DOCSLIB.ORG

Dreams of a Tropical Canada: Race, Nation, and Canadian Aspirations in the Caribbean Basin, 1883-1919

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dreams of a Tropical Canada: Race, Nation, and Canadian Aspirations in the Caribbean Basin, 1883-1919 Dreams of a Tropical Canada: Race, Nation, and Canadian Aspirations in the Caribbean Basin, 1883-1919 by Paula Pears Hastings Department of History Duke University Date: _________________________ Approved: ______________________________ John Herd Thompson, Supervisor ______________________________ Susan Thorne ______________________________ D. Barry Gaspar ______________________________ Philip J. Stern Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2010 ABSTRACT Dreams of a Tropical Canada: Race, Nation, and Canadian Aspirations in the Caribbean Basin, 1883-1919 by Paula Pears Hastings Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ John Herd Thompson, Supervisor ___________________________ Susan Thorne ___________________________ D. Barry Gaspar ___________________________ Philip J. Stern An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2010 Copyright by Paula Pears Hastings 2010 Abstract Dreams of a “tropical Canada” that included the West Indies occupied the thoughts of many Canadians over a period spanning nearly forty years. From the expansionist fever of the late nineteenth century to the redistribution of German territories immediately following the First World War, Canadians of varying backgrounds campaigned vigorously for Canada-West Indies union. Their efforts generated a transatlantic discourse that raised larger questions about Canada’s national trajectory, imperial organization, and the state of Britain’s Empire in the twentieth century. This dissertation explores the key ideas, tensions, and contradictions that shaped the union discourse over time. Race, nation and empire were central to this discourse. Canadian expansionists’ efforts to gain free access to tropical territory, consolidate British possessions in the Western hemisphere, and negotiate the terms under which West Indians of color would enter the Canadian federation reflected and perpetuated logics that were simultaneously racial, national, and imperial. Canada-West Indies union campaigns raise important questions about the processes at work in the ideological and material formation of the Canadian “nation” in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Employing a wide range of public and private manuscript material, diaries, travelogues, and newspapers, this dissertation argues that Canadians’ expansionist aspirations in the West Indies were inextricably connected to a national vision. To the campaign’s advocates, acquiring colonial satellites – particularly in tropical regions – was a defining feature of nation-state formation. iv Contents Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. vii 1. Introduction: Dreams of a Tropical Canada .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Constructing ‘Nation’ from within and from without .............................................. 11 1.2 Race and the Structure of Empire................................................................................. 16 1.3 Project Outline ................................................................................................................ 26 2. Commerce, Nation, Empire ................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Possessing a great South as well as a great West ...................................................... 35 2.2 ‘Perish the colonies so long as England obtains sugar at a cheap price’ ............... 43 2.3 British Trade and resistance to union at Whitehall ................................................... 58 3. Between Empire and Nation: The Prerequisites and Possibilities of Extra-Territorial Governance .................................................................................................................................. 63 3.1 The Nation-State Imperative: Canada, Australia, and the New Guinea Case ...... 66 3.2 ‘Enough irons in the fire’ ............................................................................................... 72 3.3 Race and Governance ..................................................................................................... 76 4. ‘Rounding off the Confederation’: Tropicality, Nation, and Canada’s ‘Destiny’ in the West Indies ............................................................................................................................................. 99 4.1 Tropicality ...................................................................................................................... 104 4.2. Canada’s ‘Destiny’ ....................................................................................................... 115 4.3 National Designs in the Bahamas............................................................................... 127 v 5. ‘A Betrayal of Trust’: Commercial Interests and Humanitarian Obligations in Britain ..................................................................................................................................................... 145 5.1 Markets and Misconceptions ...................................................................................... 150 5.2 A Shifting Center of Gravity? .................................................................................... 159 5.3 The ‘Colour Question’ ................................................................................................. 164 6. ‘Expansionists in the broadest sense of the word’: Redrawing the Global Map ......... 176 6.1 Negotiating Territorial Desiderata in Ottawa and London ................................... 180 6.2 The United States and the Necessity of Formal Canadian Imperialism .............. 193 6.3 Annexation not Confederation ................................................................................... 204 7. Black Subjects in Canada: Alliance, Organization, and the Struggle for British Justice ..................................................................................................................................................... 217 7.1 Recruits, Conscripts, and the No. 2 Construction Battallion ................................. 222 7.2 Conflict at Fort William and Glace Bay .................................................................... 234 7.3 Confronting ‘Controlled Democracy’ at Canadian Universities .......................... 244 7.4 Union Revisited ........................................................................................................... 258 8. Conclusion: Ambiguity, Race, and the Legacy of Canada as Non-Empire ................. 274 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 283 Biography .................................................................................................................................. 332 vi Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the support of a large group of mentors, colleagues, friends, and family. I was fortunate to have a supportive, engaged dissertation committee throughout the process. I would like to thank John Herd Thompson, whose confidence in my work never wavered. His unrelenting enthusiasm and kindness allayed my insecurities on more than one occasion, while his editorial eye strengthened my prose immeasurably. Susan Thorne offered tremendous support and insightful feedback throughout my time at Duke, and she never ceased to amaze me with her keen ability to see the significance of my work in ways that I could not yet see. No wonder I always left our meetings feeling much more brilliant than I am. She encouraged my forays into cultural history, while never letting me lose site of the material implications of history. Barry Gaspar introduced me to and has inspired my ongoing interest in Caribbean history. He always asked big picture questions about my work that I invariably mulled over for days – and sometimes weeks – after he posed them. Phil Stern joined the committee later in the process but his involvement has been no less engaged, nor has his influence been any less formative. He too asked big questions that forced me (in a good way) to frame my project in broader, more compelling terms. I only wish that my pen could have kept pace with the sheer volume of intellectual insights he dispensed during our meetings. Many archivists and librarians went above and beyond to assist me with my research. I would like to extend a special thank you to the staff at the Beaton Institute at Cape Breton University, the Whitney Pier Historical Museum, the Sun Life Archives of Canada, Nova Scotia vii Archives and Records Management, the Special Collections Department at Durham University Library, the National Archives of Scotland, Rhodes House and Modern Political Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library, the Churchill Archives Center at Cambridge, the National Library of Jamaica, the University of the West Indies Libraries at St. Augustine and Mona, and Margaret Brill and the staff of the Interlibrary Loan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Final Performance
    Final Performance Report ID: 114960 Application Number: PW-228138-15 Project Director: Paul M. Peucker Institution: Moravian Archives Reporting Period: 5/1/2015-2/29/2016 Report Due: 5/31/2016 Date Submitted: 5/31/2016 Final Performance Report grant number: PW-228138-15 title of project: Eastern West Indies Records Planning Project project director: Paul Peucker name of grantee institution: The Moravian Archives date report is submitted: 5/31/2016 Appendices: 1. Assessment of Documents in the Eastern West Indies Collection, by Dr. Jon Sensbach 2. Evaluation of the Conservation Plan for Documents in the Eastern West Indies Collection, by Katharine Gerbner 3. Evaluation of Sensbach’s assessment, by Natasha Lightfoot 4. Prioritization guidelines 5. Summary of Item-by-Item Collection Survey, prepared by the Conservation Center for Art & Historic Artifacts 6. Digitization plan, prepared by the Conservation Center for Art & Historic Artifacts 7. Implementation Plan 8. Nicole Radzievich, “Moravian record books hold little-known history of slaves,” The Morning Call, 16 May 2015 9. sample of a condition report of an item in the EWI collection 2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES The Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, Pa. (MAB) received an HCRR Foundations grant to assess the records from the Eastern West Indies (EWI), held by the Moravian Archives. The goal of the project was 1) To prioritize the material according to its humanities values, resulting in written guidelines for prioritization of treatment and digitization 2) To conduct an item-by-item collection survey of prioritized material, including condition reports, treatment plans and cost estimates 3) To develop a plan for the digitization of the collection and a plan for the long-term digital preservation of the images history & background The Eastern West Indies Province of the Moravian Church includes the islands of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean
    Integrated Country Strategy Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean FOR PUBLIC RELEASE FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Table of Contents 1. Chief of Mission Priorities ................................................................................................................ 2 2. Mission Strategic Framework .......................................................................................................... 3 3. Mission Goals and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 5 4. Management Objectives ................................................................................................................ 11 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Approved: August 15, 2018 1 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 1. Chief of Mission Priorities Our Mission is accredited bilaterally to seven Eastern Caribbean (EC) island nations (Antigua and Barbuda; Barbados; Dominica; Grenada; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) and to the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). All are English- speaking parliamentary democracies with stable political systems. All of the countries are also Small Island Developing States. The U.S. has close ties with these governments. They presently suffer from inherently weak economies, dependent on tourism, serious challenges from transnational crime, and a constant threat from natural disasters. For these reasons, our engagement focuses on these strategic challenges: Safety, Security, and Accountability for American Citizens and Interests Energy
    [Show full text]
  • Click Here to Download
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I, by J. Castell Hopkins and Murat Halstead This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I Comprising a History of South Africa and its people, including the war of 1899 and 1900 Author: J. Castell Hopkins Murat Halstead Release Date: December 1, 2012 [EBook #41521] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOUTH AFRICA AND BOER-BRITISH WAR *** Produced by Al Haines JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, Colonial Secretary of England. PAUL KRUGER, President of the South African Republic. (Photo from Duffus Bros.) South Africa AND The Boer-British War COMPRISING A HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS PEOPLE, INCLUDING THE WAR OF 1899 AND 1900 BY J. CASTELL HOPKINS, F.S.S. Author of The Life and Works of Mr. Gladstone; Queen Victoria, Her Life and Reign; The Sword of Islam, or Annals of Turkish Power; Life and Work of Sir John Thompson. Editor of "Canada; An Encyclopedia," in six volumes. AND MURAT HALSTEAD Formerly Editor of the Cincinnati "Commercial Gazette," and the Brooklyn "Standard-Union." Author of The Story of Cuba; Life of William McKinley; The Story of the Philippines; The History of American Expansion; The History of the Spanish-American War; Our New Possessions, and The Life and Achievements of Admiral Dewey, etc., etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Historical Magazine, 1997, Volume 92, Issue No. 2
    i f of 5^1- 1-3^-7 Summer 1997 MARYLAND Historical Magazine TU THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY Founded 1844 Dennis A. Fiori, Director The Maryland Historical Magazine Robert I. Cottom, Editor Patricia Dockman Anderson, Associate Editor Donna B. Shear, Managing Editor Jeff Goldman, Photographer Angela Anthony, Robin Donaldson Coblentz, Christopher T.George, Jane Gushing Lange, and Robert W. Schoeberlein, Editorial Associates Regional Editors John B. Wiseman, Frostburg State University Jane G. Sween, Montgomery Gounty Historical Society Pegram Johnson III, Accoceek, Maryland Acting as an editorial board, the Publications Committee of the Maryland Historical Society oversees and supports the magazine staff. Members of the committee are: John W. Mitchell, Upper Marlboro; Trustee/Ghair Jean H. Baker, Goucher Gollege James H. Bready, Baltimore Sun Robert J. Brugger, The Johns Hopkins University Press Lois Green Garr, St. Mary's Gity Gommission Toby L. Ditz, The Johns Hopkins University Dennis A. Fiori, Maryland Historical Society, ex-officio David G. Fogle, University of Maryland Jack G. Goellner, Baltimore Averil Kadis, Enoch Pratt Free Library Roland G. McGonnell, Morgan State University Norvell E. Miller III, Baltimore Richard Striner, Washington Gollege John G. Van Osdell, Towson State University Alan R. Walden, WBAL, Baltimore Brian Weese, Bibelot, Inc., Pikesville Members Emeritus John Higham, The Johns Hopkins University Samuel Hopkins, Baltimore Gharles McG. Mathias, Ghevy Ghase The views and conclusions expressed in this magazine are those of the authors. The editors are responsible for the decision to make them public. ISSN 0025-4258 © 1997 by the Maryland Historical Society. Published as a benefit of membership in the Maryland Historical Society in March, June, September, and December.
    [Show full text]
  • Theatre and Transformation in Contemporary Canada
    Theatre and Transformation in Contemporary Canada Robert Wallace The John P. Robarts Professor of Canadian Studies THIRTEENTH ANNUAL ROBARTS LECTURE 15 MARCH 1999 York University, Toronto, Ontario Robert Wallace is Professor of English and Coordinator of Drama Studies at Glendon College, York University in Toronto, where he has taught for over 30 years. During the 1970s, Prof. Wallace wrote five stage plays, one of which, No Deposit, No Return, was produced off- Broadway in 1975. During this time, he began writing theatre criticism and commentary for a range of newspapers, magazines and academic journals, which he continues to do today. During the 1980s, Prof. Wallace simultaneously edited Canadian Theatre Review and developed an ambitious programme of play publishing for Coach House Press. During the 1980s, Prof. Wallace also contributed commentary and reviews to CBC radio programs including Stereo Morning, State of the Arts, The Arts Tonight and Two New Hours; for CBC-Ideas, he wrote and produced 10 feature documentaries about 20th century performance. Robert Wallace is a recipient of numerous grants and awards including a Canada Council Aid to Artists Grant and a MacLean-Hunter Fellowship in arts journalism. His books include The Work: Conversations with English-Canadian Playwrights (1982, co-written with Cynthia Zimmerman), Quebec Voices (1986), Producing Marginality: Theatre 7 and Criticism in Canada (1990) and Making, Out: Plays by Gay Men (1992). As the Robarts Chair in Canadian Studies at York (1998-99), Prof. Wallace organized and hosted a series of public events titled “Theatre and Trans/formation in Canadian Culture(s)” that united theatre artists, academics and students in lively discussions that informed his ongoing research in the cultural formations of theatre in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • "University Student Support for Caribbean Integration: a Four Campus Study" 1
    "UNIVERSITY STUDENT SUPPORT FOR CARIBBEAN INTEGRATION: A FOUR CAMPUS STUDY" 1 Walter C. Soderlund, Stuart H. Surlin, Robert M. Krause, Frank Innes, Ronald M. Welch all at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario CANADA N9B 3P4 • Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Conference of the Caribbean Studies Association Kingston, Jamaica May 1993 INTRODUCTION: Following World War II, in spite of reservations evident in the Moyne Report, British policy sought to link the independence of its West Indian colonies to their integration into a federal political system (Will, 1991:5-10). While a West Indies Federation was created in 1958, its British rather than West Indian origins, an emphasis on political over economic factors and the insularity or parochialism of its component parts, led to its collapse before the end of 1962 (Etzioni, 1965:138-139). Excellent accounts of the origins, performance and demise of the Federation are contained in (Proctor, 1957; Springer, 1962; Mordicai, 1968, Millette, 1969; Axline, 1979; and Payne, 1980). In spite of the failure of the Federation, individual West Indian colonies of Great Britain did achieve their independence between 1962 (Jamaica and Trinidad/Tobago) and 1983 (St. Kitts- Nevis). During the same time, a network of cooperative and integrative schemes among the countries developed; chief among these being the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) in 1965, the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) in 1966, the Eastern Caribbean Common Market (ECCM) in 1968 (which developed into the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States in 1981), and the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) in 1973. The latter organization, presided over by a Council of Heads of Government, has focused primarily on economic and other types of functional cooperation (Emanuel, 1987:1-6).
    [Show full text]
  • African and Caribbean Philanthropy in Ontario
    AT A GLANCE 1 000 000 000+Total population of Africa 40 000 000+Total population of the Caribbean 1 000 000+ Population of Canadians who identify as Black 85 Percentage of the Caribbean population who are Christian African 45 Percentage of Africans who identify as Muslim and Caribbean 40 Percentage of Africans who identify as Christian Philanthropy 85 Percentage of Jamaican-Canadians living in Ontario in Ontario In October 2013, the Association of Fundraising Professionals Foundation for Philanthropy – Canada hosted a conference that brought together charity leaders, donors and volunteers to explore TERMINOLOGY the philanthropy of the African and Caribbean CASE STUDY communities in Ontario. Here is a collection of Ubuntu: A pan-African philosophy or In 1982, the Black Business and insights from the conference and beyond. belief in a universal bond of sharing Professional Association (BBPA) wanted that connects all humans. to recognize the achievements of the six Black Canadian athletes who excelled at the Commonwealth Games that year. Organizers of the dinner invited Harry Jerome, Canada’s premiere track and field WISE WORDS athlete of the 1960s, to be the keynote “Ontario’s African and Caribbean communities are very distinct – both with respect to their speaker. Harry Jerome tragically died just histories and their relationship with Canada. The mistake the philanthropic sector could prior to the event and it was decided to turn the occasion into a tribute to him. The first easily make is treating these groups as a single, homogeneous community. What is most Harry Jerome Awards event took place on remarkable is the concept of ubuntu – or “human kindness” – and that faith in both of these March 5, 1983 and is now an annual national communities is very strong and discussed openly.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapier House, Turnmill Street, London, EC I I'. L.Reruti,E
    REDHEADS ADVERTISING LTD. SOMMERVILLE & MILNE 21 Eldon LTD. Square, Newcastle -on -Tyne, 1. 216 Bothwell Street, Glasgow, C.2. Scotland. REX PUBLICITY SERVICE LTD. Director S Manager: J. Bruce Omand. 131-134 New Bond Street, London, W.I. THE W. J. SOUTHCOMBE ADVERTISING Telephone: 'Mayfair 7571. AGENCY LTD. T.Y. Executive: R. C. Granger. 167 Strand, oLndon, W.C.2. Telephone: RIPLEY, PRESTON & CO. LTD. Temple Bar 4273. Ludgate House, 107-111 Fleet Street, Lon- SPOTTISWOODE ADVERTISING LTD. don, E.C.4. Telephone: Central 8672. 34 Brook Street, London, W.1. Telephone: T.V. Executive: Walter A. Clare. Hyde Park 1221 MAX RITSON & PARTNERS LTD. T.I Lxecutive: W. J. Barter. 33 Henrietta Street, London, W.C.2. Tele- HENRY SQUIRE & CO. LTD. phone: Temple Bar 3861. Canada House, Norfolk Street, London, W.C. T.V. Executive: Roy G. Clark. 2. Telephone: Temple Bar 9093. ROE TELEVISION LTD. I I'. L.reruti,e: S. Windridge. (F. John Roe Ltd.) 20 St. Ann's Square, STEELE'S ADVERTISING SERVICE LTD. Manchester & 73 Grosvenor Street, London, 34 Brook Street, London, W.1. W.1. Telephone: Grosvenor 8228. T.Y. Executives: Graham Roe, Derek J. Roe. STEPHENS ADVERTISING SERVICE LTD. Clarendon House, 11-12 Clifford Street, ROLES & PARKER LTD. New Bond Street, London, W.1. Telephone: Rapier House, Turnmill Street, London, E.C. Hyde Park 1. 1641. Telephone: Clerkenwell 0545. Executive: E. W. R. T.V. Executive: H. T. Parker. Galley. STRAND PUBLICITY LTD. G. S. ROYDS LTD. 10 Stanhope Row, London, W.1. Telephone: 160 Piccadilly, London, W1.. Telephone: Grosvenor 1352. Hyde Park 8238.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts on Immigrants and People Designated As Visible Minorities
    Impacts on Immigrants and People Designated as Visible Minorities 1 Delivering insight through data for a better Canada Impacts on Immigrants and People Designated as Visible Minorities Key messages: • Immigrants are disproportionately represented in jobs with greater exposure to COVID-19 – 34% of front- line/essential service workers identify as visible minorities (compared with 21% in other sectors). • Visible minorities are also more likely to work in industries worst affected by the pandemic, such as food and accommodation services – compounding health and economic risks. • Impact of COVID-19 on immigrants’ employment could reverse gains made in recent years to close the gap • Immigrants and visible minorities are more likely to report facing harassment, attacks, and stigma. • Immigrants are more concerned with their health and social consequences of the pandemic and are more likely to take precautions, but less likely to get a vaccine. 2 Delivering insight through data for a better Canada Evidence of differential rates of COVID among visible minorities in Canada – highlighting the need for more data on diverse populations Concerns regarding differential impacts of COVID have prompted calls for the collection of race-based health data in Canada. Currently, there is no requirement to collect race-based data in Canada related to COVID-19. In Ontario, Census data were used to analyze the distribution of COVID cases across neighbourhoods with higher vs lower concentration of visible minorities. The findings show that the rate of… • COVID-19 infections were three times higher • hospitalizations rates were four times higher and • deaths were twice as high …among individuals living in the most diverse neighbourhoods compared with the least diverse neighbourhoods.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing America
    CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING AMERICA (PRE-1754) PAGES SAMPLE CHAPTER OVERVIEW PAGES SAMPLE PAGES SAMPLE INTRODUCTION The story of the United States began in Europe, with competition among imperial powers to settle the great landmass of North America. From the 1500s onwards the wealthy but land-strapped kingdoms of Europe – England, France, Spain, Holland and Portugal – became aware of the economic and strategic potential of this bountiful new continent across the Atlantic. Explorers, settlers, conquistadors,1 captains, merchants and speculators braved perilous sea voyages into the unknown to plant their flag in a land they knew little about. By the late 1600s, several European powers had claimed their own piece of North America, leading to territorial competition and nationalist tensions. For a time it seemed as if this ‘new world’ might develop as a mirror of the old, divided Europe. Arguably the strongest of these imperial powers was Great Britain. Britain’s African American slave military strength, naval dominance and mastery of trade gave it the edge in being sold. matters of empire; this was reflected in the claim that ‘Britons … never will be slaves!’2 in the popular anthem Rule, Britannia! The true purpose of British imperialism, however, was not to conquer or rule but to make money. London maintained the colonies as a valuable source of raw materials and a market for manufactured products. Most imperial legislation was therefore concerned with the regulation of trade. By the mid-1760s, British America had evolved into a remarkably independent colonial system. Under a broad policy of ‘salutary A questionable neglect’, each of the thirteen colonies had become used to a significant degree representation of of self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • Emancipation in St. Croix; Its Antecedents and Immediate Aftermath
    N. Hall The victor vanquished: emancipation in St. Croix; its antecedents and immediate aftermath In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 58 (1984), no: 1/2, Leiden, 3-36 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl N. A. T. HALL THE VICTOR VANQUISHED EMANCIPATION IN ST. CROIXJ ITS ANTECEDENTS AND IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH INTRODUCTION The slave uprising of 2-3 July 1848 in St. Croix, Danish West Indies, belongs to that splendidly isolated category of Caribbean slave revolts which succeeded if, that is, one defines success in the narrow sense of the legal termination of servitude. The sequence of events can be briefly rehearsed. On the night of Sunday 2 July, signal fires were lit on the estates of western St. Croix, estate bells began to ring and conch shells blown, and by Monday morning, 3 July, some 8000 slaves had converged in front of Frederiksted fort demanding their freedom. In the early hours of Monday morning, the governor general Peter von Scholten, who had only hours before returned from a visit to neighbouring St. Thomas, sum- moned a meeting of his senior advisers in Christiansted (Bass End), the island's capital. Among them was Lt. Capt. Irminger, commander of the Danish West Indian naval station, who urged the use of force, including bombardment from the sea to disperse the insurgents, and the deployment of a detachment of soldiers and marines from his frigate (f)rnen. Von Scholten kept his own counsels. No troops were despatched along the arterial Centreline road and, although he gave Irminger permission to sail around the coast to beleaguered Frederiksted (West End), he went overland himself and arrived in town sometime around 4 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hitch-Hiker Is Intended to Provide Information Which Beginning Adult Readers Can Read and Understand
    CONTENTS: Foreword Acknowledgements Chapter 1: The Southwestern Corner Chapter 2: The Great Northern Peninsula Chapter 3: Labrador Chapter 4: Deer Lake to Bishop's Falls Chapter 5: Botwood to Twillingate Chapter 6: Glenwood to Gambo Chapter 7: Glovertown to Bonavista Chapter 8: The South Coast Chapter 9: Goobies to Cape St. Mary's to Whitbourne Chapter 10: Trinity-Conception Chapter 11: St. John's and the Eastern Avalon FOREWORD This book was written to give students a closer look at Newfoundland and Labrador. Learning about our own part of the earth can help us get a better understanding of the world at large. Much of the information now available about our province is aimed at young readers and people with at least a high school education. The Hitch-Hiker is intended to provide information which beginning adult readers can read and understand. This work has a special feature we hope readers will appreciate and enjoy. Many of the places written about in this book are seen through the eyes of an adult learner and other fictional characters. These characters were created to help add a touch of reality to the printed page. We hope the characters and the things they learn and talk about also give the reader a better understanding of our province. Above all, we hope this book challenges your curiosity and encourages you to search for more information about our land. Don McDonald Director of Programs and Services Newfoundland and Labrador Literacy Development Council ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the many people who so kindly and eagerly helped me during the production of this book.
    [Show full text]