Cali & Southwest Colombia
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Muon Tomography Sites for Colombian Volcanoes
Muon Tomography sites for Colombian volcanoes A. Vesga-Ramírez Centro Internacional para Estudios de la Tierra, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica Buenos Aires-Argentina. D. Sierra-Porta1 Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga-Colombia and Centro de Modelado Científico, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo-Venezuela, J. Peña-Rodríguez, J.D. Sanabria-Gómez, M. Valencia-Otero Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga-Colombia. C. Sarmiento-Cano Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas, 1650, Buenos Aires-Argentina. , M. Suárez-Durán Departamento de Física y Geología, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona-Colombia H. Asorey Laboratorio Detección de Partículas y Radiación, Instituto Balseiro Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Bariloche-Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, 8400, Bariloche-Argentina and Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas, 1650, Buenos Aires-Argentina. L. A. Núñez Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga-Colombia and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida-Venezuela. December 30, 2019 arXiv:1705.09884v2 [physics.geo-ph] 27 Dec 2019 1Corresponding author Abstract By using a very detailed simulation scheme, we have calculated the cosmic ray background flux at 13 active Colombian volcanoes and developed a methodology to identify the most convenient places for a muon telescope to study their inner structure. Our simulation scheme considers three critical factors with different spatial and time scales: the geo- magnetic effects, the development of extensive air showers in the atmosphere, and the detector response at ground level. The muon energy dissipation along the path crossing the geological structure is mod- eled considering the losses due to ionization, and also contributions from radiative Bremßtrahlung, nuclear interactions, and pair production. -
Petrographic and Geochemical Studies of the Southwestern Colombian Volcanoes
Second ISAG, Oxford (UK),21-231911993 355 PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN COLOMBIAN VOLCANOES Alain DROUX (l), and MichelDELALOYE (1) (1) Departement de Mineralogie, 13 rue des Maraîchers, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland. RESUME: Les volcans actifs plio-quaternaires du sud-ouest de laColombie sontsitues dans la Zone VolcaniqueNord (NVZ) des Andes. Ils appartiennent tous B la serie calcoalcaline moyennement potassique typique des marges continentales actives.Les laves sont principalementdes andesites et des dacites avec des teneurs en silice variant de 53% il 70%. Les analyses petrographiqueset geochimiques montrent que lesphtfnomBnes de cristallisation fractionnee, de melange de magma et de contamination crustale sont impliquesil divers degres dans la gknkse des laves des volcans colombiens. KEY WORDS: Volcanology, geochemistry, geochronology, Neogene, Colombia. INTRODUCTION: This publication is a comparative of petrographical, geochemical and geochronological analysis of six quaternary volcanoes of the Northem Volcanic Zone of southwestem Colombia (O-3"N): Purace, Doiia Juana, Galeras, Azufral, Cumbal and Chiles.The Colombian volcanic arc is the less studied volcanic zone of the Andes despite the fact that some of the volcanoes, whichlie in it, are ones of the most actives inthe Andes, i.e. Nevado del Ruiz, Purace and Galeras. Figure 1: Location mapof the studied area. Solid triangles indicatethe active volcanoes. PU: PuracC; DJ: Doiia Juana; GA: Galeras;AZ :Azufral; CB: Cumbal; CH: Chiles; CPFZ: Cauca-Patia Fault Zone; DRFZ: Dolores-Romeral Fault Zone;CET: Colombia-Ecuador Trench. Second ISAG, Oxford (UK),21 -231911993 The main line of active volcanoes of Colombia strike NNEi. It lies about 300 Km east of the Colombia- Ecuador Trench, the underthrusting of the Nazca plate beneath South America The recent volcanoes are located 150 ICm above a Benioff Zone whichdips mtward at25"-30", as defined by the work ofBaraangi and Isacks (1976). -
South America Highlights
Responsible Travel Travel offers some of the most liberating and rewarding experiences in life, but it can also be a force for positive change in the world, if you travel responsibly. In contrast, traveling without a thought to where you put your time or money can often do more harm than good. Throughout this book we recommend ecotourism operations and community-sponsored tours whenever available. Community-managed tourism is especially important when vis- iting indigenous communities, which are often exploited by businesses that channel little money back into the community. Some backpackers are infamous for excessive bartering and taking only the cheapest tours. Keep in mind that low prices may mean a less safe, less environmentally sensitive tour (espe- cially true in the Amazon Basin and the Salar de Uyuni, among other places); in the market- place unrealistically low prices can negatively impact the livelihood of struggling vendors. See also p24 for general info on social etiquette while traveling, Responsible Travel sec- tions in individual chapter directories for country-specific information, and the GreenDex ( p1062 ) for a list of sustainable-tourism options across the region. TIPS TO KEEP IN MIND Bring a water filter or water purifier Respect local traditions Dress appropri Don’t contribute to the enormous waste ately when visiting churches, shrines and left by discarded plastic water bottles. more conservative communities. Don’t litter Sure, many locals do it, but Buyer beware Don’t buy souvenirs or many also frown upon it. products made from coral or any other animal material. Hire responsible guides Make sure they Spend at the source Buy crafts directly have a good reputation and respect the from artisans themselves. -
Plan Para La Atención De Emergencias En El Municipio De Popayán
REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA ALCALDÍA DE POPAYÁN DEPARTAMENTO DEL CAUCA PLAN PARA LA ATENCIÓN DE EMERGENCIAS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN COMITÉ LOCAL PARA LA PREVENCIÓN Y ATENCIÓN DE DESASTRES –CLOPAD– Popayán, Julio de 2003 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN 1. OBJETIVOS 1.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 1.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 2. MONOGRAFÍA DEL MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN 2.1. ASPECTOS FÍSICOS 2.1.3. LOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA 2.1.4. LÍMITES 2.1.5. COORDENADAS 2.1.6. CLIMATOLOGÍA 2.1.7. HIDROGRAFÍA 2.1.8. ÁREA DEL MUNICIPIO 2.1.8.1. Suelo Urbano 2.1.8.2. Suelo Rural 2.1.8.3. Suelo de Expansión 2.2. ASPECTOS POLÍTICOS Y ADMINISTRATIVOS 2.2.3. FUNDACIÓN DEL MUNICIPIO 2.2.4. CATEGORIZACIÓN DEL MUNICIPIO 2.2.5. DIVISIÓN POLÍTICA DEL MUNICIPIO 2.2.5.1. Sector Urbano 2.2.5.2. Sector Rural 2.2.6. POBLACIÓN 2.2.7. SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS 2.2.8. SECTOR SALUD 2.2.9. SECTOR EDUCACIÓN 2.2.9.1. Sector Urbano 2.2.9.2. Sector Rural 2.2.9.3. Educación Superior 2.2.10. RECREACIÓN Y DEPORTE 2.2.11. RECREACIÓN Y CULTURA 2.2.12. SERVICIOS ADMINISTRATIVOS PÚBLICOS 2.2.13. BANCOS Y CORPORACIONES 2.2.14. ÁREAS DE AFLUENCIA MASIVA DE PÚBLICO 2.2.15. PROVEEDORES DE EQUIPOS MÉDICOS 2.2.16. PROVEEDORES DE MEDICAMENTOS 3. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LAS AMENAZAS 3.1. AMENAZA DE ORÍGEN NATURAL 3.1.1 AMENAZA SÍSMICA 3.1.1.1 Sistema de Fallas – Municipio de Popayán 3.1.2 AMENAZA POR DESLIZAMIENTOS 3.1.2.1. Sector Urbano 3.1.2.2. -
Plan De Manejo Ambiental
Parque Natural Regional Volcán Azufral Chaitán de Adaptación al Cambio Climático al Adaptación de Estrategias Gestión Integral de la Biodiversidad y sus Servicios Ecosistémicos Servicios sus y Biodiversidad la de Integral Gestión de Gestión CONSEJO DIRECTIVO CAMILO ROMERO Gobernador de Nariño JULIO VICENTE ORTIZ ROSALES Representante Presidencia de la República SILVIO GARCES Delegado Ministro de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible ELSA JANETH MOSQUERA CABEZAS Alcaldesa Municipal de Olaya Herrera DIEGO NIXON ORTIZ Alcalde de Ancuya CIRO RAFAEL DELGADO Alcalde Municipal de Arboleda JULIO EDUARDO DELGADO SANCHEZ Alcalde Municipal de Funes JESÚS ORLANDO JOJOA Representante ONG Ambiental JOSE FERNANDO ZAMBRANO JATIVA Representante ONG Ambiental MERCY DALILA ESPAÑA SOLIS Representante de Comunidades Negras EDWIN SILVIO ARCOS RODRIGUEZ Representante Comunidades Indígenas EUDORO BRAVO RUEDA Representante del sector privado LUIS MIJAIR CALDERON Representante del sector privado DIRECTIVOS FERNANDO BURBANO VALDEZ Director General CLARA PATRICIA DE LA CRUZ LÓPEZ Subdirectora de intervenciones para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental JOSÉ ANDRES DÍAZ RODRÍGUEZ Subdirector Administrativo y Financiero NATALIA GUERRERO Subdirectora de Conocimiento y Evaluación Ambiental HUGO MARTIN MIDEROS LOPZ Jefe de Planeación y Direccionamiento Estratégico DARLY TATHIANA VILLARREAL ENRIQUEZ Jefe Oficina Jurídica GEOVANNY ARVEY JOJOA PEREZ Jefe Oficina de Control Interno JAVIER HERNANDO LOPEZ TELLO Coordinador Centro Sur Occidente PLAN DE MANEJO AMBIENTAL PERSONAL DE LA COMUNIDAD -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 121, NUMBER 3 ifWarp "Paux OTalcott Jf unb for publications! in potanp A REVISION OF THE COLOMBIAN SPECIES OF MONNINA (POLYGALACEAE) BY RAMON FERREYRA University of San Marcos, Lima, Perii per\ ^^3^ /ORB (Publication 4100) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FEBRUARY 3, 1953 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 121, NUMBER 3 iWarp IJaux Malcott Jfunb for ^ublicationji in potanj> A REVISION OF THE COLOMBIAN SPECIES OF MONNINA (POLYGALACEAE) BY RAMON FERREYRA University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru (Publication 4100) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FEBRUARY 3, 1953 Z^C £orb C§(xitimove (prcee BALTIUOBB, UD., U. 9. A. In the generous bequest of Mrs. Charles D. Walcott to the Smithsonian Institution there was included the undistributed edition of the beautiful illustrations of North American Wild Flowers, printed from water colors made by Mrs. Walcott from nature and repro- duced by special process under her personal supervision. These plates, in five portfolio volumes, have been highly popular and have been sold in considerable numbers. In accordance with an indication given to me by Mrs, Walcott in discussing these matters a number of years ago, the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution has set aside the first proceeds derived from these sales as a special fund in Mrs. Walcott's name for publications dealing with the science of botany. It is anticipated that these studies will be mainly technical in nature and will relate to researches made principally in the United States National Herbarium, in which Mrs. Walcott was so deeply interested. -
Redalyc. VULCANITAS DEL S-SE DE COLOMBIA: RETRO-ARCO
Boletín de Geología ISSN: 0120-0283 [email protected] Universidad Industrial de Santander Colombia Borrero, C. A.; Castillo, H. VULCANITAS DEL S-SE DE COLOMBIA: RETRO-ARCO ALCALINO Y SU POSIBLE RELACION CON UNA VENTANA ASTENOSFERICA Boletín de Geología, vol. 28, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2006, pp. 23-34 Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=349631992007 Abstract The Neogene volcanism outcropping to the south of 2°N Latitude at the Upper Magdalena Valley in the Huila department and the Northwestern of Putumayo department (Colombia) defines a volcanic back-arc with monogenetic pyroclastic cones and rings associated to lava flows and pyroclastic fall deposits. The composition according to the TAS classification include basanites, alkaline basalts, nephelinites, trachyandesites, and in lesser proportion basaltic andesites. The back-arc volcanism was geochemically compared with the calc-alkaline Quaternary volcanoes that define the southern Colombian front arc (Chiles, Cumbal, Azufral, Galeras, Bordoncillo - Campanero y Doña Juana volcanoes). The alkaline volcanism has contents of TiO2 from 1,24 to 2.46% in wt. and the distribution tendency of major elements in the Harker diagrams is similar to the OIB-Type basalts, especially comparable to the volcanic rocks of the Central European Volcanic Province. This volcanism is possibly the result of the Carnegie Ridge collision since 8 Ma, with the Malpelo Rift coupled, against the Colombian Trench. This collision permitted the formation of slab window into the subducted Nazca plate, where the astenopheric mantle passes through of this window and possibly was the source of the OIB-type magmas in the Southern Colombia. -
Colombia, Country Update
COLOMBIA, COUNTRY UPDATE Claudia Alfaro1, Nelson Bernal 2,Gilma Ramírez3, Ricardo Escovar4 1,2,3,4 INGEOMINAS, (The Colombian Geological Survey). Dg. 53 No. 34-53. Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia Key words: Colombian geothermal resources, Colombian active volcanoes. Surface manifestations (hot springs, geothermal exploration, geothermal map of Colombia, hydrothermal eruption craters, steam vents, etc.) Azufral volcano geothermal system, Geothermal well suggest that there is a high probably of the occurrence Nereidas 1, Colombian hot springs. of hydrothermal systems related to these potential heat sources. Until now, geothermal resources have been applied in Colombia only for direct use of hot spring ABSTRACT water for swimming and bathing in about 38 spas from 27 localities. A raw estimate of the capacity and energy After more than 30 years of trying to develop the geothermal use is presented in Table 1. potential of Colombia, a major effort is now being made to explore and assess the geothermal resources of the entire [Table 1] country. Since the second quarter of the Nineteen Century, hot Until now, the availability of conventional energy sources in springs occurring in Colombia have attracted the Colombia prevented geothermal exploration from reaching a interest of scientists. In 1829, Boussingault (in Forero, higher level. However, the extreme energy crisis of 1992 – 1993 alerted the authorities and the community to the 1958), described the hot springs from Paipa necessity for exploring alternative energy sources. (Cundinamarca Province) at the Academy of Sciences in Paris. A century later, Navia and Barriga (1929) In 1997, GESA (i.e. Geoenergía Andina S.A.) drilled studied the chemistry of those hot spring waters (23- Colombia’s first geothermal well at the Las Nereidas 74°C). -
Colombia Curriculum Guide 090916.Pmd
National Geographic describes Colombia as South America’s sleeping giant, awakening to its vast potential. “The Door of the Americas” offers guests a cornucopia of natural wonders alongside sleepy, authentic villages and vibrant, progressive cities. The diverse, tropical country of Colombia is a place where tourism is now booming, and the turmoil and unrest of guerrilla conflict are yesterday’s news. Today tourists find themselves in what seems to be the best of all destinations... panoramic beaches, jungle hiking trails, breathtaking volcanoes and waterfalls, deserts, adventure sports, unmatched flora and fauna, centuries old indigenous cultures, and an almost daily celebration of food, fashion and festivals. The warm temperatures of the lowlands contrast with the cool of the highlands and the freezing nights of the upper Andes. Colombia is as rich in both nature and natural resources as any place in the world. It passionately protects its unmatched wildlife, while warmly sharing its coffee, its emeralds, and its happiness with the world. It boasts as many animal species as any country on Earth, hosting more than 1,889 species of birds, 763 species of amphibians, 479 species of mammals, 571 species of reptiles, 3,533 species of fish, and a mind-blowing 30,436 species of plants. Yet Colombia is so much more than jaguars, sombreros and the legend of El Dorado. A TIME magazine cover story properly noted “The Colombian Comeback” by explaining its rise “from nearly failed state to emerging global player in less than a decade.” It is respected as “The Fashion Capital of Latin America,” “The Salsa Capital of the World,” the host of the world’s largest theater festival and the home of the world’s second largest carnival. -
Libro Rojo De Plantas De Colombia Volumen 5 Las Magnoliáceas, Las Miristicáceas Y Las Podocarpáceas
Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia Volumen 5 Las magnoliáceas, las miristicáceas y las podocarpáceas Las magnoliáceas Las miristicáceas Las podocarpáceas Eduardo Calderón, Álvaro Cogollo, Álvaro Cogollo, César Velásquez-Rúa y Álvaro Cogollo, César Velásquez- César Velásquez-Rúa, Marcela Serna- Néstor García Rúa, Juan Lázaro Toro González y Néstor García y Néstor García Néstor García Editor HIDROGRAFÍA 83°0'W 80°0'W 77°0'W 74°0'W 71°0'W 68°0'W 77°0'W 74°0'W 71°0'W 68°0'W N ' N 0 ' ° 0 81°42'W 81°24'W 9 ° 1 9 1 N ' N N ' ' N 4 ' 4 6 2 6 MAR CARIBE 2 ° 3 3 ° ° 3 ° 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 HAITÍ REPÚBLICA PUERTO JAMAICA DOMINICANA RICO Providencia N ' N ' N 0 ' 0 3 N 81°24'W 0 3 ' ° ° ° 2 0 r 2 6 ° San Andrés 1 a 1 1 s 6 e 1 N C ' N ' o 0 OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO 0 í ° ° R 0 0 81°42'W 1 HONDURAS 1 A e U g ú r PANAMÁ o N n G ' i J N ' 0 S ° A n 0 o ° 3 í a R VENEZUELA 3 1 R S 1 A ío R C I MAR CARIBE N R ÍO LA GUAJIRA A T R N ' N ' A RÍO ARA 0 0 T UCA ° ° O 7 ATLÁNTICO 7 N ' COSTA RICA N ' 0 0 ° MAGDALENA ° 0 CÉSAR 0 R 1 ÍO CAS 1 ANARE SUCRE A BOLÍVAR N E PANAMÁ CÓRDOBA L A NORTE DE SANTANDER OCÉANO PACÍFICO D N G VENEZUELA A A U J M ETA N O M Í N ' N O A A R Í ' R 0 S 0 C ° ° U A 7 ÍO D 7 A R A H R VIC ÍO ANTIOQUIA SANTANDER C O Í N N R O ' ARAUCA ' ÍO 0 0 R R ° ° IN 4 4 O C CHOCÓ BOYACÁ O CALDAS CASANARE RISARALDA IA CUNDINAMARCA GUAVIARE AÍN VICHADA RÍO GU QUINDÍO RÍO N BOGOTÁ, D.C. -
El Gran Libro De Los Páramos
El gran ElEl grangran librolibro libro de los dede loslos páramos páramospáramos El gran libro de los páramos El gran libro de los páramos © El gran libro de los páramos Agradecimientos Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt A Brigitte LG Baptiste, Eugenia Ponde de León, Carlos Tapia y María Paula Quiceno. A los docentes y estudiantes de instituciones educativas en los cuatro sitios piloto del Proyecto Páramo Andino, quienes con sus Comité Editorial Fotografía Ilustraciones aportes, contribuyeron a la revisión y ajuste de este material pedagógico validado y socializado durante el proceso de elaboración. Brigitte LG Baptiste Adolfo Correa Eduard Martínez Su valiosa participación permitió incorporar sugerencias en el diseño de “El Gran libro de los páramos”. María Susana Ruggiero Alberto Rojas Ilustraciones regiones Alejandra Osejo naturales de Colombia En el páramo de Rabanal, a las instituciones educativas Nuestra Señora del Carmen, sede Tibita el Carmen en Lenguazaque, Insti- tución Educativa La Libertad en Samacá, Institución Educativa Francisco de Paula Santander, sede Mata Negra en Ventaquemada. Dirección editorial, Textos y Andrea C. Buitrago Castro Cortesía cartilla Planeta Azul, Mediación del lenguaje Andrés Vélez Agenda del mar En el páramo el Duende, a las instituciones educativas Simón Bolívar (9 sedes), municipio de Calima el Darién; Antonio José de Adriana Vásquez Cerón Banco de Imágenes IAvH Sucre (6 sedes) en el corregimiento de Andinápolis, municipio de Trujillo; San Isidro (3 sedes), municipio de Trujillo. Andrea C. Buitrago Castro Bibiana Duarte Ilustración carátula Cornelio Botta En el páramo de Chiles, al Centro Educativo La Calera, vereda La Calera, Centro Educativo Cristo Rey, vereda Cristo rey, ubicadas Mónica Rubio Torgler Expertos invitados David Marín en el resguardo indígena de Chiles. -
Colombia. Paisaje Y Ruta Colonial
Colombia. Paisaje y Ruta Colonial Información Colombia un país con riqueza y diversidad donde podemos encontrar las mejores opciones en turismo ecológico, conocer la cultura colombiana con sus fiestas y carnavales, apreciar el legado de los antepasados e identificar sus sabores y gastronomía. 15 días / 14 noches Salidas diarias Guía habla hispana Grupo Mín.2 Precio 2.770 € Vuelos no incluidos Datos básicos Tipo de viaje Transportes utilizados Atractivos principales Días Itinerario Comidas Alojamiento 01 Llegada a Bogotá - Hotel 02 Bogotá – Villa de Leyva D Hotel 03 Villa de Leyva D Hotel 04 Villa de Leyva – Tunja – Lago de Tota D Hotel 05 Lago de Tota – Paipa D Hotel 06 Paipa – Bogotá – Popayán D Hotel 07 Popayán – San Agustín D Hotel Parque Arqueológico de San Agustín – Cabalgata o Estrecho del 08 D Hotel Magdalena 09 San Agustín – Pitalito o Neiva – Pasto D / A Hotel 10 Pasto – Volcán Azufral y Laguna Verde D / A Hotel 11 Pasto - Ipiales “Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Las Lajas” D / A Hotel 12 Pasto – Laguna de La Cocha “Refugio del Sol” D / A Hotel 13 Laguna de La Cocha – Pasto – Leticia D / C Hotel 14 Leticia – Rio Amazonas D / A / C Hotel 15 Leticia. Traslado al aeropuerto D - *Comidas: D= Desayuno; A=Almuerzo; C=Cena. Itinerario Pantano de Vargas con el monumento a los 14 lanceros. Día 1: Llegada a Bogotá Llegada a Paipa al final de la tarde y traslado al Spa Llegada a Bogotá. Recepción y traslado al Hotel Casa Termal. Alojamiento. Gaitán, instalación en el hotel. En este día podrá descansar de su vuelo o si lo desea visitar Día 6: Paipa - Bogotá - Popayán opcionalmente la ciudad de Bogotá.