El Gran Libro De Los Páramos
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Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada Del Cocuy-Güicán: Climate Change and Conservation Strategies in the Colombian Andes
Rodríguez et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:34 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0227-6 RESEARCH Open Access Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán: climate change and conservation strategies in the Colombian Andes Mireia Alcántara Rodríguez1 , Andrea Angueyra2, Antoine M. Cleef3 and Tinde Van Andel4,5* Abstract Background: The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán in the Colombian Andes is protected as a National Natural Park since 1977 because of its fragile páramo ecosystems, extraordinary biodiversity, high plant endemism, and function as water reservoir. The vegetation on this mountain is threatened by expanding agriculture, deforestation, tourism, and climate change. We present an ethnobotanical inventory among local farmer communities and discuss the effects of vegetation change on the availability of useful plants. Methods: We used 76 semi-structured, 4 in-depth interviews, and 247 botanical collections to record the ethnoflora of the farmers and surveyed from the high Andean forest to the super-páramo, including native and introduced species. We organized 3 participative workshops with local children, high school students, and campesinos’ women to share the data we acquired in the field and empower local plant conservation awareness. Results: We encountered 174 useful plants, most of them native to the area (68%) and almost one third introduced (32%). The Compositae was the most species-rich family, followed by Lamiaceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae. The majority of plant species were used as medicine, followed by food, firewood, and domestic tools. Local farmers reported declining numbers of páramo species, which were now only found at higher altitudes than before. -
Muon Tomography Sites for Colombian Volcanoes
Muon Tomography sites for Colombian volcanoes A. Vesga-Ramírez Centro Internacional para Estudios de la Tierra, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica Buenos Aires-Argentina. D. Sierra-Porta1 Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga-Colombia and Centro de Modelado Científico, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo-Venezuela, J. Peña-Rodríguez, J.D. Sanabria-Gómez, M. Valencia-Otero Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga-Colombia. C. Sarmiento-Cano Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas, 1650, Buenos Aires-Argentina. , M. Suárez-Durán Departamento de Física y Geología, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona-Colombia H. Asorey Laboratorio Detección de Partículas y Radiación, Instituto Balseiro Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Bariloche-Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, 8400, Bariloche-Argentina and Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas, 1650, Buenos Aires-Argentina. L. A. Núñez Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga-Colombia and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida-Venezuela. December 30, 2019 arXiv:1705.09884v2 [physics.geo-ph] 27 Dec 2019 1Corresponding author Abstract By using a very detailed simulation scheme, we have calculated the cosmic ray background flux at 13 active Colombian volcanoes and developed a methodology to identify the most convenient places for a muon telescope to study their inner structure. Our simulation scheme considers three critical factors with different spatial and time scales: the geo- magnetic effects, the development of extensive air showers in the atmosphere, and the detector response at ground level. The muon energy dissipation along the path crossing the geological structure is mod- eled considering the losses due to ionization, and also contributions from radiative Bremßtrahlung, nuclear interactions, and pair production. -
Tribuna Del Agua. Noticias
Tribuna del Agua - Exposición Internacional de Zaragoza 2008 Tribuna del Agua: NOTICIAS pág.: 1 20/06/2006 La Expo pone en marcha la Tribuna del Agua con el objetivo de que Zaragoza sea referente mundial de las mejores prácticas La Tribuna del Agua comienza hoy sus debates con el tema “Agua y energía. Dos desafíos que se potencian”. El objeti- vo de la Sociedad Estatal Expoagua es que Zaragoza se convierta en un referente de las mejores prácticas. “La idea es tener una idea de lo que se está haciendo en todos los lados, que a veces no se conoce. Con que todos hiciéramos lo mejor, sólo con eso habríamos mejorado una barbaridad la eficacia del modelo. Aquí nos toca predicar con el ejemplo. Esto es un altavoz”, ha explicado el presidente de Expoagua, Roque Gistau. Por ello desde la Expo y desde la Tribuna del Agua tratarán de analizar las diferentes prácticas y así ponerlas en común y en Aragón ha habido múltiples prácticas. “Zaragoza ha sido modélica a nivel residencial. La Fundación Ecología y Desarrollo ha empujado mucho estas experiencias. Creo que tenemos una oportunidad única de alumbrar todo esto. Se trata de alumbrar a todas las comunidades autónomas porque todas tienen algo que decir”, ha indicado el director de la Tribuna del Agua, Domingo Jiménez Beltrán. Para Jiménez Beltrán hay algunas experiencias importantes en pueblos españoles. “Existe en algunas localidades en donde existe un sistema de distribución de agua de calidad mediante tarjetas. Tú vas a la fuente, metes tu tarjeta y tie- nes derecho a 14 litros diarios. -
Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia
This is an extract from: Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Jeffrey Quilter and John W. Hoopes, Editors published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2003 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html The Political Economy of Pre-Colombian Goldwork: Four Examples from Northern South America Carl Henrik Langebaek Universidad de los Andes Introduction: The Problem ome twenty years ago, Alicia Dussán de Reichel (1979: 41) complained that studies that “set out to place the prehistoric metallurgy of Colombia within a wider context Sof cultural development” were not very numerous. Despite a great deal of research on Pre-Columbian goldwork since, the same observation remains true today. One source of frustration comes from the fact that most archaeologists focus on the study of metallurgy as a goal in itself. Although researchers have produced detailed descriptions about the techno- logical characteristics of Pre-Columbian goldwork (Scott 1981), timelines, definitions of “styles” and “traditions,” as well as correlations among styles across Colombia, Lower Central America, and Ecuador (Bray 1981; 1992a; 1997; Plazas and Falchetti 1983), and identifica- tions of plant and animal species represented in ornaments (Legast 1987), they have rarely placed goldwork within a social context (Looper 1996) or incorporated it in models related to social change. Whatever improvement in the research on Pre-Columbian metal objects there has been, further progress will be limited if it is not aimed at understanding the way societies function and change (Lechtman 1984). -
Hydraulic Chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean Highlands of Colombia
heritage Article Hydraulic Chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean Highlands of Colombia Michael P. Smyth The Foundation for Americas Research Inc., Winter Springs, FL 32719-5553, USA; [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 16 May 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 11 July 2018 Abstract: The natural and cultural heritage of the Valley of Leiva in the Eastern Colombian Andes is closely tied to the Colonial town of Villa de Leyva. The popular tourist destination with rapid economic development and agricultural expansion contrasts sharply with an environment of limited water resources and landscape erosion. The recent discovery of Prehispanic hydraulic systems underscore ancient responses to water shortages conditioned by climate change. In an environment where effective rainfall and erosion are problematic, irrigation was vital to human settlement in this semi-arid highland valley. A chiefly elite responded to unpredictable precipitation by engineering a hydraulic landscape sanctioned by religious cosmology and the monolithic observatory at El Infiernito, the Stonehenge of Colombia. Early Colonial water works, however, transformed Villa de Leyva into a wheat breadbasket, though climatic downturns and poor management strategies contributed to an early 17th century crash in wheat production. Today, housing construction, intensive agriculture, and environmental instability combine to recreate conditions for acute water shortages. The heritage of a relatively dry valley with a long history of hydraulic chiefdoms, of which modern planners seem unaware, raises concerns for conservation and vulnerability to climate extremes and the need for understanding the prehistoric context and the magnitude of water availability today. This paper examines human ecodynamic factors related to the legacy of Muisca chiefdoms in the Leiva Valley and relevant issues of heritage in an Andean region undergoing rapid socio-economic change. -
Caught Between Spaces Socio-Environmental Vulnerability in Formal and Informal Peri-Urban Bogotá and Soacha, Colombia Valencia, Sandra
Caught Between Spaces Socio-Environmental Vulnerability in Formal and Informal Peri-Urban Bogotá and Soacha, Colombia Valencia, Sandra 2016 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Valencia, S. (2016). Caught Between Spaces: Socio-Environmental Vulnerability in Formal and Informal Peri- Urban Bogotá and Soacha, Colombia. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Caught Between Spaces: Socio-Environmental Vulnerability in Formal and Informal Peri-Urban Bogotá and Soacha, Colombia Sandra C. Valencia DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Social Science, Lund University, Sweden. -
A Global Overview of Protected Areas on the World Heritage List of Particular Importance for Biodiversity
A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF PROTECTED AREAS ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE FOR BIODIVERSITY A contribution to the Global Theme Study of World Heritage Natural Sites Text and Tables compiled by Gemma Smith and Janina Jakubowska Maps compiled by Ian May UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge, UK November 2000 Disclaimer: The contents of this report and associated maps do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1.0 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................................................1 2.0 ISSUES TO CONSIDER....................................................................................................................................1 3.0 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?..............................................................................................................................2 4.0 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................3 5.0 CURRENT WORLD HERITAGE SITES............................................................................................................4 -
Petrographic and Geochemical Studies of the Southwestern Colombian Volcanoes
Second ISAG, Oxford (UK),21-231911993 355 PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN COLOMBIAN VOLCANOES Alain DROUX (l), and MichelDELALOYE (1) (1) Departement de Mineralogie, 13 rue des Maraîchers, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland. RESUME: Les volcans actifs plio-quaternaires du sud-ouest de laColombie sontsitues dans la Zone VolcaniqueNord (NVZ) des Andes. Ils appartiennent tous B la serie calcoalcaline moyennement potassique typique des marges continentales actives.Les laves sont principalementdes andesites et des dacites avec des teneurs en silice variant de 53% il 70%. Les analyses petrographiqueset geochimiques montrent que lesphtfnomBnes de cristallisation fractionnee, de melange de magma et de contamination crustale sont impliquesil divers degres dans la gknkse des laves des volcans colombiens. KEY WORDS: Volcanology, geochemistry, geochronology, Neogene, Colombia. INTRODUCTION: This publication is a comparative of petrographical, geochemical and geochronological analysis of six quaternary volcanoes of the Northem Volcanic Zone of southwestem Colombia (O-3"N): Purace, Doiia Juana, Galeras, Azufral, Cumbal and Chiles.The Colombian volcanic arc is the less studied volcanic zone of the Andes despite the fact that some of the volcanoes, whichlie in it, are ones of the most actives inthe Andes, i.e. Nevado del Ruiz, Purace and Galeras. Figure 1: Location mapof the studied area. Solid triangles indicatethe active volcanoes. PU: PuracC; DJ: Doiia Juana; GA: Galeras;AZ :Azufral; CB: Cumbal; CH: Chiles; CPFZ: Cauca-Patia Fault Zone; DRFZ: Dolores-Romeral Fault Zone;CET: Colombia-Ecuador Trench. Second ISAG, Oxford (UK),21 -231911993 The main line of active volcanoes of Colombia strike NNEi. It lies about 300 Km east of the Colombia- Ecuador Trench, the underthrusting of the Nazca plate beneath South America The recent volcanoes are located 150 ICm above a Benioff Zone whichdips mtward at25"-30", as defined by the work ofBaraangi and Isacks (1976). -
South America Highlights
Responsible Travel Travel offers some of the most liberating and rewarding experiences in life, but it can also be a force for positive change in the world, if you travel responsibly. In contrast, traveling without a thought to where you put your time or money can often do more harm than good. Throughout this book we recommend ecotourism operations and community-sponsored tours whenever available. Community-managed tourism is especially important when vis- iting indigenous communities, which are often exploited by businesses that channel little money back into the community. Some backpackers are infamous for excessive bartering and taking only the cheapest tours. Keep in mind that low prices may mean a less safe, less environmentally sensitive tour (espe- cially true in the Amazon Basin and the Salar de Uyuni, among other places); in the market- place unrealistically low prices can negatively impact the livelihood of struggling vendors. See also p24 for general info on social etiquette while traveling, Responsible Travel sec- tions in individual chapter directories for country-specific information, and the GreenDex ( p1062 ) for a list of sustainable-tourism options across the region. TIPS TO KEEP IN MIND Bring a water filter or water purifier Respect local traditions Dress appropri Don’t contribute to the enormous waste ately when visiting churches, shrines and left by discarded plastic water bottles. more conservative communities. Don’t litter Sure, many locals do it, but Buyer beware Don’t buy souvenirs or many also frown upon it. products made from coral or any other animal material. Hire responsible guides Make sure they Spend at the source Buy crafts directly have a good reputation and respect the from artisans themselves. -
Plan Para La Atención De Emergencias En El Municipio De Popayán
REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA ALCALDÍA DE POPAYÁN DEPARTAMENTO DEL CAUCA PLAN PARA LA ATENCIÓN DE EMERGENCIAS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN COMITÉ LOCAL PARA LA PREVENCIÓN Y ATENCIÓN DE DESASTRES –CLOPAD– Popayán, Julio de 2003 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN 1. OBJETIVOS 1.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 1.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 2. MONOGRAFÍA DEL MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN 2.1. ASPECTOS FÍSICOS 2.1.3. LOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA 2.1.4. LÍMITES 2.1.5. COORDENADAS 2.1.6. CLIMATOLOGÍA 2.1.7. HIDROGRAFÍA 2.1.8. ÁREA DEL MUNICIPIO 2.1.8.1. Suelo Urbano 2.1.8.2. Suelo Rural 2.1.8.3. Suelo de Expansión 2.2. ASPECTOS POLÍTICOS Y ADMINISTRATIVOS 2.2.3. FUNDACIÓN DEL MUNICIPIO 2.2.4. CATEGORIZACIÓN DEL MUNICIPIO 2.2.5. DIVISIÓN POLÍTICA DEL MUNICIPIO 2.2.5.1. Sector Urbano 2.2.5.2. Sector Rural 2.2.6. POBLACIÓN 2.2.7. SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS 2.2.8. SECTOR SALUD 2.2.9. SECTOR EDUCACIÓN 2.2.9.1. Sector Urbano 2.2.9.2. Sector Rural 2.2.9.3. Educación Superior 2.2.10. RECREACIÓN Y DEPORTE 2.2.11. RECREACIÓN Y CULTURA 2.2.12. SERVICIOS ADMINISTRATIVOS PÚBLICOS 2.2.13. BANCOS Y CORPORACIONES 2.2.14. ÁREAS DE AFLUENCIA MASIVA DE PÚBLICO 2.2.15. PROVEEDORES DE EQUIPOS MÉDICOS 2.2.16. PROVEEDORES DE MEDICAMENTOS 3. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LAS AMENAZAS 3.1. AMENAZA DE ORÍGEN NATURAL 3.1.1 AMENAZA SÍSMICA 3.1.1.1 Sistema de Fallas – Municipio de Popayán 3.1.2 AMENAZA POR DESLIZAMIENTOS 3.1.2.1. Sector Urbano 3.1.2.2. -
Results of the Global Amphibian Assessment for Bolivia
Results of the Global Amphibian Assessment for Bolivia Diversity Number of Rank in Latin World Rank2 Percentage of Species in Bolivia America and the the World’s Caribbean1 Diversity All Amphibians 201 7 15 3.5 % Frogs & Toads 197 7 14 3.9 % Salamanders 1 13 68 0.2 % Caecilians 3 11 20 1.8 % 1 Out of 44 countries and territories. 2 Out of 192 countries and territories. Threatened Species (Threatened species are in one of the categories in italics.) IUCN Categories Number of Species in IUCN Categories Number of Species in Bolivia Bolivia Extinct 0 Near Threatened 6 Critically Endangered 5 Least Concern 161 Endangered 6 Data Deficient 13 Vulnerable 10 Number and percent of Bolivian species that are threatened: 21 (10%) Extinct Species: none Species that are Critically Endangered and possibly extinct (species that are missing but for which sufficient information is lacking to declare them as extinct): Frogs: Gastrotheca lauzuricae, Hyla chlorostea, Eleutherodactylus zongoensis Role of Protected Areas: Of the 21 threatened species in Bolivia, 76% occur in at least one protected area. Local Experts: Steffen Reichle, The Nature Conservancy, TEL (591-3) 348 0766, 348 0767 Claudia Cortez, Colección Boliviana de Fauna, TEL (591-3) 272 1152 For More Information: Dr. Bruce Young, NatureServe, Costa Rica, TEL (506) 645-6231 Global Amphibian Assessment website: www.globalamphibians.org A detailed analysis of the results for the Americas: www.natureserve.org Results of the Global Amphibian Assessment for Bolivia Map of Amphibian Diversity Source: Global Amphibian Assessment Map of the Distribution of Threatened Species Source: Global Amphibian Assessment Results of the Global Amphibian Assessment for Brazil Diversity Number of Rank in Latin World Rank2 Percentage of Species in Brazil America and the the World’s Caribbean1 Diversity All Amphibians 731 1 1 12.7 % Frogs & Toads 704 1 1 13.9 % Salamanders 1 13 68 0.2 % Caecilians 26 2 2 15.5 % 1 Out of 44 countries and territories. -
4.4 Drilling Exploration 1) Quaternary Drilling Exploration the Study
The Study on the Sustainable Groundwater Development for Bogotá Plain, Colombia 4.4 Drilling Exploration 1) Quaternary Drilling Exploration The Study Team carried out Quaternary exploratory drilling to know geological condition and to install groundwater level observation wells. (a) Location of Drilling Location of six drilling is shown in Table-4.5 and Figure-4.12. In site selection, items below were considered. • To be suitable to know hydrogeological characteristics of Quaternary • To be suitable to know representative groundwater level of Quaternary Table-4.5 Location of Quaternary Exploratory Drilling Coordinates Well No. E N No.1 Gibraltar (Soacha) 988,439 1,005,845 No.2 Tisquesusa (Facatativa) 976,639 1,022,020 No.3 Siberia (Tabio) 991,462 1,017,974 No.4 Sopo (Sopo) 1,011,020 1,037,638 No.5 Diana 1,013,170 1,038,429 No.6 Choconta 1,049,874 1,067,343 Well Structure Total drilling depth of six wells is 1,022m, and average depth of each well is 200m. The final diameter of casing of six wells is 8 inch. Groundwater level recorders were installed for every well. After installation of the recorders, groundwater level is being automatically observed. Six observation have screens for sand and gravel aquifer distributing in clayey formation, which can be called multiple screen structure. Therefore, these wells show mixed groundwater level of different aquifers of Quaternary. Result of Drilling Result of drilling is shown in Table-4.6. Pumping tests were carried out immediately after drilling completion. After pumping test of 48 hours pumping, recovery tests were carried out.