Policy Review: CVSA Is a Valid Law Enforcement Tool
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Law Enforcement Executive FORUM The Impact of Emerging Science and Technology on Law Enforcement Agencies August 2002 Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board in cooperation with Western Illinois University Macomb, IL 61455 Senior Editor Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Editor Vladimir A. Sergevnin, PhD Associate Editors Steven Allendorf Sheriff, Jo Daviess County Barry Anderson, JD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Dennis Bowman Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Thomas Ellsworth Chair, Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Illinois State University Oliver Clark Chief of Police, University of Illinois Police Department Steven Cox, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University John Millner Chief of Police, Elmhurst Police Department Gene Scaramella, EdD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Editorial Production Curriculum Publications Clearinghouse, Macomb, Illinois Production Assistant Linda Brines The Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum is published five times a year by the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board’s Executive Institute. The journal is sponsored by Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois. Institutional Subscription: $40 Personal Subscription: $25 No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission of the publisher. Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2002 • 2(3) Disclaimer Reasonable effort has been made to make the articles herein accurate and consistent. Please address questions about individual articles to their respective author(s). Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2002 • 2(3) Table of Contents Editorial .............................................................................................................i Thomas J. Jurkanin DNA Forensic Analysis DNA Technology: Development, Applications and Potential, Current Reality .............................................................................................1 R.E. Gaensslen Forensic DNA Profiling – Beyond Identification ...................................13 Simon J. Walsh Claude Roux Alastair Ross Olivier Ribaux John S. Buckleton Technology and Training Hold Hands . Almost .................................23 Clydell Morgan Cyber-Crimes Law Enforcement Response to Computer Crimes – St. Louis Regional Response ....................................................................27 Detective Kenneth Nix Components of a Successful Forensic Computer Exam ........................35 Ron Weiss, Jr. Vision for Cyber-Crime Investigations ....................................................41 Allen E. Jones Cyber Child Sex Offender Typology ........................................................53 James F. McLaughlin Technophilia: A Modern Day Paraphilia .................................................61 James F. McLaughlin Steganography: New High-Tech Tool for the Perfect Cyber-Crime .......71 Mark Edmead Digital Imaging Applying Digital Imaging Technology to Domestic Violence and No-Drop Policies ........................................................................................75 Leigha Stroud Language and Voice Analyzing Language as Clue: Authorship Identification in an Electronic Society .......................................................................................83 Carole E. Chaski Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2002 • 2(3) Policy Review: CVSA Is a Valid Law Enforcement Tool ......................95 Hugh Wilson Ridelhuber Patrick Flood Emerging Technologies and Training Emerging Technologies and Law Enforcement Training: Building a Technology-Competent Police Force ................................101 Thomas J. Jurkanin Vladimir A. Sergevnin Internet-Based Distance Learning: Implications of Emerging Technologies for Public Safety Training .............................................109 Rob Miller Formal Training Is Only Part of the Solution .......................................121 Richard Pigeon Bang-Bang You’re Dead: A Case for Using Simulation in 911 Training ...............................................................................................125 Sue Pivetta Electronic and Video Surveillance Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) .........129 Michael P. Clifford Surveillance Videos ...................................................................................137 Jack Jacobia Courts Making Technology Work for the State Courts ....................................143 Hugh Collins Robert Wessels Tom Henderson Expert Testimony Seeing Is Believing - Exhibits from the Perspective of the Forensic Document Examiner ................................................................151 Emily J. Will Strategic Planning and Technology Viewing Technology as an Obstacle to Law Enforcement Strategic Planning ....................................................................................159 Michael A. Blazek Chemical Analysis Liquid Phase Chemiluminescence: Potential for Forensic Analysis ......................................................................................................167 Simon W. Lewis Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2002 • 2(3) Anthrax Insider Diversion: Profiling the Anthrax Attacks ................................181 Paul De Armond Police Tactical Models A Tactical Model for High-Risk Warrant Service .................................189 Homer C. Hawkins Catherine L. Montsinger Materials/publications are available through the Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Institute. Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2002 • 2(3) Editorial Technological innovation has dramatically impacted police operations and methods used to combat crime. DNA, digital imaging, and electronic and video surveillance have improved the capacity of police, while cyber and electronic crime have offered new challenges. It is critical that law enforcement continues to assess how new science and technology might be employed within the work environment to enhance and promote public safety. Employment of technology is expensive and demands proper training for agency personnel. The majority of law enforcement agencies in the United States are small and often lack the financial resources necessary to employ the latest technology. Sharing of technological resources among a number of agencies is a viable alternative. This edition of the Forum focuses on crime and technology. The authors of this edition provide thought, expertise, and guidance useful in understanding the application potential of new and emerging technologies. Technological change is occurring at an ever-increasing rate, and it is our hope that this edition provides the law enforcement administrator with a broad-based understanding of technology application and potential. Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Executive Director Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2002 • 2(3) i ii Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2002 • 2(3) DNA Technology: Development, Applications and Potential, Current Reality R. E. Gaensslen, PhD Professor; Director of Graduate Studies; Head of Forensic Science Program University of Illinois at Chicago Forensic Science – Forensic Biology We should look at DNA technology in the overall context of forensic sciences. Often defined as the “application of natural sciences to matters of law,” forensic science includes medicine, dentistry, toxicology, physical anthropology, psychiatry, questioned documents, firearms, tool marks, fingerprints, engineering, criminalistics, and some other subspecialties. “Criminalistics” can be thought of as encompassing the activities that go on in a modern forensic science laboratory. Generally, this means the scientific analysis and evaluation of physical evidence. Full-service forensic science laboratories usually provide analyses in the areas of chemistry (drug identification), toxicology, pattern evidence (firearms and tool mark identification, fingerprints, documents), trace evidence (glass, soil, paint, gunshot residue, etc.) and forensic biology. Forensic biology is the subject of this article. It has always been the objective of forensic scientists to identify, then to individualize biological evidence like blood and semen. Identification tests are still part of the examination. That is, the analyst uses various tests to identify that a specimen is blood, semen, saliva, and so on. These tests are commonly done in connection with a thorough search of the evidence. The location of biological evidence on clothing or other items is not always obvious, and locating and identifying biological stains and traces on evidentiary items comprises the initial part of any forensic examination. The next part is to try to “individualize” the specimen. Strictly speaking, individualization means being able to say something like “This bloodstain represents the blood of John Smith, and no one else,” or “The semen found on the vaginal swab in this case can only be from John Jones and no one else.” Individualization in that strict sense has never been achieved, but DNA typing comes close. Before DNA typing, forensic scientists used blood types and other blood and physiological fluid components to help narrow down the pool of possible depositors, but even in the best circumstances, there were still many possible sources of the evidence. The only “individualizing”