN FIRMS IN ZIMBABWE within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily Mu’ammar Qaddafi’s policy of using Libya’s oil wealth to build stronger ties reflect those of The Jamestown with sub-Saharan African nations through financial aid, investment and arms Foundation. supplies has resulted in a distinct lack of support in many of these nations for NATO’s military intervention in the Libyan rebellion. Among the most Unauthorized reproduction or vociferous of Qaddafi’s supporters has been the long-time ruler of Zimbabwe, redistribution of this or any Robert Mugabe. Zimbabwe has been frequently mentioned as a possible place Jamestown publication is strictly of exile for the Libyan leader and there were rumors earlier this year that prohibited by law. Zimbabwean troops had been sent to Libya, rumors that gained strength within Zimbabwe after the nation’s defense minister declined to issue a straightforward denial (Zimbabwean, February 25). -
Congressional Record—Senate S2006
S2006 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 6, 1997 to all of those who are suffering and all market principles. In Latin America, This is one area in which American those who are fighting back, trying to the Reagan doctrine certainly has expertise can make a big difference. In- put their lives back in order. worked. deed, with some extra United States I see on the floor my colleague from As free elections and economic liber- help, Haiti could succeed in convicting Ohio and my colleague from Kentucky alization has taken place in country some of the worst defenders, like the and my colleague from West Virginia. after country, the countries of South murderers of Mireille Bertin and Guy All are States, as well as Indiana, that and Central America have become bet- Malary. Mireille Bertin was an anti- have been hit very hard. ter neighbors for the United States. I Aristide lawyer. Guy Malary was The most heartening thing to see believe these same principles apply to Aristide’s justice minister. To pros- during a tragedy such as this is how our national strategy in regard to ecute and convict the killers in those people react. We have many organiza- Haiti. kinds of cases would send an unmistak- tions that are involved, but probably Mr. President, we need to apply these able message to Haitian society: Your the biggest organization involved is principles to Haiti so that over the chance of getting justice does not de- not an organization at all, it is just long term, Haiti can move out of the pend on what side you are on. -
Report on Haiti, 'Failed Justice Or Rule of Law?'
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS OEA/Ser/L/V/II.123 doc.6 rev 1 26 October 2005 Original: English HAITI: FAILED JUSTICE OR THE RULE OF LAW? CHALLENGES AHEAD FOR HAITI AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY GENERAL SECRETARIAT ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES WASHINGTON D.C. 2006 2006 http://www.cidh.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Haiti: Failed Justice or the Rule of Law? Challenges Ahead for Haiti and the International Community 2005 / Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. p. ; cm. (OAS Official Records Series. OEA Ser.L/V/II.123) ISBN 0-8270-4927-7 1. Justice, Administration of--Haiti. 2. Human rights--Haiti. 3. Civil rights--Haiti. I. Title. II Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.123 (E) HAITI: FAILED JUSTICE OR THE RULE OF LAW? CHALLENGES AHEAD FOR HAITI AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. v I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................5 II. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................6 A. Events in Haiti, 2003-2005 ..................................................6 B. Sources of Information in Preparing the Report ..................... 11 C. Processing and Approval of the Report................................. 14 III. ANALYSIS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN HAITI ............ 17 A. Context for Analysis .......................................................... 17 -
Assessing the Effectiveness of Current De-Radicalization Initiatives And
Assessing the Effectiveness of Current De‐Radicalization Initiatives and Identifying Implications for the Development of U.S.‐Based Initiatives in Multiple Settings Final Report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security September 2009 (revised) National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Based at the University of Maryland 3300 Symons Hall • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600 • www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report This report is part of a series sponsored by the Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division in support of the Counter‐IED Prevent/Deter program. The goal of this program is to sponsor research that will aid the intelligence and law enforcement communities in identifying potential terrorist threats and support policymakers in developing prevention efforts. This project officially terminated on June 30th, 2009. The research was carried out by two researchers from the Pennsylvania State University, Dr. John Horgan, the Principal Investigator, and Mr. Kurt Braddock, Research Assistant. Biographical notes on the researchers is contained in Appendix A. This report represents the principal delivery of the findings of the research. A further report on the research findings will be published in an academic journal, to be submitted for review in early‐Fall 2009.This project was conducted over twelve months, and is the result of an analysis of open source, secondarily obtained material. -
Al-Shabaab Attack on Peacekeepers Cannot Hide
VOLUME XIII, ISSUE 18 u SEPTEMBER 4, 2015 IN THIS ISSUE: BRIEFS ............................................................................................................................1 THE FINNISH FOREIGN FIGHTER CONTINGENT IN SYRIA AND IRAQ By Juha Saarinen ...............................................................................................................3 Detachment 88, Indonesia’s ISLAMIC STATE IN AFGHANISTAN READY TO CAPITALIZE ON MULLAH counter-terrorism unit, inspects a stall after OMAR’S DEATH arresting individuals for By Farhan Zahid ...............................................................................................................6 allegedly planning a terrorist attack with INDONESIA’S NEW COUNTER-TERRORISM CHALLENGES support from Syria. By Andrew Zammit and Muhammad Iqbal ..................................................................7 Terrorism Monitor is a publication of The Jamestown Foundation. AL-SHABAAB ATTACK ON PEACEKEEPERS CANNOT HIDE GROUPS’ The Terrorism Monitor is DISARRAY designed to be read by policy- makers and other specialists James Brandon yet be accessible to the general public. The opinions expressed within are solely those of the The Somali Islamist militant organization al-Shabaab carried out one of its most lethal authors and do not necessarily attacks in years on September 1, when it bombed a Ugandan military base in the Janale reflect those of The Jamestown district of the lower Shabele region, southwest of the capital Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab Foundation. claimed that the attack killed around 50 Ugandan soldiers, who are in the country as part of an African Union (AU) peacekeeping mission, although official AU statements Unauthorized reproduction have not announced the casualty toll (AU, September 1). The attack began when a or redistribution of this or any suicide bomber drove an explosive-packed car into the base’s entrance, after which a Jamestown publication is strictly large number of other militants stormed the facility (Horseed Media, September 1). -
Keeping the Peace in Haiti?
KEEPING THE PEACE IN HAITI? An Assessment of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Using Compliance with its Prescribed Mandate as a Barometer for Success March 2005 Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights, Cambridge, Massachusetts & Centro de Justiça Global, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil March 2005 Keeping the Peace in Haiti? TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ____________________________________________________________ 1 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________________ 2 I. RECOMMENDATIONS ____________________________________________________________ 2 II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HAITI _____________________________________________________ 4 III. RESOLUTION 1542: THE MINUSTAH MANDATE __________________________________ 12 III.A. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration_____________________________ 12 III.B. Institutional Strengthening: Police Reform and the Constitutional and Political Process _______________________________________________________________ 13 III.B.1. Police Reform________________________________________________________ 13 III.B.2. The Constitutional and Political Process __________________________________ 14 III.C. Human Rights and Civilian Protection _____________________________________ 15 III.C.1. Human Rights________________________________________________________ 15 III.C.2. Civilian Protection____________________________________________________ 19 IV. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ______________________________________________________ 21 IV.A. Methodology ___________________________________________________________ -
Strengthening Tourism Business Resilience Against the Impact of Terrorist Attack
Strengthening Tourism Business Resilience against the Impact of Terrorist Attack Report on the APEC Counter-Terrorism Working Group’s Workshop on 9-10 May 2017, Bali, Indonesia APEC Counter-Terrorism Working Group September 2017 APEC Project: APEC CTWG 01/2016A Produced by: Project Overseer National Counter Terrorism Agency of Indonesia Komplek IPSC Jl. Anyar Desa Tangkil, Sentul, Bogor, INDONESIA Email : [email protected] Website : https://www.bnpt.go.id/ Editor Fitriani, Gilang Kembara and Rebekha Adriana Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Jakarta Jalan Tanah Abang 3 No. 23, Gedung Pakarti Center, Tanah Abang, RT.3/RW.3, Petojo Selatan, Gambir, Jakarta Pusat, 10260, INDONESIA Telephone : (62-21) 386 5532 Fax : (62-21) 384 7517 Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.csis.or.id/ Produced for: APEC Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Telephone: (65) 68919600 Fax: (65) 68919690 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org APEC#217-CO-04.1 © 2017 APEC Secretariat ii Strengthening Tourism Business Resilience against the Impact of Terrorist Attack Report on the APEC Counter-Terrorism Working Group’s Workshop on 9-10 May 2017, Bali, Indonesia APEC Counter Terrorism Working Group September 2017 iii LIST OF CONTENT List of Content ...................................................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... -
Asian Conflicts Reports
Asian Conflicts Reports Recent Terrorism Developments in Indonesia China, North Korea-Iran Nuclear Axis Muscular Secularism in Singapore Wahhabism in Sri Lanka Privately Armed Groups in the Philippines ISSUE 12 | JULY-AUGUST, 2010 Counter-Terrorism in Indonesia: Recent Developments and Challenges A=Nelson Rand Indonesia‟s counter-terrorism forces have made significant gains in the first half of 2010, but their success also highlights some crucial shortfalls in the country‟s counter-terrorism program and reveals a new transformation of Islamic militancy in the country. The first major success of the year came in late February when police discovered a jihadi training camp in the jungles of northwest Aceh. A cache of M-16s, revolvers and thousands of rounds of ammunition were found, along with Malaysian Army uniforms and a large amount of cash. Subsequent investigations revealed that the group was planning gun attacks on hotels frequented by tourists and high-profile assassinations, including on President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Over 60 suspected cell members have since been arrested and just over a dozen killed. The group called itself al-Qaeda Serambi Mekkah (al-Qaeda in Aceh), and its discovery in late February was unique in two main ways. First, it was the first known time that Indonesia‟s jihadists set up a base in Aceh, the country‟s westernmost province on the tip of Sumatra. Although the province was engaged in a separatist insurgency against Jakarta for over 30 years, radical Islamic militancy had never taken root in the province and it had always remained outside the influence and operational area of Indonesian Jihadist groups, including Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), Southeast Asia‟s largest terrorist network.