ENGLISH ONLY UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT In collaboration with Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport (MOPIT), Nepal Ministry of the Environment (MOE), Japan United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP) NINTH REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT (EST) FORUM IN ASIA 17-20 NOVEMBER 2015, KATHMANDU, NEPAL Major Challenges, Progress and Achievements by Asian Countries on the Implementation of EST Policies and Measures from Aichi EST Forum (2005) to Kathmandu EST Forum (2015) Bangkok 2020 Declaration Evaluation Review Pre-Final Draft May 2016 ------------------------------------- UNCRD had commissioned Victoria Transport Policy Institute (VTPI), Canada to conduct this study. The draft report was discussed in the Ninth Regional EST Forum which was held on 17-20 November 2015 in Kathmandu, Nepal. The current report is further upgraded based on the inputs received from participants of the past EST Forums through a survey conducted by VTPI. The views expressed herein are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations. Major Challenges, Progress and Achievements by Asian Countries on the Implementation of EST Policies and Measures Victoria Transport Policy Institute Major Challenges, Progress and Achievements by Asian Countries on the Implementation of EST Policies and Measures from Aichi EST Forum (2005) to Kathmandu EST Forum (2015) 3 June 2016 By Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute 2005 - Nagoya, Japan 2010 – Bangkok, Thailand 2015 – Kathmandu, Nepal Summary The 2015 Intergovernmental Ninth Regional Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Forum in Asia, held in Kathmandu, Nepal represents a decade of progress since the first EST Forum held in 2005. This is a good time to look back at what these events have already accomplished, and forward to future needs. This report summarizes the EST Forums’ major achievements, challenges and opportunities, and provides recommendations for improvement. 2 Major Challenges, Progress and Achievements by Asian Countries on the Implementation of EST Policies and Measures Victoria Transport Policy Institute Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Context – Why Promote Sustainable Transport in Asia? ...................................................... 11 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals .................................................................................................... 11 A Changing Transport Planning Paradigm............................................................................................................... 12 The Process of Change ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Integrated Policies and Planning Practices ............................................................................................................. 14 Understanding Impacts and Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 14 3. A Review of EST Forums History and Accomplishments ....................................................... 15 History ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Current Conditions .................................................................................................................................................. 19 Policy Reforms and Planning Innovations ............................................................................................................... 19 The Scope of Issues and Options Considered ......................................................................................................... 20 2016 Participants’ Survey ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Bangkok 2020 Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Conclusions Concerning EST Forum Accomplishments .......................................................................................... 27 4. Progress and Challenges of Key Sustainable Transport Factors ............................................ 28 Sustainable Transport Policies and Programs ......................................................................................................... 28 Institutions Cooperated under Regional EST Forum in Asia ................................................................................... 30 Infrastructure Development ................................................................................................................................... 36 Technologies ........................................................................................................................................................... 41 Transportation Demand Management ................................................................................................................... 43 Strategic Transportation Plans ................................................................................................................................ 45 Integrated Transport and Land Use Planning ......................................................................................................... 47 Transportation Demand Management in Developing Country Cities ..................................................................... 47 Rural Transportation Planning ................................................................................................................................ 48 5. Key Lessons Learned .............................................................................................................. 49 6. Key Challenges and Recommendations ................................................................................ 52 Urban Livability and Social Equity ........................................................................................................................... 52 Motorcycles and Scooters ....................................................................................................................................... 52 Regional Research and Knowledge Sharing ............................................................................................................ 52 Data Quality ............................................................................................................................................................ 53 7. The Way Forward .................................................................................................................. 54 8. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 56 9. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 60 10. References ......................................................................................................................... 60 Annex 1 - Bangkok Declaration for 2020 ...................................................................................... 64 Annex 2 - Measuring Progress Toward the Bangkok Declaration Goals ...................................... 68 Annex 3 - Bangkok Declaration Progress Review ......................................................................... 73 References .................................................................................................................................. 108 3 Major Challenges, Progress and Achievements by Asian Countries on the Implementation of EST Policies and Measures Victoria Transport Policy Institute Executive Summary Leadership is the ability to create a common vision, and to assemble the resources needed to make that vision a reality. The world badly needs leadership for more sustainable transportation, particularly in rapidly developing countries that are now establishing transport patterns that will exist for many decades into the future. It’s a huge challenge and opportunity. Who provides this leadership? We do! The public officials, advisors, practitioners and experts who participate in the Intergovernmental Regional EST Forums (hereafter EST Forum) in Asia provide essential leadership for creating more sustainable transport systems for more than half the world’s populations. Sustainable transportation planning balances economic, social and environmental objectives. It applies comprehensive analysis and integrated planning which coordinates decision-making between different jurisdictions, sectors and groups. This approach identifies win-win solutions, that is, strategies that provide multiple benefits, for example, the pollution reduction strategies that also help reduce traffic congestion and accidents. This is a timely issue. Asian countries are experiencing growth and development at an unprecedented scale. As a result, Asian countries face severe problems including congestion and pollution, rising inequity