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Eko Murdiyanto ISBN Perpustakaan Nasional : Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Eko Murdiyanto Sosiologi Perdesaan/ Eko Murdiyanto -Edisi I – Yogyakarta: UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta 2008. 264 hlm: 21 cm ISBN: 978-979-8918-88-9 Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang Diterbitkan oleh: Wimaya Press UPN ”Veteran” Yogyakarta Edisi pertama : Desember 2008 Alamat Penerbit: Badan Usaha Universitas (BUU) Jl SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur Yogyakarta. 55283 Telp/Fac: (0274) 489027 ISBN : 978-979-8918-88-9 ajian sosiologi perdesaan yang berfokus pada memahami memahami karakter masyarakat sebagai suatu komunitas Sosiologi Perdesaan Eko Murdiyanto Yang utuh semakin pesat perkembangannya. Hal ini seiring dengan kondisi masyarakat di perdesaan yang senantiasa berubah sejak revolusi industri bergulir di Eropa dan membawa konsekuensi perubahan dalam masyarakat yang cenderung cepat. Perubahan ini mendorong munculnya mobilitas penduduk di seluruh dunia. Sejalan dengan itu perubahan pola dalam mobilitas penduduk membawa implikasi bagi perkembangan masyarakat secara luas. Akibat yang kemudian muncul bagi daerah perdesaan, adalah perubahan baik secara fisik maupun sosial kemasyarakatan. Oleh karena itu proses mobilitas penduduk SOSIOLOGI atau migrasi harus senantiasa dipandang sebagai proses alami, sehingga perubahan dalam masyarakat yang ditimbulkannya dapat diantisipasi. Dengan memahami perubahan dalam masyarakat di perdesaan diharapkan program pengembangan masyarakat menuju masyarakat yang PERDESAAN lebih baik dapat dilakukan dengan smart. Buku ini mencoba memberikan wacana bagaimana memahami karakter masyarakat di perdesaan sebagai Pengantar Untuk Memahami suatu komunitas secara utuh, yaitu suatu pemahaman yang berasal dari dalam diri masyarakat itu sendiri. Hal ini diperlukan untuk memahami Masyarakat Desa kondisi masyarakat di perdesaan dalam rangka pengembangan masyarakat menuju masyarakat yang lebih baik dengan tidak meninggalkan masa lalu dan mengabaikan masa depan. Eko Murdiyanto, Lahir di Yogyakarta, 6 Maret Eko Murdiyanto 2008 1970 Staf Pengajar Jurusan Agribisnis Pertanian UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta. Memperoleh gelar SP dari Sosek Pertanian UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta (1995); gelar M.Si. dalam Sosiologi Perdesaan dari IPB Bogor (2001). Aktif meneliti dan menulis tentang Sosiologi Perdesaan dan Pertanian, Studi Gender, Migrasi, Industri Kecil, Agroforestry, Monitoring dan Evaluasi, Perubahan Sosial, Komunikasi dan informasi Pertanian, dan Kelembagaan ISBN UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta Press 2008 Eko Murdiyanto Sosiologi Perdesaan, Pengantar Untuk Memahami Masyarakat Desa Yogyakarta : UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta Press. 2008 VII + 218 hlm : ISBN : 979- Hak cipta dilindungi undang- undang. All right reserved. Diterbitkan oleh : UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta Press Edisi Pertama : Agustus 2008 Alamat Penerbit : Jl. SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur Yogyakarta 55283 Telp. (0274) 486733 ISBN : 979- Yakin dan percayalah, Sosiologi Perdesaan Dihari-hari yang melelahkan, disitu ada keceriaan Pengantar Untuk Memahami Di hari-hari yang panas menyesakkan, yang diselingi dengan hujan lebat berhamburan , yang kadang- Masyarakat Desa kadang diikuti petir menggelegar menyambar- nyambar, Di situ ada juga BIDADARI Buat: Ayah dan ibuku, yang selalu memberikan curahan kasih dan sayang Eko Murdiyanto Istriku, Muflichah dan anak-anakku; Mufqi Rafif Darmawan dan Afrina Zahra Khoirunnisa yang senantiasa mengingatkan untuk ati-ati, hati-hati dalam hidup, dan selalu berjalan di jalan-Nya. KATA PENGANTAR migrasi manusia ternyata hal ini membawa pengaruh dan perubahan terhadap perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi. Secara keseluruhan fenomena migrasi membawa implikasi bagi perkembangan masyarakat secara luas. Sosiologi perdesaan sebagai suatu bagian dari Implikasi yang kemudian muncul terutama bagi daerah sosiologi terapan semakin pesat perkembangannya dewasa asal, dalam hal ini daerah perdesaan, adalah perubahan ini. Hal ini dipicu dengan makin bertambahnya baik secara fisik maupun sosial kemasyarakatan. Oleh pemahaman bahwa sosiologi perdesaan diperlukan bagi karena itu proses mobilitas penduduk atau migrasi harus perkembangan dan aplikasi ilmu lain kepada masyarakat senantiasa dipandang sebagai proses alami, sehingga luas, terutama masyarakat di perdesaan. Dengan kata lain perubahan dalam masyarakat yang ditimbulkannya dapat memahami sosiologi perdesaan merupakan pembuka diantisipasi. untuk menerapkan suatu ilmu kepada masyarakat. Mudah-mudahan buku ini dapat menjadi bahan Kajian sosiologi perdesaan berfokus pada bacaan bagi kita yang akan memahami masyarakat, memahami karakter masyarakat sebagai suatu komunitas terutama masyarakat di perdesaan, dalam rangka yang utuh. Namun memahami karakter masyarakat di pengembangan masyarakat menuju masyarakat yang lebih perdesaan tidak dapat dilepaskan dari pemahaman baik. terhadap desa secara fisik. Hal ini berkaitan erat dengan kenyataan bahwa budaya material dan immaterial memiliki Eko Murdiyanto, MSi hubungan dengan tipe desa secara fisik. Dengan memahami desa secara komprehensif akan menambah wawasan mengenai kondisi masyarakat di Indonesia masa lalu, masa kini dan gambaran yang terjadi di masa depan. Kondisi masyarakat di perdesaan yang senantiasa berubah seperti gelombang lautan, dimulai semenjak revolusi industri bergulir di Eropa yang kemudian menyebar ke seluruh dunia. Perubahan dunia yang begitu cepat juga menjadi penyebab munculnya migrasi manusia di seluruh dunia. Sejalan dengan perubahan pola dalam i ii DAFTAR ISI Desa-desa di Indonesia .................... 50 Tipologi Desa di Indonesia ............. 53 Pola Lokasi & Wilayah Desa ........... 55 Kata Pengantar i Bab III. Masyarakat Dan Kebudayaan Daftar Tabel vii Agraris ...................................................... 65 Daftar Gambar viii Masyarakat ........................................ 65 Elemen-elemen dalam Masyarakat 67 Bab 1. Sosiologi dan Sosiologi Perdesaan ..... 1 Kebudayaan ...................................... 73 Sosiologi ............................................ 1 Perkembangan kebudayaan ........... 75 Tokoh-tokoh yang Mempengaruhi Wujud Kebudayaan ......................... 78 Perkembangan Ilmu Sosiologi ........ 13 Pola-pola Kebudayaan ..................... 80 Perkembangan teori Sosiologi ....... 20 Karakteristik Masyarakat Desa ...... 81 Perkembangan sosiologi pada Konsep Pola Adaptif Ekologi ......... 88 Abad pencerahan ............................. 24 Tipologi Masyarakat Agraris Sosiologi modern ............................. 26 Menurut Pola Adaptasi Ekologi ..... 92 Metode-metode dalam Sosiologi ... 27 Pokok bahasan sosiologi ................. 30 Bab IV. Aspek Sosial Desa .................................. 94 Sosiologi Perdesaan ......................... 31 Proses Sosial & interaksi sosial ...... 94 Latar Belakang Sosiologi Pedesaan 33 Keluarga dan Sistem Kekerabatan . 113 Kelembagaan Sosial ......................... 116 Bab II. Karakteristik Dan Tipologi Desa ........ 38 Kelompok Sosial .............................. 122 Pemahaman Desa ............................. 38 Grup Sosial ....................................... 128 Beberapa Konsep Mengenai Desa . 40 Organisasi Sosial ............................. 131 Karakteristik Desa ........................... 42 iii iv Politik–Birokrasi sebagai Sistem Berubah ............................................ 208 (Pemerintahan) ................................ 134 a. Sambatan .................................... 213 Stratifikasi Sosial ............................. 143 b. Gugur gunung ............................ 213 Bab V. Aspek Ekonomi Desa .......................... 156 c. Nyumbang ................................... 215 Resiprositas ...................................... 156 d. Selamatan ..................................... 217 Redistribusi ...................................... 164 Daftar Pustaka Subsistensi ........................................ 165 Dana-dana yang harus dikeluarkan petani .......................... 166 Bab VI. Pembangunan dan Perubahan Masyarakat Desa ……………………… 172 Pembangunan dan Modernisasi ... 172 Perubahan & Bentuk Perubahan .. 183 Modernisasi Hubungan- hubungan Sosial …………………. 189 Bab VII. Mobilitas Dan Proses Perubahan Masyarakat Desa …………………........ 199 Mobilitas (Gerak) Penduduk ……. 199 Migrasi, pembangunan dan perubahan …………………............ 204 Prinsip Resiprositas pada Masyarakat Agraris yang Sedang v vi DAFTAR TABEL DAFTAR GAMBAR Tabel 1. Perbedaan Perspektif Fungsionalis dan Konflik ........................................ 9 Gambar 1. Pola Desa Melingkar di Bali sebelum era Modernisasi .............. 56 Tabel 2. Kajian berdasarkan perspektif sosiologis ............................................ 11 Gambar 2. Pola Lokasi Desa di Nusa Tenggara ......................................... 57 Tabel 3. Karakteristik masyarakat Desa dan Kota Menurut Roucek & Warren ... 43 Gambar 3. Pola Lokasi Desa Transmigrasi di Desa Bugel Kabupaten Kulon Tabel 4. Karakteristik masyarakat Desa dan Progo ................................... 58 Kota Menurut Horton & Hunt ........ 44 Gambar 4. Pola Lokasi Desa Konsentris ........ 59 Tabel 5. Karakteristik Desa dan Kota menurut Sorokin dan Zimmerman 46 Gambar 5. Pola Lokasi desa di Padang (Sumatera Barat) yang berpusat di Tabel 6. Nama-nama kesatuan masyarakat Surau (masjid) ........................... 60 hukum setingkat desa di Indonesia 51 Gambar 6. Pasar Lima di Banjarmasin yang terletak Sejajar Sungai Mahakam 61 vii viii kemasyarakatan yang tersusun dari hasil-hasil pemikiran Bab I ilmiah dan dapat di kontrol secara kritis
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