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Are There Any Roads Leading to the Black Church? a Case Study of Three Churches in Nova Scotia

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Are There Any Roads Leading to the Black Church? a Case Study of Three Churches in Nova Scotia JOURNEY TO FOSTERING CULTURAL IDENTITY: ARE THERE ANY ROADS LEADING TO THE BLACK CHURCH? A CASE STUDY OF THREE CHURCHES IN NOVA SCOTIA by Ayodeji Aladejebi A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Mount Saint Vincent University Faculty of Education Halifax, Nova Scotia April 2015 © Copyright Ayodeji Aladejebi, 2015 I dedicate this thesis to my mother – Agnes Mopelola – who relinquished her dream of getting an education to resurrect my dream of becoming educated. Ìyá ni wúrà (Mother is Gold). ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The most important gratitude of all goes to Olódùmarè, the creator of all things. You are the source of my strength, wisdom and inspiration. Many thanks to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Susan Brigham, who guided me through this arduous but exciting journey. Your relentless encouragement, the late night e-mails, regular follow up and constant feedback have brought about the success of this work. I thank you for believing in me. To my committee member, Dr. Clem Marshall, your insight and affirmation kept me going even when I felt like giving up (Hotep!) Four individuals felt the brunt of not having access to their husband and father as they normally should. They endured missed family times, nights of daddy sleeping on the couch in a paper infested living room and the unanswered question: “daddy, are you almost done?” My Queen, Lillian Adékémi and my wonderful Princes and Princess, Micaiah Tèmílolúwa, Mathias Iyìolúwa and Moriah Ìníolúwa, your sacrifices kept me going and that is why I did not quit. You have all inspired my accomplishment. I am also indebted to the congregations of the Emmanuel Baptist Church, the Redeemed Christian Church of God and St. Phillip’s African Orthodox Church for opening your doors, welcoming me with open arms and allowing me to hear your stories. I am especially grateful to Reverend Lennett Anderson, Pastor Gladys Omamofe and the Archbishop Vincent Waterman for your spiritual insights and invaluable contributions. My cohort, words cannot describe the experience of learning together with you. You gave me something that money cannot buy; a treasure which the mainstream education may never truly discover. The Africentric Learning Institute (ALI), the Delmore Buddy Daye Learning Institute (DBDLI), the Council on African Canadian Education (CACE) and the African Canadian Division Services (ACDS) of the Nova Scotia Department of Education, your agency and devotion to educating a generation of leaders is a lifeline for many within the Black community. Your financial and moral supports have carried me through. I cannot forget to thank the many people who have taken the time to listen to me and have encouraged me through this process. You may never know the significance of what you have done: you are all part of the village that raised this child. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………....................... vi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………. vii CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION An Overview: Meaning Making and the Black Church ...................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study and Thesis Statement.......................................................................... 2 Rationale for Study............................................................................................................... 4 Understanding the Black Experience..................................................................................... 7 The Black Church: A definition............................................................................................. 8 The Black Church in the Nova Scotia Context...................................................................... 9 The African United Baptist Association…………………………………………… 10 The African Orthodox Church................................................................................... 12 The African Initiated Church………………………………………………………. 14 Context of the Study............................................................................................................ 17 African Religion and Spirituality......................................................................................... 22 The Black Church: A “Cultural Womb”............................................................................... 25 Chapter Summary.................................................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW An Overview: The Diverse Views of the Black Church...................................................... 28 A Case for the Black Church................................................................................................. 28 Immigration and the foundation of the Black Church…………………………………….. 36 Culture, Identity and the Black Church................................................................................. 40 Education: A dimension of the Black Church....................................................................... 46 Racism and the formation of Otherness................................................................................ 55 Chapter Summary.................................................................................................................. 59 CHAPTER THREE –THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK An Overview: Understanding Worldview............................................................................ 61 Africentricity: Theory and Philosophy................................................................................. 62 Core Principles of Africentricity............................................................................... 65 Critical Race Theory.............................................................................................................. 68 Postcolonialism...................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter Summary.................................................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER FOUR – METHODOLOGY An Overview: An Africentric Informed Methodology.......................................................... 78 Study Sites............................................................................................................................. 81 Emmanuel Baptist Church (EBC).............................................................................. 81 St. Phillip’s African Orthodox Church (SPAOC)...................................................... 82 The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG).................................................... 84 Rationale for the Churches.................................................................................................... 85 Participants Recruitment………………………………………………………………….... 86 iv Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………….. 87 A Case Study Approach…………………………………………………………………..... 89 Participant Observation………………………………………………………........ 89 Semi-Structured Interviews………………………………………………………... 91 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………. 94 Chapter Summary………………………………………………………………………….. 99 CHAPTER FIVE – RESEARCH FINDINGS An Overview: Capturing the themes……………………………………………………..... 101 Revisiting Research Participants…………………………………………………………... 102 Research Themes…………………………………………………………………………... 104 Shared Cultural Experience………………………………………………………... 104 Relevant Learning………………………………………………………………….. 112 Social Engagement………………………………………………………………… 119 A Sense of Community…………………………………………………………….. 124 Chapter Summary………………………………………………………………….. 133 CHAPTER SIX– ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS An Overview: Making Sense of Theories…………………………………………………. 135 Theoretical Framework Analysis…………………………………………………………... 135 Africentricity……………………………………………………………………….. 135 Critical Race Theory……………………………………………………………….. 150 Postcolonialism…………………………………………………………………….. 157 Discussions………………………………………………………………………………… 164 Chapter Summary………………………………………………………………………….. 167 CHAPTER SEVEN– CONCLUSIONS AND REFLECTIONS An Overview: A Closure…………………………………………………………………... 168 A Summary of Chapters………………………………………………………………........ 168 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………… 170 Points of Convergence: Identity and African Cultural System……………………. 170 Points of Divergence: The dilemma of the Black church …………………………. 172 Multiculturalism and the Black Church……………………………………………. 174 The Black Church as a Lifelong Learning site…………………………………….. 177 Relevance of the Study……………………………………………………………...178 Recommendations and Future Studies……………………………………………... 179 Personal Reflections……………………………………………………………………….. 180 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………… 183 APPENDIX A…………………………………………………………………………....... 197 APPENDIX B……………………………………………………………………………... 198 APPENDICES E, F, G……………………………………………………………………. 199 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIC African Initiated Church ACS African Cultural System AIQM Africentric Informed Qualitative Methodology AOC African Orthodox Church AUBA African United Baptist Association CABC Convention of the Atlantic Baptist Churches CRT Critical Race Theory EBC Emmanuel Baptist Church IEC Independent Episcopal Church NAM Non-Aligned Movement PRC Pew Research Centre RCCG The Redeemed Christian Church of God RWG Racism Working Group SOS Save Our Sons, Save Our Sisters SPAOC St Phillip’s African Orthodox Church UNIAC United Negro Improvement Association UUC Montreal’s Union United Church vi JOURNEY TO FOSTERING CULTURAL IDENTITY: ARE THERE ANY ROADS LEADING TO THE BLACK CHURCH? A CASE
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