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SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY DEMONSTRATION ZONES IN THE DALMATIAN REGION

Branimir Hrastnik, Lászlo Horváth and Dorijan Rajkoviæ Energy Institute “Hrvoje Požar”, Vukovarska 37, 10000 Zagreb, Tel: +385 1 632 2598, Fax: +385 1 611 8401, E-mail: [email protected]

Bernard Frankoviæ Faculty of Engineering - University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Tel: +385 51 651 401, Fax: +385 51 675 818, E-mail: [email protected]

Ljubomir Mišèeviæ Faculty of Architecture – University of Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tel: +385 1 456 1222, Fax: +385 1 482 8079, E-mail: [email protected]

Ranko Vujèiæ Split-Dalmatian County, Domovinskog rata 2, 21000 Split, Croatia Tel: + 385 21 300 037, Fax: +385 21 300 085, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - The energy consumption in the Dalmatian region was estimated for residential and public sector, , commercial sector and industry. The national energy programs for use of the solar (SUNEN) and wind energy (ENWIND) in Croatia assessed the solar and wind energy potential respectively. Fossil fuel and electricity consumption in the region, which is mostly used in households for the preparing of hot water and space heating, could be economically substituted by solar and wind energy. The situation is most promising for Adriatic islands, where solar thermal collectors, PV modules and wind generators could substitute conventional energy sources in satisfying the present thermal and electric demand. Dalmatian islands, characterized by small density of energy consumption, are proposed as unique candidates in Europe for the nomination as renewable zones, which could demonstrate the full potential of the renewable energy option. As a practical demonstration, the Island of and the planned tourist village and yacht marina in the bay of “Jurjeva luka” are proposed as a first solar and wind demonstration project on the islands. Technical, economic, legal and institutional barriers, as well as shortages in financing the project identification process produced hereto an adverse environment for solar and wind applications in Croatia. This paper is an initiative to eliminate the barriers and intensify the solar energy use in Croatia providing the clean environment and activation of indigenous energy resources in the region.

1. INTRODUCTION economy. The tourist attractiveness of the Adriatic coast and islands originates from the characteristics of the physical “Do not sleep, o islands of ours, beautiful gardens floating environment and the combination of social and cultural within the sea” image of the Mediterranean region as the “cradle of Antun Mihanoviæ, Croatian poet, 1858 civilizations”. The combination of these factors together with The geographical position, , weather conditions its geographical accessibility makes it a popular tourist and mild climate make all seven littoral provinces in Croatia destination. Low tidal amplitudes facilitate the development best suitable for the use of solar and wind energy. In of seaside resorts and enable also cruise ships to reach any particular the Adriatic islands have the highest insolation coastal and island location. level of 2300-2800 sunshine hours per year. Islands are best Islands are natural ecological resources of healthy potential candidates for economic use of solar energy in agricultural production, of early vegetables (also in counter Croatia. (see Fig.1). Croatia has 718 islands, peninsula season), fruits, grapes and olives and of uncontaminated Pelješac and 389 cliffs and 78 reefs. The total territory of seafood and sea salt. Islands are ideal for bee farming due to islands is 3,113 km2. There are 15 large (area > 30 km2) abundant habitats of aromatic and medicinal (lavender, permanently settled “carrier” islands, 28 middle and smaller rosemary, marjoram, sage, etc.) herbs. Also islands with their (area 1-30 km2) “escort” also populated islands, and 33 larger meager and healing vegetation are ideal for sheep farming (1-15 km2) still unpopulated islands. and goat-breeding with a unique taste and quality of their meat. 1.1 The appeal of the Adriatic coast and islands Among all traditional activities, well known is both - The coastal areas and islands, outside urban areas of larger and olive oil productions. It has world-known geographical cities along the coast, are rather sparsely populated. This area origin and quality of natural products. with mostly rural characteristics, Mediterranean climate, For more than fifty years, coastal and island destinations look untouched nature and clean maritime zone is the virgin after tourism and supporting services. The present tourist environment unique in Europe. The region is the best place accommodation capacities are 137,500 and 37,900 beds in for holidays, leisure, recreation, sport, medical treatments and coastal and island hotels, respectively. There are also motor- many other activities, like culture, arts and art design. The camp capacities for 208,000 and 60,900 persons in coastal region offers potentially excellent opportunities in tourism and island destinations, respectively. In addition, many local and supporting services, but also in other branches of inhabitants and residents of larger coastal and continental cities have their spacious weekend houses and comfortable The coastal area and islands are quite unsuitable for mass apartments for holidays and leisure. They offer private industrial manufacturing, energy production and incineration accommodation in 20,000 and 14,000 apartments along the plants, which could result in adverse liquid and/or gas coast and on islands for tourists, respectively. Many of those effluents, or solid wastes (Hrastnik 1999). The aim of this capacities offer their rooms for board from May to October. paper is to show the potential, that indigenous energy sources Residential and public buildings, hotels, tourist villages, like solar-, wind- and small (wind-pumped) hydro-energy restaurants and other business sectors need heat, cold and plants could by 100% cover (at least) the expected growth of electric energy. We expect that energy consumption could island’s energy consumption in the 21st century. The solar grow by 7.5% per year, which means that energy demand in and wind (primary) energy sources are microeconomically the region will be doubled by 2010. competitive by the local climatic conditions.

AD RI AT IC S EA

Fig. 1 - Geographical position and solar insolation in Croatia in (h/a)

and social problems. On the other side, developing Adriatic 1.2 Development opportunities of the region islands is not a problem of Croatia alone. In the near future Higher energy and transportation costs for goods and people, Croatia will be also a part of Europe. The development of the time-consuming and mostly quite insufficient daily region and thereof long-term business opportunities represent connections with main land and particularly with other challenges for many existing European interdisciplinary islands, lesser job opportunities, education difficulties, teams of today. poorer medical care, long distance from urban cultural and art centers and lesser entertainment opportunities make 1.3 Bilateral and multilateral co-operation opportunities islands at the very start less competitive to the coastal and Most of the islands need high qualified consulting experts in hinterland regions in the country. During the last fifty years building, solar and wind energy technologies, water-supply, most young people emigrated from the islands. The proper agriculture, manufacturing capacities, computer software, usage of natural and most of renewable resources, is an telecommunication, transport logistics, waste-management, answer how to motivate young people to return and stay on fire-protection, and many others. The potential island’s GDP islands. Fast local sea transport, global telecommunication could be by a factor of ten higher, if bilateral and multilateral and diverse (also expert) job opportunities, will be the international cooperation could bring the necessary expert strongest motivation. Also the island’s development policy teams together, who are familiar with new technologies and must change. Policy towards islands must not be created in new ideas. Croatia has neither enough experts nor available the regional densely populated coastal cities, which year after funds to do it alone in the next 10-20 years, which appears as year need bigger budgets as to solve their acute urban needs large disadvantage both for and the whole Europe. 1.4 Sustainable infrastructure Islands’ industry The islands’ infrastructure, which is bearing much Only 262 TJ/a is an industrial energy consumption on resemblance to the coastal, continental or urban one, can not islands, where 39% is covered by electricity and 61% is be made sustainable. The problems of water- and energy covered by heating oil and LPG. The rough estimates of supply, means and routes of transportation, goods energy consumption by industrial branches are shown in distribution infrastructure (storehouses, cold storage Table 3. capacities, fleets of transport boats and vehicles, ships for Tourism and catering special purposes, ...), waste treatment systems and others, The energy consumption in tourism and catering of 322 TJ/a, must be adopted in a unique way to adapt on islands’ local where most energy is used for space heating and preparing of conditions and categories of geographical, climatic, social, HW. Electricity (71%) and heating oil (29%) practically economy, education and other needs. A proper design of cover the energy demand. The details are shown in Table 4. infrastructure is the starting point of every technically feasible and economically viable development and Table 2 Final energy consumption in all island households implementation plan. To work off this task properly, international teams of experts again will be necessary. Purpose elect. heat LPG wood Totals energy oil TJ/a 2. POPULATION Heating 380.6 122.9 170.5 963.3 1638.3 -SH 154.6 122.9 7.9 888.0 1173.4 2.1 Population and households in Littoral provinces -HW 146.7 15.9 162.5 The total population of seven littoral (Adriatic) counties is -cooking 79.3 162.5 59.5 301.3 1.58 millions, who live in 501,000 households. (See Fig.2). Cooling 7.9 7.9 2.2 Population and households of the islands light&apl. 325.1 325.1 The islands’ population of 126,025 lives in 39,643 TJ/a 713.6 122.9 170.5 963.3 1970.3 households. The islands’ households are in average rather old Fraction: 36.2% 6.2% 8.7% 48.9% 100% and small (3.2 persons per household). The population Table 3 Final energy consumption in island’s industry density is quite low, in average on islands live 40 persons per square kilometer. Industry electric heating LPG Totals 3. THE ISLANDS’ ENERGY CONSUMPTION energy oil TJ/a Textile 12.8 17.8 1.4 32.0 3.1 Consumption structure Shipbuilding 44.0 1.0 5.0 50.0 The characteristics of the island’s energy consumption in Food & beverage 24.3 72.8 0.0 97.0 households (70% of total consumption) are high fractions of Chemical 4.5 2.2 0.0 6.7 wood and electricity use. The most of electricity in Stone works 14.9 27.6 0.0 42.5 households is used in preparation of hot water (HW) and for Salt works 7.9 23.9 0.0 31.8 space heating (SH). Final energy consumption in an average Other works 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.7 island household is presented in Table 1. TJ/a: 102.7 151.9 7.1 261.7 Table 1 Energy consumption of an average island’s household Fractions: 39.2% 58.1% 2.7% 100% Purpose electric heating LPG wood Totals Table 4 Final energy consumption in island’s tourism energy oil GJ/a Tourism electric heating LPG Totals Heating 9.6 3.1 4.3 24.3 41.3 energy oil TJ -SH 3.9 3.1 0.2 22.4 29.6 Heating 200.8 92.3 1.8 295.0 -HW 3.7 0.4 4.1 -SH 70.8 47.2 118.0 -cooking 2.0 4.1 1.5 7.6 -HW 77.0 8.6 85.6 Cooling 0.2 0.2 -cooking 53.0 36.6 1.8 91.5 light&apl. 8.2 8.2 Cooling 7.1 7.1 GJ/a 18.0 3.1 4.3 24.3 49.7 light&aplian. 20.1 20.1 Fractions: 36.2% 6.2% 8.7% 48.9% 100% TJ/a 228.0 92.3 1.8 322.2 Fractions: 70.7% 28.7% 0.6% 100% Energy consumption in consumption sectors like households, industry, tourism, commercial services, and agriculture, as Commercial services and premises listed by consumed energy carriers is shown in Tables 2-7. In commercial services (tourism excluded) 79.3% of the energy consumption (61 TJ/a) is covered by electric energy. Island households The heating oil covers the remaining 21% of energy Croatian islands have in total 39,643 households; their final consumption. For more details see Table 5. energy consumption is shown in Table 2. Nearly 50% of the final energy consumption in the islands’ Island agriculture households of 1970 TJ/a is presently covered by wood. More The energy consumption in island’s agriculture is small. The than one third of energy consumption (mostly for heat estimated consumption was 21.9 TJ/a. One quarter of it is purposes) is supplied by electricity (0.2 TW h). covered by electricity and the other three quarters are divided e among heating oil, wood and LPG. (See Table 6). Discription Population Households (in 000) (in 000) The Republic of Croatia 4,784 1,544 II I The Littoral provinces 1,579 501 I. County of 204 71 II. County of Prim.-Gorski kotar 323 115 III. County of Lika-Senj 85 29 IV. County of 215 60 4 III V. County of Šibenik-Knin 152 47 VI. County of Split- 474 140 VII. County of Dubrovnik-Neretva 126 39 3 8 Total area of islands (km2): 3,113 IV Total population of islands: 126,025 No. of island households: 39,643 9 11 V 10

Kvarner Population Area 31 2 Islands km VI 1 16,402 405.8 2 9,205 90.8 3 Lošinj 8,346 74.7 32 4 3,238 404.3 36 5 188 3.8 33 6 145 5.9 34 7 81 16.9 40 Totals: 37,605 1,002.2 VII North Dalm. Population Area 42 41 2 Islands km 8 7,969 285.0 9 7,583 50.2 10 Pašman 3,349 63.3 Middle Dalm. Population Area 2 11 2,873 114.4 Islands km 12 860 22.4 25 5,092 18.6 13 714 25.6 26 2,513 0.4 14 Iž 657 17.6 27 Prviæ 544 2.4 15 237 9.7 28 359 8.2 16 236 3.7 29 Žirje 160 15.4 17 222 22.7 30 130 7.0 South Dalm. Population Area 18 221 15.4 31 3 32.6 km2 19 123 15.0 32 Braè 13,824 394.6 Islands 20 120 3.6 33 11,450 295.7 40 Korèula 17,038 276.0 21 73 6.3 34 4,338 88.3 41 1,237 100.4 22 59 4.5 35 Èiovo 2,529 28.8 42 Lastovo 1,205 46.9 23 20 4.4 36 Šolta 1,448 58.2 43 Šipan 500 16.5 24 Škarda 0 4.2 37 145 12.1 44 348 4.6 Totals: 25,316 668.0 38 56 3.3 45 Koloèep 148 2.4 39 Biševo 14 5.3 46 Glavat 9 0.3 Totals: 42,605 970.8 47 Palagruža 7 20.0 48 Sušac 7 4.6 Totals: 20,499 471.7

Fig. 2 – Geographical and residental data for Adriatic islands Table 5 Final energy consumption in commercial services which can be exploited under present or future economic circumstances using existing or modified current Commercial electric heating LPG Totals technologies. The economy potential of (seven) littoral services energy oil TJ/a provinces of 22 PJ/a has been estimated. Heating 40.5 12.6 0.0 53.1 -SH 37.9 12.6 0.0 50.5 Table 8. Global solar radiation on South-facing surfaces -HW 2.7 0.0 0.0 2.7 Global solar radiation in MJ/m2d Cooling 3.8 3.8 Littoral average Split Lastovo light&apliances 4.1 4.1 Month 0° 45° 45° 45° TJ/a 48.4 12.6 0.0 61.0 Jan 5.9 11.8 12.6 14.5 Fractions: 79.3% 20.7% 0.0% 100% Feb 8.6 13.9 14.9 17.1 Table 6 Final energy consumption in island’s agriculture Mar 12.7 16.5 17.8 20.4 Apr 16.3 17.0 18.3 20.9 Agricul- electric heat LPG wood Totals May 19.7 17.8 19.1 21.9 ture energy oil TJ/a Jun 22.0 18.7 20.1 23.0 Greenhouse 1.8 3.9 1.2 6.9 Jul 22.9 20.0 21.5 24.6 Driers 1.2 1.1 2.3 Aug 20.4 20.2 21.7 24.9 Live-stock 1.1 1.7 1.6 4.4 Sep 16.0 19.5 21.0 24.0 Other 1.0 3.0 1.9 2.4 8.3 Oct 11.4 18.0 19.3 22.1 TJ/a 5.1 8.6 1.9 6.3 21.9 Nov 6.4 12.0 12.9 14.7 Fractions: 23% 39% 9% 29% 100% Dec 4.9 10.1 10.8 12.4 Year 13.9 16.3 17.5 20.0 In the summary energy use by sectors and energy supply by carriers are shown in Table 7. The exploitable renewable energy potential in littoral Table 7 Final energy use by sectors and energy supply carriers provinces consisting of solar energy (well above 120 PJ), Island electric heating LPG wood Totals wind energy (3.6 PJ) and already installed hydroelectric Consumer energy oil TJ/a power of 1,641 MWel substantially prevail the present energy Households 713.6 122.9 170.5 963.3 1970.3 demand in the Adriatic region. These facts are even more Tourism 228.0 92.3 1.8 322.2 valid for Dalmatian islands with high solar (19 PJ) and wind Commercial 48.4 12.6 0.0 61.0 energy potential (1.6 PJ) on one side, and rather low (rural) Industry 102.7 151.9 7.1 261.7 energy consumption on the other side. Islands like Hvar, Vis, Agriculture 5.1 8.6 1.9 6.2 21.8 Korèula or Lastovo have more than 2,700 solar hours per year. For the illustration, the field of solar collectors having TJ/a 1097.8 388.3 181.3 969.5 2637.0 an area of the football stadium, located on the one of those Fractions: 41.6% 14.7% 6.9% 36.8% 100% islands, would produce in energy transformation 45 TJ/a of 3.2 The final energy consumption per capita and unit area final thermal energy, of which is 20 TJ/a the useful (end-use) The final islands energy consumption per capita is in average energy. The total final energy demand of littoral provinces 20.9 GJ (5.8 MWh). with a population of 1.6 millions is roughly 50 PJ, where The final energy consumption per unit area is in average final energy of 30 PJ is used to cover the low temperature 847.1 GJ/km2(235.3 MWh/km2). thermal demand. Most of this distributed demand is used for hot water preparation and space heating, which are covered 4. SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL by heating oil and electricity. Over 95% of energy used in preparing HW is electricity. In rural areas most space heating 5.1 The solar energy potential is covered by wood. Using last generation of flat plate The assessment of the solar energy potential in Croatia is a selective solar collectors on the mass scale, the distributed result of the national Solar Energy Program SUNEN energy demand could be supplied from solar collector fields (Hrastnik et.al. 1998). Global solar radiation on South-facing with an area, which corresponds to 800 football stadiums horizontal and 45° tilted surface for littoral provinces, Split (collector area of 6 million square meters). It literally means and Lastovo, are shown in Table 8. that solar collector fields of total area which is only 0.25 per The total energy available from the solar radiation, which is mille of littoral territory, or 2 per mille of the islands’ the natural potential within the seven littoral provinces of territory, could by 100% satisfy the low temperature thermal 2 area of 24,696 km is over 125,600 PJ/a. The technical demand in the Adriatic region. potential is a fraction of the natural potential, which depends on the physical availability of the land and on the efficiency As a conclusion many small hybrid plants for district heating of the technologies used to collect and convert solar energy and power supply, using solar, wind and hydro power into other useful forms of heat, cold, electricity, power or including reversible wind-pumped power plants, could by light. The littoral technical potential was assessed well over 100% substitute the energy demand, which is at present 1,200 PJ/a. The assessment of the littoral economy potential dominately (60 %) covered by the fossil fuels. As a practical involves assessments of diverse resources; it is defined as example and illustration, more than 0.5 TWh/a of electric that part of the technically available energy or power harvest, energy, which is presently used for preparing hot water in littoral provinces, could be immediately substituted by the solar energy from flat plate collectors and absorbers. In the winter to summer wind speed ratio in the Dubrovnik-Neretva same way, at least 1.5 TJ/a of final energy presently used for County to 50% higher wind speed ratio for other six northern space heating could be substituted by solar energy. counties. Evaluating the prospects of different macro locations, beside the wind speed, also spatial, environmental, The potential for photovoltaic installations is also enormous economic and technical criteria were applied. The in the region. In the region prevail rural areas, particularly on preliminary results of coastal and island wind potential shows islands. For isolated users and smaller settlements the price that 200-400 MW wind power could be installed with total for the grid-connection is rather high and money could be energy production of 0.5 - 1 TWh/a. The present activities of better used for investments in distributed (decentralized) off- the Croatian Wind Energy Program (ENWIND) concentrate grid PV-roof systems. For most isolated users, PV-power on a few micro location wind measurements in preparing the installations will be needed in the range of 1-20 kW . The p demonstrational and commercial wind energy plants. total interest of potential users at the time is estimated to 2.5 MWp. The expectations are that Croatian PV-market could Table 9. Wind macro locations categorized in three classes grow in next ten years by 20% per year. Site SITE NAME Local name av. wind The overall building activity in the coastal regions is a best IDN speed, m/s demonstration of a totally obsolete practice. Most of the 89 DUBROVNIK 3 Mravinjac 6,9 presently built houses are based on old habits, sloppy work 51 DOVANJ 1 Dovanj 6,8 and traditional out of time materials and technologies. Most 77 KORÈULA 3 Klupca 7,0 of such buildings still need more than 150 kWh/m2a for 65 VIS 3 Široko brdo 7,3 heating and cooling. The spatial and architectural planning of 81 PELJEŠAC 3 Mokalo 7,0 new residential and tourist settlements as a rule turn no 48 KAŠTELA 1 Kozjak 6,5 attention to the passive use of solar energy, which together 84 PELJEŠAC 6 Vitar 6,8 with new materials and technologies could result in energy 88 DUBROVNIK 2 Èepikuæe 6,6 consumption under 150 MJ/m2a (Mišèeviæ 1993 and 1995). 80 PELJEŠAC 2 Æuæin 7,0 There are again many opportunities for well qualified 68 LASTOVO 2 Hum 6,8 European building companies, which should enter in the 76 KORÈULA 2 Kom 6,5 region as soon as practically achievable. 75 KORÈULA 1 Blato 6,5 85 PELJEŠAC 7 Rote 6,7 5.2 The wind energy potential 79 PELJEŠAC 1 Supetar 6,6 The wind energy potential was analyzed for all seven littoral 50 MOSOR 2 Kostanje 6,5 provinces. It included coastal regions, their hinterland and 86 MLJET 1 Veli grad 6,5 Adriatic islands (Horváth 2000). In respect to land 78 KORÈULA 4 Blaca 6,4 occupancy, spatial availability and environmental impact 66 VIS 4 Hum 6,5 potential macro locations for wind energy applications were 87 DUBROVNIK 1 Ošlje 6,3 selected. In total 29 macro locations ranging from few sq. 67 LASTOVO 1 Poljanica 6,5 kilometers and up to some dozen sq. kilometers were 42 ZAGORA 1 Botiæi 6,3 selected. (See Table 9 and Fig. 3) 74 NERETVA 3 Bijeli vir 6,4 Space interpolation and extrapolation of measured wind data 82 PELJEŠAC 4 Nakovanj 6,4 provided wind speed maps by use of computer simulation 73 NERETVA 2 Slivno-Ravno 6,4 program (WasP) (Bajiæ, Vuèetiæ and Cividini 1998). For the 83 PELJEŠAC 5 Duba 6,4 County of Istria and Primorje-Gorski kotar (incl. Kvarner 44 ZAGORA 3 Botiæi 6,1 islands) at 25 m above the ground level, the most frequent 27 PAG 2 5,6 mean annual wind speed and power are between 4-5 m/s and 2 29 PAG 4 Dinjiška 5,5 250-350 W/m , respectively. The maximum mean wind speed 28 PAG 3 Sveti Ivan 5,5 of 7-8 m/s and wind power from 500-3,200 W/m2 are available. In Counties of Lika-Senj, Zadar and Šibenik-Knin 5. BARRIERS TO MARKET PENETRATION the most frequent coastal and islands’ mean annual wind speeds are in the range of 4.5-6.5 m/s and wind power from Use of renewable energy technologies is slowed-down by 350-700 W/m2. The characteristics of gusty wind “bura” obstacles and barriers, which impose quite significant strongly influence the wind resource pattern of the region. restrictions to action plans and they must be taken into Maximum mean wind speeds on the most exposed sites reach account in every realistic planning process. They are various 7-11 m/s, corresponding to the mean wind power of 600- by nature (Hrastnik 1998): 4700 W/m2. In County of Split-Dalmatia wind characteristics Administrative are similar to those in Istria and Primorje-Gorski kotar. In - lacking legal, regulatory and legislative documents Dubrovnik-Neretva County (Korèula, Lastovo, Vis, Mljet, - lacking funds for financing program studies Pelješac and Dubrovnik with hinterland) the most frequent - lacking measures for program realisation mean annual wind speed and mean power are between 6-7.5 Institutional m/s and 400-900 W/m2, respectively. The maximum wind - lacking professional organisations velocities of 8-11 m/s and wind power from 900-2,500 W/m2 - lacking suppliers with specialised services are available on isolated high mountain sites. The seasonal - lacking support of governmental institutions wind speed variations are rather large from 30% higher Fig. 3 – Suitable (29) macrolocations for wind energy farms in the region as selected by the multicriterial ranking process Technical many cases stand alone systems based on renewable sources. - lacking professional knowledge and human resources The majority of islands posses abundant natural resources, - lacking technical and measuring equipment such as wind and sun, which as primary energy resources can - lacking technical procedures, standards, guidelines be transformed to the useful energies like heat, cold and Economic electricity. Many Adriatic islands could be made self-reliant - No realistic competitiveness of renewable energy by use of available solar and wind energy potential, in some technology (RET) without price internalisation policy cases also by use of wind-pumped hydro accumulation - All hereto realised projects in Croatia based on RET are plants. realised at very small scale of economy 6.2 A pledge for self-reliance of the islands based on RES - No financing institution in Croatia is supporting Most Adriatic islands of the virgin beauty and unique in dissemination of RET nature are still ecologically preserved. Small number of - No private power producing industry in Croatia exists residents, very low level of industry production and no mass - No clear interest of national electric utility (HEP) and tourism, keep their energy demand density at very low levels. national oil industry (INA) in RET Low energy demand density makes them ideal for renewable - No lifetime performance warranty from Croatian energy applications. The risks of fossil fuels endanger the suppliers of RET natural balance of the ecological system as well as the - The level of handicraft manufacturing in Croatia is far traditional activities of the population. Electricity as a clean away from the economy of scale source of energy is generally compatible with tourism and - Undeveloped market for renewable technologies traditional activities, but electrification of mostly rural areas Financial on islands is never an economic category. Local production - lacking budget for implementation of electricity based on fossil fuels is ecologically - lacking support by financial instruments unacceptable. If solar and wind energy were used to produce - lacking taxation policy power, no adverse impacts on the environment would be Political present. Due to local climatic and natural conditions, which - Governmental energy strategy for 21st century is still in are extremely favorable for using solar and wind energy, such debate. Tasks are mostly descriptive; there are no clear applications are already competitive and economically viable targets, responsibilities and funds of financing (Hrastnik 1999). - No clear commitments of the Croatian Government concerning RES; no practical measures and instruments 6.3 The island of Lastovo - a potential demonstration zone supporting implementation of RET The most of Lastovo population lives in two communities, in - Lacking deregulation of the energy market and price Lastovo (734 residents) and Ubli (303 residents). Other policy including external energy costs population (168) are distributed among three smaller - No commitments in HEP and INA favouring the energy communities’ Pasadru (79), Zaklopatica (69) and Skrivena strategy concerning renewable energy sources (RES) Luka (20). Their traditional activities are wine-growing, - No relevant govermental policy and development olive-growing and fishing. Access to Island of Lastovo was strategy of the tourist industry and supporting services forbidden for foreign tourists for fifty years due to military - Public acceptance of clean indigenous energy sources installations. Nowadays, there is no military presence any meets reluctant (conventional) energy experts in state- more and Island is again “a park of nature” developing a new owed energy monopolies. image of a distinguishable tourist destination. Nearby island of Prežba bridged to Lastovo island makes two deep bays For elimination of barriers and obstacles Croatia needs a “Veliki Lago” and “Mali Lago”, where “Jurjeva luka” (Port sound institutional and expert help from most experienced of Saint Juraj) is the most interior part of the bay Mali Lago. EC member countries in order to create the necessary Potable water from a single desalinization plant with a prerequisites to activate its vast potential of presently fully capacity of 4 l/s is rather short for the peak demand of unused indigenous energy resources (Hrastnik 1999). tourists in summer. Also no enough irrigation water (sources 3 6. A CONCEPT OF RET DEMONSTRATION ZONES of brackish water of a capacity 430 m /d contain higher levels of dissolved salts) for Lastovo’s agriculture, which is a 6.1 Sustainable development of the Adriatic islands complementary activity to the tourism, make it difficult to The fragile and vulnerable nature of island environments prosper during the summer. The 27-km long cable connects means that importing inappropriate energy models also Lastovo Island to the national electric grid. However, further represents a serious risk to island environments, their most expansion of the local net is not economically viable at the valuable asset. Due to its territorial, environmental and present level of (low) electricity consumption. Prospects for economic implications the energy represents a central using local wind generators and photovoltaic installations are element of the islands’ dilemma. The adoption of improper quite promising. Such local installations will become models of energy supply could be detrimental for islands’ necessary if in five years period 100-200 thousands of economies and environments, as energy solution are closely tourist-nights are to be realized (Gal and Mišèeviæ 1999). related with a way in which insular resources are managed. This interdependence is extremely evident in islands, also 6.4 Renewable energy supply for the island of Lastovo involving transport, water or residues policies that are key The present final energy demand for island of Lastovo is aspects, which ought to be satisfactorily resolved. 22.3 TJ, out of which 80.7% is used in households. On the other hand, they generally have an abundance of available RES that make it possible to install distributed, in Fig.4 – Proposed micro-zones suitable for wind energy developments on the Island of Lastovo

The present energy supply consists of electric energy (35%), consumption Index (Index 2000 = 100) of 213 shows heating oil (25%) and wood (40%). The final thermal and doubling of electricity consuption in the ten years period. electric energy as used in households, tourism, other Such growth of electricity consumption could be covered by commercial services, public services, handicraft, agriculture installment of an additional wind turbine of 750 kWe. and for desalination are presented in Table 10. Table 11 Forecast of the final energy consumption by 2010 Predictable energy consumption by year 2010 was estimated assuming the yearly growth of energy consumption in sectors 2010 Predicted demand in GJ/a like households (7%), tourism (12%), other commercial Purpose Electric Thermal Totals services (6%), public services (5%), handicraft (8%), Households 9,638 24,784 34,422 agriculture (5%) and desalination capacity (10%). The energy Tourism 698 2,792 3,490 demand forecast by year 2010 is shown in Table 11. Other commercial 313 731 1,044 Public services 725 484 1,209 The energy planning for the Lastovo Island (Vujèiæ 1995) is Handicraft 222 148 369 aiming to achieve the 100% self-sufficiency of the island by Agriculture 129 408 537 the year 2010 based on RES. Desalination 4818 0 4818 Table 10 Final energy consumption on the island of Lastovo GJ/a: 16,543 29,347 45,890 Fractions: 36.1% 63.9% 100% 2000 Energy consumption in GJ/a Purpose electric heat oil wood totals Table 12 Comparison of Micon 750 kW unit production and Households 4,900 3,850 8,749 17,499 present electricity demand for the island of Lastovo Tourism 225 899 0 1,124 Month Production Demand D grid Other com. serv. 175 408 0 583 MWh MWh MWh Public services 445 297 0 742 Jan 230 264 -34 Handicraft 103 68 0 171 Feb 237 155 82 Agriculture 79 152 99 330 Mar 230 118 112 Desalination 1,858 0 0 1,858 Apr 226 107 119 GJ/a: 7,784 5,674 8,848 22,306 May 205 111 94 Fractions: 34.9% 25.4% 39.7% 100% Jun 193 182 11 Jul 182 240 -58 One wind generator unit e.g. Micon NM 750 located at Aug 184 240 -56 Lastovo macro location Hum (see Fig. 4) would yearly Sep 186 207 -21 produce 2.56 GWeh (see Table 12), which is still in excess Oct 205 117 88 when comparing to the present electric energy demand. The Nov 231 157 74 presently 0.4 GWeh surplus energy production, which will Dec 251 264 -13 gradually decrease by future increase of electric energy Yearly 2,560 2,162 398 consumption, shall be fed to the public grid (Majstroviæ and Horváth 2000). The estimated 2010/2000 electricity 6.5 Marina and tourist village in the bay of Jurjeva Luka development approach as an ever lasting warranty of The Project of Jurjeva Luka is a part of the more extensive meteorological, climatic and ecological balance of the study of the prospects of integral development of Lastovo islands’ unique nature. The region is a part of the natural and tourism elaborated by the Consortium for the Development cultural resource of the Mediterranean and it should also of the Lastovo Archipelago. The results of elaboration was persist as such in the future for many generations to come. that island of Lastovo has good prospects in tourism and particularly in nautical tourism. From comparison of diverse References micro locations in Lastovo archipelago, the conclusion of the Consortium was that the Bay of Jurjeva Luka is best 1. B.Hrastnik, The Role of Indigenous Energy Carriers in protected against winds and most suitable for giving shelter the Sustainable Development of Croatia, Proc.of Rijeka to boaters. Apart from marina, building of a 4-star apartment Faculty of Economics – Journal of Economics and settlement of 8000 m2 useful area (200 rooms with 500-600 Business, Vol.1, p.31-53, 1999. beds) is being planned. Additional tourist attractions like 2. B.Hrastnik et.al. SUNEN –Program of solar energy use, restaurants, shopping center, amusement center, tennis Energy Institute “Hrvoje Požar” April 1998, Zagreb. courts, swimming pools, public and promenade are 3. Mišèeviæ Lj., Solar Architecture in Croatia, ISES Solar planned. The spatial layout and architectural design of World Congress, Budapest 1993. apartment village, restaurants, shopping and amusement 4. Mišèeviæ Lj., Bioclimatic Rehabilitation of Dwellings in centers are being planned for best passive use of solar energy. Croatia, Sun at Work in Europe, The Franklyn Company All buildings are planned as low-energy consumption houses Consultants Ltd., Vol.8:No.3, Birmingham, UK 1993. where their heat demand should not be in excess of 150 5. Mišèeviæ Lj., Renewable Energy Technology and MJ/m2a. Active solar roof systems with thermal absorbers Bioclimatic Architecture in Croatia, ISES Solar World and photovoltaic modules will make most buildings self- Congress, Harare, Zimbabwe 1995. sufficient. The architectural design shall prevent any summer 6. L. Horváth, Regional Energy Planning Approach to overheating of buildings. Good design of passive ventilation Wind Energy Developments in Croatia - Example of systems will much reduce daily air-conditioning loads in County of Split-Dalmatia, 01-07 July 2000., WREC summer.The thermal energy of 2.8 TJ/a has been estimated Brighton, UK (accepted paper). for the marina and other tourist attractions in Jurjeva Luka. 7. A. Bajiæ, V. Vuèetiæ, B. Cividini, Preliminary Results of Wind Energy Potential Research in Croatia, Energy and The electric energy demand of 1.7 GWeh/a has been the Environment, 28-30 October 1998, Opatija, Croatia. estimated. If 100 kWe heat pump would be installed, it could cover the heating and cooling loads at all times. The 8. V. Vuèetiæ, A. Bajiæ, B. Cividini, Importance of Wind additional electric consumption for the heat pump would be Measurement Period for Wind Energy Potential Estimation, 28-30 October 1998, Opatija, Croatia. 177 MWeh/a, which result in electric consumption of 1.9 9. B.Hrastnik et. al., Prospects and Problems of Solar GWeh/a covering the total energy consumption of the tourist village and marina Jurjeva Luka. Once marina and village Energy Development in Croatia, Proc.Conf. on Energy would be fully in function, the electric energy demand of the Management 13-15 May, p.51-54, Dubrovnik 1998. 10. B.Hrastnik (1999) Solar energy (chapters 2 and 6) in the island of Lastovo will be doubled (3.9 GWeh/a) with the peak book Energy Sector Development Strategy of the electricity demand of 1.5 MWe.The coverage of such demand Republic of Croatia, Executive editor: Dr.Goran Graniæ, is possible by 2×750 kWe wind generators. At the present stage of planning, no detailed solutions concerning solar Publisher: Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Republic thermal (collector/absorber) and photovoltaic capacities are of Croatia available. An additional advantage of the concept of 11. B.Hrastnik et. al., The Role of Solar and Wind Energy distributed (local) solar/wind power is that the expected in Sustainable Development of the Adriatic Macro- thermal and electric demand growth could be followed by Region in Croatia, Silver Jubilee Conference “Towards simple extension of solar and wind power and energy supply a renewable Future” of the ISES UK 13-15 May 1999. systems. 12. Gal G. and Mišèeviæ Lj., Port of Saint Juraj – Energy and Ecology Concept, The Consortium for the Complete 7. CONCLUSIONS and Coordinate Development of the Lastovo Archipelago, PROing, SUNARH, Zagreb 1999. The modeling of the energy load and supply diagram of the 13. Vujèiæ R., Solar/Wind Hydrogen Energy System for island of Lastovo has shown the prospects of using the Adriatic Islands, Int. Symp. on Energy, Environment renewable energy sources instead of conventional ones. The and Economics, Melbourne, Australia,20-24 Nov. 1995. 100% coverage of energy and water supply demand by 14. M. Majstroviæ, L. Horváth, Integration of the Pilot Wind renewable sources also revealed the same opportunities for Farm in the Electric Grid of an Island, Wind Power for other attractive tourist destinations on other Dalmatian the 21st Century, 25-27 September 2000, Kassel, islands Mljet, Korèula, Hvar, Braè, Šolta and some 30-50 Germany (proposed paper). other equally attractive islands for the tourism. The best Adriatic holiday resorts deserve the proposed sustainable