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Hrvatski Otoci – Uvid U Prometno- Geografske Značajke Dostupnosti Croatian Islands

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Hrvatski Otoci – Uvid U Prometno- Geografske Značajke Dostupnosti Croatian Islands HRVATSKI OTOCI – UVID U PROMETNO- GEOGRAFSKE ZNAČAJKE DOSTUPNOSTI CROATIAN ISLANDS - INSIGHT INTO THE TRAFFIC-GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF ACCESSIBILITY VENI MARINKOVIĆ Cluster za eko-društvene inovacije i razvoj CEDRA Split, Ruđera Boškovića 20, 21 000 Split / Cluster for Eco-Social Innovation and Development CEDRA Split, e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.15291/geoadria.2829 UDK: 911.3:656>(497.5)(210.7)=163.42=111 Prethodno priopćenje / Preliminary communication Primljeno / Received: 20-8-2018 Dostupnost otoka, kao specifičnih prostornih cjelina okruženih sa svih strana morem, neizostavni je preduvjet za njihovu fizičku i funkcionalnu integraciju s kopnom. U radu se postavlja koncept dostupnosti otočnog prostora Hrvatske te se kvantitativno i kvalitativno analiziraju glavne odrednice: prometna povezanost, trajanje putovanja, vremenska dostupnost, tip prometne linije te prilagođenost rasporeda plovidbe otočnim potrebama, za čiji je izračun korišten postojeći ras- pored plovidbe za 2018. godine. Rezultati pokazuju zonalnu distribuciju skupina otoka s obzirom na razmatranu vremensku dostupnost, kao i nepovoljnije kvan- titativne i kvalitativne pokazatelje dostupnosti kod površinski i populacijski ma- njih, te od kopna udaljenijih otoka. Ključne riječi: dostupnost, hrvatski otoci, inzularnost, prometna povezanost, udaljenost Traffic connectivity, and thus the accessibility of islands as specific spatial units surrounded on all sides by the sea, is an indispensable precondition to their physical and functional integration with the mainland. The paper presents the accessibility concept of the Croatian insular area and it also quantitatively and qualitatively analyses the main determinants: traffic connectivity, travel time, time dependent accessibility, type of traffic lines and the adaptation of sailing schedules to the islands population needs, for whose calculation the 2018 sailing schedule was used. The results show zonal distribution of the islands according to the time dependent accessibility, as well as more unfavorable quantitative and qualitative indicators for the islands with reduced area and population and which are more distant from the mainland. KEY WORDS: accessibility, Croatian islands, insularity, traffic connectivity, distance 177 23/2 (2018) 177-205 V. Marinković UVOD INTRODUCTION Otoci su kopnene cjeline sa svih strana okružene The islands are areas of land surrounded on all morem te odvojene od matičnoga kopna, stoga je sides by sea, and also separated from the mainland, njihovo prometno povezivanje važno radi ostvari- so their traffic connectivity is of vital importance vanja redovne komunikacije, razmjene robe, cirku- from the point of view of regular communication, lacije stanovnika s otoka na kopno i obrnuto, kao i exchange of goods, circulation from islands to the zadovoljavanja potreba otočnog stanovništva funk- mainland and vice versa, as well as providing ser- cijama koje nisu dostupne na otocima. Prometno vices which are otherwise not available. Altogeth- povezivanje omogućuje funkcionalnu i fizičku in- er, the traffic connectivity enables functional and tegriranost otočnog prostora s kopnom, stvarajući physical integration of an island with the main- uvjete nužne za poboljšanje kvalitete življenja na land, as well as it creates necessary conditions for otocima, kao jednim od osnovnih načela otočne te improving quality of life on islands, as one of the regionalne razvojne politike Republike Hrvatske. basic principles of the island and overall regional S. Podgorelec i S. Klempić Bogadi (2013.) ističu development policy of the Republic of Croatia S. kako je prometna povezanost temeljni čimbenik Podgorelec and S. Klempić Bogadi (2013) point koji omogućuje dnevnu cirkulaciju otočana radi out that traffic connectivity is a fundamental factor posla i školovanja na kopnu, ali i dostupnost ra- that enables daily circulation of islanders for work znim oblicima zdravstvene zaštite, trgovinama, and education on the mainland, but also access to drugim uslugama i funkcijama. U slučaju da otoci health care, shops, other services and lacking func- nisu premošteni zbog fizičke odvojenosti od kopna tions on the islands, and because of physical sepa- morem otočani su orijentirani na brod kao osnov- ration by the sea, islanders are oriented to the ship no prijevozno sredstvo. U natuknicama za izradu as a basic means of transport, in case the islands programa revitalizacije V. Skračić (1994., 492) are not bridged. In the notes for the revitalization važnost prometne povezanosti otoka za njihov program draft V. Skračić (1994, 492) emphasised demografski opstanak i razvoj ističe riječima: „Po- the importance of traffic connectivity of islands misao da nepostojanje dobrih veza s obalom može for their demographic survival and development zadržati ljude na otocima, potpuno je apsurdna. saying that: “The idea that the lack of good traffic Izravna posljedica takvoga stava jest odlazak bez connections to the mainland can keep people on povratka.“ the islands is completely absurd. The direct conse- Općenito se otoci i otočne regije smatraju slabije quence of such a view is an exodus without return”. dostupnim prostorima te specifičnim predmetnim Generally speaking, islands and island regions interesima u odnosu na kopnene i urbane pro- are considered to be less accessible areas and with store (Spilanis i dr., 2012.). Prostorne i istraži- specific interests in relation to the mainland and vačke specifičnosti otoka, poglavito proučavanje urban regions (Spilanis et al., 2012). The spa- dostupnosti, proizlaze prije svega iz inherentnog tial and researching specificities of islands and the otočnog obilježja inzularnosti, kao posljedice fi- study of accessibility in particular, are primarily re- zičko-geografske odvojenosti morem od kopna, te sulting from the inherent islands characteristics of značajki malih veličina što se tiče površine, popu- insularity, as a consequence of physical-geograph- lacije i obujma privrednih aktivnosti (Karampela i ical separation from the mainland by the sea, and dr., 2014.). Također, rubni ili periferni geografski also small size characteristics in terms of surface, položaj europskih i hrvatskih otoka i otočnih re- population and economic activities (Karampela gija u odnosu na kopno dodatno potencira oteža- et al., 2014). Moreover, the marginal or periph- nu dostupnost i povezivanje, pa tako i istaknutiju eral geographical position of European and Cro- prometnu marginaliziranost. Analizirajući dostu- atian islands and island regions in relation to the pnost centralnim i funkcionalno jače opremlje- mainland, contributes to their difficult access and nim naseljima, A. Lukić (2012.) je pokazao kako connectivity, and results in more prominent traffic je upravo najmanji broj otočnih naselja dostupan marginalization. Analysing the accessibility of cen- 178 V. Marinković 23/2 (2018) 177-205 gravitirajućem područnom centru unutar trideset tral and functionally more equipped settlements, minuta vremenske udaljenosti, što upućuje na ne- A. Lukić (2012) showed that the least number of povoljniji prometni položaj i otežanu dostupnost island settlements is available within a 30-minutes otočnih naselja u odnosu na kopnena. Složenosti distance to the gravitational centers, which shows proučavanju prometne dostupnosti hrvatskih oto- the unfavourable traffic position and difficult- ac ka dodatno pridonose prostorna rascjepkanost, cessibility of island settlements in relation to those disperziranost i brojnost otoka, kao i činjenica po- on the mainland. Spatial fragmentation, disper- stojanja premoštenih otoka čime takvi otoci u pro- sion and the number of islands also contribute to metnom smislu gube temeljno inzularno obilježje the complexity of studying the accessibility of Cro- fizičke diskontinuiranosti u odnosu na kopno, te atian islands, as well as the fact of the existence of također otoka međusobno povezanih u jedinstveni bridged islands, thus causing those islands to lose prometno-cestovni sustav koji ostvaruju višestru- fundamental feature of physical discontinuity re- ku povezanost s kopnom, time i bolju dostupnost. garding traffic as compared to the mainland, and Postojanje otoka čija se prometna povezanost s ko- also the islands interconnected into a single traf- pnom ostvaruje posredno, preko susjednih otoka, fic-road system which have multiple connections utječe na metodološko poimanje ukupnog traja- to the mainland, which enables better accessibility. nja putovanja do kopna, kao i sagledavanje mo- The existence of islands whose traffic connections gućnosti ostvarivanja kontinuiranog putovanja are indirectly realized through the neighboring is- kod takvih otoka. S druge strane, prometne veze lands affects the methodological perception of to- znatno se razlikuju od otoka do otoka prema tipu, tal travel time to the mainland, the possibility of kapacitetu, mogućnosti prijevoza vozila i tereta, continuous travel on such islands. On the other starosti flote, cijeni prijevoza i drugim značajka- hand, traffic connections of Croatian islands differ ma, a dodatan čimbenik mogućnosti obavljanja significantly from island to island by type, capaci- prometne povezanosti s kopnom i njegove efika- ty, possibility of car and cargo transportation, fleet snosti s aspekta otočana su ovisnost o vremenskim age, travel costs, etc. In addition, dependence on uvjetima na moru te raspored plovidbe. Zbog toga sea conditions and sailing schedule also influence otočnu dostupnost nije moguće jednoznačno ana- traffic connections
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