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Published by LGA Publications, the Local Government Association Local Government House, Smith Square, London SW1P 3HZ realising the potential of cultural services the case for tourism research briefing twelve point seven November 2001 The author This report has been written by Fred Coalter, Centre for Leisure Research at the University of Edinburgh Acknowledgements This project was jointly funded by: Arts Council of England Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management Chief Cultural and Leisure Officers Association Countryside Agency Department for Culture, Media and Sport Environment Agency Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management Institute of Sport and Recreation Management Local Government Association Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries Sport England West Midlands Chief Cultural and Leisure Officers Association And supported by: Business in Sport and Leisure Children’s Play Council English Tourism Council National Association of Local Government Arts Officers All rights reserved. Reproduction of this document is welcomed providing the copyright holders are acknowledged and the text is not edited. Copyright Local Government Association 2001 Published by LGA Publications, the Local Government Association Local Government House, Smith Square, London SW1P 3HZ. Tel. 020 7664 3000. Fax. 020 7664 3030 REALISING THE POTENTIAL: THE CASE FOR CULTURAL SERVICES - TOURISM CONTENTS .................................................................................................................i LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................................v Introduction......................................................................................................v Key findings.....................................................................................................v Tourism economy............................................................................. v The environment and sustainable tourism development .................vi Cultural tourism...............................................................................vi Social impacts..................................................................................vi Conclusions ....................................................................................................vii Reconciling micro and macro studies .............................................vii Evaluating tourism impacts............................................................vii Multipliers and additionality...........................................................vii Longitudinal studies........................................................................vii Sustainable tourism........................................................................viii Sustaining local services................................................................ viii 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 1.1 Definition of tourism..............................................................................1 Nature of available information...................................................... 1 1.2 Tourism and allied sectors.....................................................................1 1.3 Tourism volumes....................................................................................2 Domestic tourism and day trips....................................................... 2 Overseas tourism ............................................................................. 2 2 TOURISM IMPACTS.........................................................................................3 3 THE TOURISM ECONOMY.............................................................................3 3.1 World and European tourism economy.................................................3 3.2 UK tourism economy .............................................................................4 Self employment............................................................................... 4 3.3 Small and medium-sized tourism enterprises .......................................5 3.4 Rationales for local authority tourism services and policy..................5 Local policy and planning for tourism............................................. 6 Local spending on tourism............................................................... 6 3.5 Economic benefits of tourism................................................................6 3.6 Evaluations of visitor-based regeneration............................................7 i Garden festivals............................................................................... 7 ii 3.7 Tourism funding and leverage...............................................................8 Attracting funding............................................................................ 8 Flagship developments.................................................................... 8 Distribution of benefits.................................................................... 8 3.8 Tourism multipliers and spending volumes...........................................9 Timeshare....................................................................................... 10 Impact of capital spending............................................................. 10 3.9 Limitations of economic impact and multiplier studies ......................10 Narrow definition of impact .......................................................... 10 Additionality and displacement...................................................... 11 Lack of reliable data...................................................................... 11 3.10 A catalyst for public-private partnerships ..........................................11 Barcelona’s cruise terminal ........................................................... 11 3.11 Training - public-private partnerships and employment ....................12 London Hotels’ Training Centre.................................................... 12 Welcome Host Training.................................................................. 12 3.12 Women in employment ........................................................................12 3.13 Information and communication technology (ICT) and tourism........13 TourISt ........................................................................................... 14 3.14 Conclusions ..........................................................................................14 4 THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT..............................................................................................15 4.1 The need for a balanced approach to costs and benefits ...................15 4.2 Sustainability initiatives.......................................................................15 The International Hotels’s Environmental Initiative (IHEI).......... 16 Gleneagles Hotel............................................................................ 16 Green Audit Kit.............................................................................. 16 Greening Your Business ................................................................. 16 4.3 Sustaining the nation’s cultural heritage ............................................17 4.4 Sustaining craft industries...................................................................17 4.5 Tourism in the countryside ..................................................................18 Recognising benefits....................................................................... 19 4.6 Public transport and tourism................................................................19 4.7 Conclusions ..........................................................................................20 5 CULTURAL TOURISM ...................................................................................21 5.1 General benefits...................................................................................21 5.2 Specific benefits ...................................................................................22 Bradford Tourism Strategy............................................................ 23 5.3 Year of arts and culture .......................................................................23 5.4 Film tourism and literary trails............................................................23 5.5 English language teaching ...................................................................24 iii 5.6 Street markets .....................................................................................24 iv 5.7 Sports tourism......................................................................................24 Volume........................................................................................... 24 Major sporting events.................................................................... 25 Golf tourism................................................................................... 25 5.8 Activity holidays...................................................................................26 An introduction to activities .......................................................... 26 Cycling tourism.............................................................................. 26 5.9 Exhibition and conference tourism......................................................27 5.10 Conclusions ..........................................................................................27
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