Satellite Television in Indonesia*^
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Satellite Television in Indonesia*^ LEKNAS/LIPI Alfian EAST WEST CENTER Godwin C. Chu Communication Institute Editors LEKNAS/LIPI The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, abbreviated as LI PI. is a part of the Indonesian Government which provides guidance in the field of scientific and technological research. It reports directly to the President of the Republic of Indonesia. The creation of LIPI is aimed at obtaining maximum efficiency and effectiveness in carrying out scientific and technological research for the welfare of mankind in general and the Indonesian nation in particular. The main tasks are: to promote the development of sciences and technology in Indonesia for the benefit of mankind in general and of the Indonesian people in particular; to search for scientific truth, while scientific freedom, the freedom of conducting research, and academic freedom are recognized and guaranteed within LIPI insofar as it is not in contradiction with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. In order to accomplish these tasks, LIPI is assigned the following functions: to advise the Government on the formulation of a national science policy (as part of the overall national policy); to give guidance to research institutions and to develop existing technological activities; to guide researchers toward a higher sense of awareness and responsibility to facilitate rapid development of science and technology in Indonesia; to encourage and develop science-mindedness among the Indonesian people; to conduct and maintain relations and cooperation with international—as well as national—scientific bodies in accordance with existing regulations. Accordingly, LIPI is authorized to coordinate, integrate and synchronize all activities in the field of science and technology at both the national and regional level. LIPI has ten national research institutions situated in Jakarta, Bogor, and Bandung which are conducting research in the natural, technological, social sciences and humanities. In addition to these institutions there are a National Scientific Documentation Center and other units. LEKNAS/LIPI (The National Institute of Economic and Social Research) is one of the ten research institutions under LIPI. This Institute conducts research in economic and social fields in general with the aim of obtaining data needed in planning Indonesia's economic and social development and population programs. In addition, the Institute takes on ad hoc tasks to give advice on development related programs that require immediate solution. Indonesian Institute of Sciences, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (LEKNAS/LIPI) Satellite Television in Indonesia edited by Alfian Godwin C. Chu Copyright © 1981 by the East-West Center All rights reserved ISBN 0-86638-002-7 No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. This material is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. INT77-15160. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or -ecommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1 Communication and Development—An Indonesian Experiment 1 Alfian, Godwin C. Chu, Taufik Abdullah INSTITUTIONAL POLICY ANALYSIS 2 Policy Goals and System Constraints 21 Alfian, Godwin C. Chu 3 Resource Availability: Opportunities and Constraints 41 Ronald Pyszka 4 Program Decision-Making Process 57 Alfian, Godwin C. Chu, Alwi Dahlan MESSAGE SYSTEM ANALYSIS 5 Overview of Programs 71 Maswadi Rauf 6 Analysis of News Programs 83 Alfian, Tony Nnaemeka, Mochtar Pabottinggi 7 Television Commercials 97 Alfian, Andrew Arno, Godwin C. Chu 8 Cultural Values In Television Drama 111 Godwin C. Chu, Alfian, Mochtar Paboitinggi iii AUDIENCE PERCEPTION AND FEEDBACK 9 Audience Feedback: Letters to Editors 129 Alfian, Godwin C. Chu, Mochtar Pabottinggi 10 Introduction of Television and Commercial Networks in the Villages 135 Alfian 11 Initial Reaction to Television in Indonesian Villages 151 S. Budhisantoso CONCLUSION 12 Institutional Constraints on Communication Technology 167 Godwin C. Chu, Alfian APPENDICES 1 Principal Guidelines for TVRI Broadcasts 177 2 TVRI Jakarta Program Schedule (1 April 1978 - 30 September 1978) 181 3 Television Advertising Content Analysis Schedule 185 4 Commodities and Brands Advertised on TVRI Jakarta (19 January 1978 - 19 February 1978) 189 5 Synopses of Television Drama 191 Sri Sumaryanti Budhisantoso with Ruth Runeborg 6 Holistic Value Analysis of Television Drama 199 Mochtar Pabottinggi iv PREFACE In 1976 a longitudinal research project on the social and cultural effects of satellite communication was initiated in Indonesia. This project is sponsored by the Indonesian Ministry of Information and undertaken by the National Institute for Economic and Social Research, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LEKNAS/LIPI), cooperating with the East-West Communication Institute, East-West Center. The work presented here is a part of that longitudinal research project, supported in part by the National Science Foundation of the United States. This work originates from a cooperative research endeavor between Indonesian social scientists and their American counterparts. The project is unique because Indonesian and American scholars cooperated closely by pooling their insights, experiences, and methodological contributions. It is probably one of the few international research cooperations in which Indonesian scholars have played a major role in all phases, from the initial conception to the final output. It is difficult to acknowledge adequately the contributions of many individuals, both in Indonesia and in the United States, whose advice and help have enriched this research. We express our thanks particularly to Professor Dr. Tb. Bachtiar Rifai, chairman of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Dr. Taufik Abdullah, former director and now research associate of LEKNAS/LIPI (National Institute of Economic and Social Research), Dr. Suharso, director of LEKNAS/LIPI, Mr. Syamusu Sugito, head of the Research and Development Division of the Department of Information and his staff, and Mr. M. N. Supomo, former director of Indonesian Television (TVRI) and his staff, and Dr. Astrid Susantoso, of the Indonesian National Planning Board (BAPPENAS). Among our American colleagues, Dr. Wilbur Schramm, former director and distinguished researcher of the East-West Communication Institute, and Dr. Jack Lyle, director of the East-West Communication v Institute, made significant contributions. Dr. Lee Ruggels and Dr. Ronald Pyszka, both of the Stanford Research Institute, also provided assistance. Professor L. S. Harms of the University of Hawaii read the entire manuscript and made valuable suggestions. Dr. George Beal, of the East-West Communication Institute, read two of the chapters and gave helpful comments. Among those who gave generously of their time to aid in the data collection were Dr. Alwi Dahlan, Mr. F. Rachmadi, Dr. Parsudi Suparlan, Mr. Asnawi Murani, Mr. Rusydi Muchtar, Mr. Sugeng Supriyanto, Mr. Paulus Tangdilinting, Mr. Syarkawi Tjes, Mr. Suwardi Idris, Mrs. Atis Alfian, and Mrs. S. Budhisantoso. We also want to acknowledge the editorial assistance of Ms. Linley Chapman and Ms. Paula Durbin. Ms. Terry Schulze made final editorial decisions and supervised production. None of the funding institutions necessarily shares the views expressed in this report, which are entirely those of the contributing authors. Alfian Godwin C. Chu Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. April 1981 vi 1 Communication and Development— An Indonesian Experiment Alfian Godwin C. Chu Tauflk Abdullah Indonesia is at the crossroads of traditionalism and modernization. Its 13,677 islands constitute the largest archipelago in the world and have a total land area of about 735,000 square miles stretching across a territory some 3,200 miles from east to west and 1,100 miles from north to south. Indonesia is also the most populous country in Southeast Asia, with almost 140 million people of diverse cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Rich in natural resources, Indonesia was occupied by the Dutch for about 350 years until its independence in 1945. For the last 36 years, the country has been endeavoring to promote a national identity built upon its traditions and to improve the standard of living through various programs of modernization and development. Both objectives rely on popular support for their success. Cultural diversity and sheer size, however, present formidable obstacles. The situation is further compounded by a relatively low rate of literacy, currently estimated at 54 percent.1 In the early 1970s, the government of Indonesia was confronted by a problem of communication between Jakarta (the capital) and the rest of the country: the people needed to know the various development programs and the government wanted feedback. A major solution to this problem has been the Indonesian domestic communications satellite, known as Palapa I, which was inaugurated on 17 August 1976, in commemoration *of Indonesia's independence.2 Before deciding on this program, the Indonesian government had considered several other options.3 Repeater submarine cables were one alternative that might have provided the desired expansion of communication capability,