DOCSLIB.ORG

Apuntes De Botánica Aplicada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Apuntes De Botánica Aplicada Apuntes de Botánica Aplicada Aira Faúndez F. – Luis Faúndez Y. – Rodrigo Flores F. 2017 Universidad de Chile - Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas A. Faúndez; L. Faúndez y R. Flores. Apuntes de Botánica Aplicada. Santiago, Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, 2017. 189 páginas. Editor: Pedro Calandra Bustos ISBN LIBRO: 978-956-19-1037-9 R.P.I: 283.512 Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Universidad de Chile Casilla 1004, Santa Rosa 11315 La Pintana, Santiago Edición on line Universidad de Chile - Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Apuntes de botánica aplicada Aira Faúndez – Luis Faúndez- Rodrigo Flores 2017 Universidad de Chile - Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Agradecimientos Quisieramos agradecer a los estudiantes de la generación 2011, cuyos apuntes de la materia del ramo Botánica Aplicada inspiraron este material docente. Además, quisiéramos agradecer a las estudiantes Alicia Rojas (2012). Natalia Suazo (2013) y Stephannie Escobar (2015) por facilitarnos sus cuadernos con toda la materia de cada una de sus generaciones. También a Maria Regina Donoso por sus revisiones de este manual y sus aportes al mismo. Por último, agradecer a Marlene Aravena (2013), quien no solo nos entregó todo su material docente del ramo, sino que además fue la primera en revisar y editar el contenido de este manual. Introducción El estudio del reino Plantae ha sido fundamental a lo largo de toda nuestra historia; la adquisición de conocimientos botánicos ha permitido el desarrollo y mejora de técnicas en la agricultura, en la medicina natural y en el cuidado y conservación de la naturaleza. Para un estudiante de Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales Renovables (IRNR) de la Universidad de Chile, tener conocimientos sobre uno de los principales recursos naturales presentes en el mundo, como lo es la flora, es primordial en su desarrollo como profesional. Este trabajo se enmarca en el desarrollo del ramo Botánica Aplicada de IRNR. Es el resultado de tres años de recopilación de apuntes de alumnos y la información extraída de diversas fuentes bibliográficas, el que no sólo puede ser utilizado por estos profesionales, sino que también es de gran utilidad para Ingenieros Agrónomos, Biólogos Ambientales y cualquier estudiante que desee tener conocimientos básicos sobre la flora de nuestro país. El principal objetivo de esta recopilación es que los alumnos de la carrera tengan la información taxonómica de algunas de las familias más relevantes de la flora de Chile en una sola fuente y logren aprender y comprender de mejor manera la información necesaria en su desarrollo como profesionales. La información que se presenta a continuación se encuentra ordenada (Figura 1), en un primer nivel, según los conceptos taxonómicos de Clases; en este manuscrito podemos encontrar la información de solo 2 de ellas: Liliopsida y Magnoliopsida (pertenecientes a la división Magnoliophyta). Se eligieron esas dos clases pues son las que tienen mayor cantidad de representantes a nivel de Familia, Género y Especie en Chile. Si bien se encuentra una pequeña descripción de cada clase seleccionada, el fuerte de la información está a nivel de las familias de cada una de las clases y un poco de información de los géneros más representativos o significativos, a modo de conocimiento general. Universidad de Chile - Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Figura 1. Órden jerárquico de la información en el libro Dentro de cada clase se seleccionaron familias de importancia económica, socio-cultural o medioambiental, pues como este texto se enmarca en el desarrollo de un ramo semestral, no es posible abarcarlas a todas. Universidad de Chile - Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Presentación de la información Familia que se verá Características de ambiente, forma de vida, distribución, tipo de tallo y /o raíz Características de la hoja (nomófilo) Características de la flor (en general) Características de la inflorescencia Tipo de fruto Características de la flor (por conjunto floral) Algún dato respecto al uso, historia, domesticación, etc., de la familia o alguno de sus miembros Género del que se hablará Algunas especies del género, que están presentes en Chile Características morfológicas que definen a los integrantes del género Características interesantes en cuanto a su distribución, ecología, estado de conservación, uso cultural, etc. Universidad de Chile - Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Índice Clase Liliopsida .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Familia Arecaceae.......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Familia Bromeliaceae .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Familia Cyperaceae .................................................................................................................................................... 10 Familia Iridaceae ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Familia Juncaceae ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 Familia Liliaceae (tipo de la Clase Liliopsida) ............................................................................................... 18 Familia Alliaceae .................................................................................................................................................... 19 Familia Alstroemeriaceae................................................................................................................................... 21 Familia Amaryllidaceae ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Familia Anthericaceae ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Familia Hyacinthaceae ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Familia Luzuriagaceae ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Familia Orchidaceae .................................................................................................................................................. 28 Familia Philesiaceae .................................................................................................................................................. 30 Familia Poaceae (=Gramineae) ............................................................................................................................ 31 Subfamilia Bambusoideae .................................................................................................................................. 32 Subfamilia Pooideae ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Familia Tecophileaceae ............................................................................................................................................ 36 Clase Magnoliopsida ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 Familia Aizoaceae ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Familia Anacardiaceae ............................................................................................................................................. 40 Familia Apiaceae (=Umbelliferae)....................................................................................................................... 42 Familia Aristolochiaceae......................................................................................................................................... 47 Familia Asteraceae (=Compositae, Compuestas) ......................................................................................... 49 Subfamilia Cichorioideae (=Liguliflorae) .................................................................................................... 50 Subfamilia Asteroideae (=Tubuliflorae) ...................................................................................................... 50 Familia Berberidaceae .............................................................................................................................................. 55 Familia Boraginaceae ............................................................................................................................................... 57 Familia Brassicaceae (=Cruciferae) .................................................................................................................... 60 Familia Cactaceae ....................................................................................................................................................... 63 Familia Callitrichaceae ............................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physiochemical and Antibacterial Characterization of Fruits of Three Chilean Trees
    72 Fruits (2), 87–96 | ISSN 0248-1294 print, 1625-967X online | https://doi.org/10.17660/th.2017/72.2.4 | © ISHS 2017 Original article Citronella mucronata (Cardiopteridaceae), Pitavia punctata (Rutaceae)Physiochemical and Beilschmiediaand antibacterial berteroana characterization (Lauraceae), of fruits three of endemic and threatened Chilean trees , G.F. Narváez2, M.F. Morales3 3 4 and C.R. Figueroa 1 5,a F.A.12 Sáez , H.M. Bello , C. Balbontín 3 Master Program in Forest Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile 4 Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile Research Lab of Antibacterial Agents, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile 5 Small Fruits and Berry Crops Research, Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA)-Quilamapu, Chillán, Chile Phytohormone Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile Summary Significance of this study Introduction – Several native tree species are What is already known on this subject? scarcely studied in relation to fruit properties. In or- • Citronella mucronata, Pitavia punctata and Beilschmie- der to bring about information of these plant resourc- dia berteroana are threatened endemic trees of central es, the characterization of ripening-associated prop- erties of the fruit of three endemic and threatened studied. Chilean trees (Citronella mucronata, Pitavia punctata Chile whose fruit properties have been scarcely and Beilschmiedia berteroana) was performed in the What are the new findings? present study. Materials and methods – The physio- • C. mucronata and P. punctata chemical characterization of two developmental fruit a high amount of pectin and bacteriostatic effect, stages in each species included the measurement of fruits extracts showed soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, for both fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Biodiversity in the Andes Region Efectos De Fragmentación De Los Bosques Sobre La Biodivers
    Universidad de Concepción Dirección de Posgrado Facultad de Ciencias Forestales PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS FORESTALES Effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity in the Andes region Efectos de fragmentación de los bosques sobre la biodiversidad en la región de los andes Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Forestales JIN KYOUNG NOH Concepción-Chile 2019 Profesor Guía: Cristian Echeverría Leal, Ph.D. Profesor Co-guía: Aníbal Pauchard, Ph.D. Dpto. de Manejo de Bosques y Medioambiente Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción ii Effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity in the Andes region Comisión Evaluadora: Cristian Echeverría (Profesor guía) Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. Aníbal Pauchard (Profesor co-guía) Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. Francis Dube (Comisión Evaluador) Ingeniero Forestal, Doctor Horacio Samaniego (Comisión Evaluador) Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. Directora de Posgrado: Darcy Ríos Biologa, Ph.D. Decano Facultad de Ciencias Forestales: Jorge Cancino Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. iii DEDICATORIA 활짝 웃으며 내 손잡고, 길고 힘들었던 여정을 동행해 준 나의 사랑하는 남편 파블로, 바쁜 엄마를 이해하고 위로하고 사랑해주는 나의 소중한 두 꼬맹이 테오와 벤자민, 조건없는 사랑으로 믿고 이끌고 도와주신 존경하고 사랑하는 아빠 (노창균)와 엄마 (최문경)께 이 논문을 바칩니다. Para mi esposo, Pablo Cuenca, por su extraordinaria generosidad, fortaleza y dulzura. Para mis hijos, Teo y Benjamin, que son mi mayor fortaleza y motivación. Para mis padres, Chang Gyun Noh y Moon Kyung Choi quienes me brindaron su amor incondicional y me motivaron a seguir adelante. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge with great pleasure all people and organizations mention below for their assistance and support. My deepest appreciation to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Alejandro M Urzúa*, Gastón J Sotes
    J. Chil. Chem. Soc., 53, Nº 1 (2008) ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF ARISTOLOCHIA CHILENSIS A HOST PLANT OF BATTUS POLYDAMAS ALEJANDRO M URZÚA*, GASTÓN J SOTES Universidad de Santiago de chile, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo-33, Santiago, Chile (Received: 17 December - Accepted: 21 January 2008) ABSTRACT In this communication we report the essential oil composition of Aristolochia chilensis Bridges ex Lindl. fresh leaves. This species is one of the larval food-plants of Battus polydamas Boisd., the only butterfly of the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) occurring in Chile. In order to determine possible chemical similarities among several of its host species distributed throughout the continent, we compared these results with data obtained from literature on the composition of other representative Aristolochia species occurring in Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Instead of the expected, it was found that the essential oil of each species considered in this work exhibits a particular characteristic profile. Keywords: Aristolochia chilensis; Aristolochiaceae; monoterpenes; sesquiterpenes; Battus polydamas INTRODUCTION compounds in roots of A. chilensis 8. When standards were not available, mass spectra were compared with published spectrometric data 8,15-17. Also, Kovats Two species represent the family Aristolochiaceae in Chile, Aristolochia index of the peaks were compared with values from the literature 15-17. chilensis Bridges ex Lindl., and Aristolochia bridgesii (Klotzsch) Duch. The former is a summer-deciduous low creeping herb ranging southwards from RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Caldera in Northern Chile (27ºS) to beyond the latitude of Santiago (34ºS), and known by the local names of “oreja de zorro” (fox ear) and “hierba de la A total of 30 compounds were identified (Table 1), constituting 83.7% of Virgen María” (Virgin Mary´s herb)1.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioclimatic and Phytosociological Diagnosis of the Species of the Nothofagus Genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America
    International Journal of Geobotanical Research, Vol. nº 1, December 2011, pp. 1-20 Bioclimatic and phytosociological diagnosis of the species of the Nothofagus genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America Javier AMIGO(1) & Manuel A. RODRÍGUEZ-GUITIÁN(2) (1) Laboratorio de Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC). E-15782 Santiago de Com- postela (Galicia, España). Phone: 34-881 814977. E-mail: [email protected] (2) Departamento de Producción Vexetal. Escola Politécnica Superior de Lugo-USC. 27002-Lugo (Galicia, España). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Nothofagus genus comprises 10 species recorded in the South American subcontinent. All are important tree species in the ex- tratropical, Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forests of Chile and Argentina. This paper presents a summary of data on the phyto- coenotical behaviour of these species and relates the plant communities to the measurable or inferable thermoclimatic and ombrocli- matic conditions which affect them. Our aim is to update the phytosociological knowledge of the South American temperate forests and to assess their suitability as climatic bioindicators by analysing the behaviour of those species belonging to their most represen- tative genus. Keywords: Argentina, boreal forests, Chile, mediterranean forests, temperate forests. Introduction tually give rise to a temperate territory with rainfall rates as high as those of regions with a Tropical pluvial bio- The South American subcontinent is usually associa- climate; iii. finally, towards the apex of the American ted with a tropical environment because this is in fact the Southern Cone, this temperate territory progressively dominant bioclimatic profile from Panamá to the north of gives way to a strip of land with a Boreal bioclimate.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequestration of Aristolochic Acids from Meridic Diets by Larvae of Battus Polydamas Archidamas (Papilionidae: Troidini)
    Eur. J. Entomol. 108: 41–45, 2011 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1585 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Sequestration of aristolochic acids from meridic diets by larvae of Battus polydamas archidamas (Papilionidae: Troidini) CARLOS F. PINTO1, ALEJANDRO URZÚA2 and HERMANN M. NIEMEYER1* 1Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile 2Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, C-33 Santiago, Chile Key words. Lepidoptera, Papilionidae, Battus polydamas archidamas, Aristolochia chilensis, aristolochic acids, sequestration of toxins, uptake of toxins Abstract. Larvae of the butterfly, Battus polydamas archidamas (Papilionidae: Troidini) feed exclusively on aristolochic acid (AAs)-containing Aristolochia species (Aristolochiaceae). The distribution of sequestrated AAs in the tissues (body, integument and osmeterial secretions) of B. polydamas archidamas larvae during their development, when fed on a meridic diet containing either a higher or lower concentration of AAs (AAI and AAII) than occurs naturally in the aerial tissues of their host plant, was determined. Accumulation of AAs in the body and integument was proportional to the weight of larvae and greater in the larvae that fed on the diet containing the higher concentration of AAs. Phenolic AAs (AAIa and AAIVa) not present in the diets were found in all larval tissues examined. Integument and body extracts had a higher AAI/AAII ratio than in the original diet and also a relatively high AAIa/AAIVa ratio, suggesting a preferred AAII to AAIa transformation in those larval tissues. In the osmeterial secretion, the value of the AAI/AAII ratio was similar to that in the diets and the AAIa/AAIVa ratio close to 1, which suggests that hydroxylation of AAI to AAIVa and of AAII to AAIa occur to similar extents.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal Variation of Aristolochia Chilensis Aristolochic Acids During Spring
    Communication Temporal Variation of Aristolochia chilensis Aristolochic Acids during Spring Rocío Santander *, Alejandro Urzúa *, Ángel Olguín and María Sánchez Received: 7 October 2015 ; Accepted: 9 November 2015 ; Published: 13 November 2015 Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile; [email protected] (Á.O.); [email protected] (M.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (A.U.); Tel.: +56-2-2718-1155 (R.S.); +56-2-2718-1154 (A.U.) Abstract: In this communication, we report the springtime variation of the composition of aristolochic acids (AAs) in Aristolochia chilensis leaves and stems. The dominant AA in the leaves of all samples, which were collected between October and December, was AA-I (1), and its concentration varied between 212.6 ˘ 3.8 and 145.6 ˘ 1.2 mg/kg and decreased linearly. This decrease occurred in parallel with the increase in AA-Ia (5) concentration from 15.9 ˘ 0.8 mg/kg at the beginning of October to 96.8 ˘ 7.8 mg/kg in mid-December. Both acids are enzymatically related by methylation-demethylation reactions. Other AAs also showed important variations: AA-II (2) significantly increased in concentration, reaching a maximum in the first two weeks of November and subsequently decreasing in mid-December to approximately the October levels. The principal component in the AA mixture of the stems was also AA-I (1); similar to AA-II (2), its concentration increased beginning in October, peaked in the second week of November and subsequently decreased.
    [Show full text]
  • Estudio De La Flora Del Humedal De Mantagua
    Año 2010 ESTUDIO DE LA FLORA DEL HUMEDAL DE MANTAGUA Consuelo María Pivcevic Fermandois Diseño Gráfico Profesor guía: Sr. Alejandro Garretón Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Escuela de Arquitetura y Diseño. FLORA HUMEDAL DE MANTAGUA INDICE Prólogo ................................................................................................... p.11 Humedal de Mantagua ........................................................................... p.15 Clasificación Botánica de los organismos vegetales .................................................................. p.17 1.-FAMILIA AIZOACEAE ........................................................................ p.19 1.1.-Carpobrotus chilensis / Doca ....................................................... p.20 2.-FAMILIA ADIANTACEAE .................................................................... p.23 2.1.-Adiantum excisum / Helecho palito negro ...................................... p.24 3.-FAMILIA AMARILIDÄCEAS ................................................................ p.27 3.1.-Rhodophiala advena / Añuñuca ................................................... p.28 4.-FAMILIA ANACARDIACEAE .............................................................. p.31 4.1.-Schinus Polygamus / Huingán ..................................................... p.32 4.2.-Lithraea caustica / Litre ............................................................... p.33 4.3.- Schinus latifolius / Molle ............................................................. p.35 5.-FAMILIA APIACEAE
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Geography of Chile PLANT and VEGETATION
    Plant Geography of Chile PLANT AND VEGETATION Volume 5 Series Editor: M.J.A. Werger For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7549 Plant Geography of Chile by Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 123 Dr. Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Instituto de Geografia Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago Chile [email protected] ISSN 1875-1318 e-ISSN 1875-1326 ISBN 978-90-481-8747-8 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8748-5 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8748-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ◦ ◦ Cover illustration: High-Andean vegetation at Laguna Miscanti (23 43 S, 67 47 W, 4350 m asl) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Carlos Reiche (1860–1929) In Memoriam Foreword It is not just the brilliant and dramatic scenery that makes Chile such an attractive part of the world. No, that country has so very much more! And certainly it has a rich and beautiful flora. Chile’s plant world is strongly diversified and shows inter- esting geographical and evolutionary patterns. This is due to several factors: The geographical position of the country on the edge of a continental plate and stretch- ing along an extremely long latitudinal gradient from the tropics to the cold, barren rocks of Cape Horn, opposite Antarctica; the strong differences in altitude from sea level to the icy peaks of the Andes; the inclusion of distant islands in the country’s territory; the long geological and evolutionary history of the biota; and the mixture of tropical and temperate floras.
    [Show full text]
  • Polydamas Swallowtail, Gold Rim, Tailless Swallowtail, Battus Polydamas Lucayus (Rothschild & Jordan) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini)1 Donald W
    EENY-062 Polydamas Swallowtail, Gold Rim, Tailless Swallowtail, Battus polydamas lucayus (Rothschild & Jordan) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini)1 Donald W. Hall2 Introduction The name Battus is from Battus I, founder of the ancient Greek colony Cyrenaica and its capital, Cyrene, in Africa. The Polydamas swallowtail is one of only two US swal- The specific epithet polydamas is from Polydamas, a charac- lowtails of the genus Battus. It is our only US swallowtail ter from Greek mythology (Opler and Krizek 1984). without tails (Figure 1). Larvae of the Polydamas swallowtail and those of the other swallowtails belonging to the tribe Troidini feed exclusively on plants in the genus Aristolochia and are commonly referred to as the Aristolochia swallowtails. Distribution In the United States, Battus polydamas lucayus occurs as a regular resident in peninsular Florida and the Florida Keys, and occasional strays wander to other Gulf states and as far north as Missouri and Kentucky (Scott 1986). Subspe- cies polydamas occurs in southern Texas (Figure 2) (dos Figure 1. Polydamas swallowtail (Battus polydamas lucayus [Rothschild Passos 1940). & Jordan]). Credits: Donald W. Hall, UF/IFAS Nomenclature The Polydamas swallowtail was originally described and named Papilio polydamas by Linnaeus but was later transferred to the genus Battus (Scopoli 1777) and selected as type species of the genus by Lindsey (1925). 1. This document is EENY-062, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 1998. Revised July 2010, August 2011, October 2015, August 2016, March 2017 and March 2020. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forests of Montane Mexico and Temperate South America
    BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND CONSERVATION IN FRAGMENTED FOREST LANDSCAPES The Forests of Montane Mexico and Temperate South America This page intentionally left blank BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND CONSERVATION IN FRAGMENTED FOREST LANDSCAPES The Forests of Montane Mexico and Temperate South America Edited by A.C. Newton Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Change School of Conservation Sciences Bournemouth University Poole Dorset UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44(0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44(0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes : evidence from tropical montane and south temperate rain forests in Latin America / A.C. Newton, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-261-9 (alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-84593-262-6 (ebook) 1. Forest biodiversity--Latin America. 2. Forest biodiversity conservation-- Latin America. 3. Rain forests--Latin America. 4. Rain forest conservation-- Latin America. I. Newton, Adrian C. II. Title. QH106.5.B52 2007 577.3′098--dc22 2007006483 ISBN: 978 1 84593 261 9 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.
    [Show full text]
  • And Pollinator-Linked Features in Aristolochia Chilensis (Aristolochiaceae)
    Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-40662007 The Linnean Society of London? 2007 912 239245 Original Articles HERBIVORY AND POLLINATION OF A. CHILENSIS C. E. VALDIVIA and H. M. NIEMEYER Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 91, 239–245. With 2 figures Noncorrelated evolution between herbivore- and pollinator-linked features in Aristolochia chilensis (Aristolochiaceae) CARLOS E. VALDIVIA and HERMANN M. NIEMEYER* Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile Received 24 June 2005; accepted for publication 10 August 2006 The effect of mutualists (i.e. pollinators) and antagonists (i.e. herbivores) can have non-additive effects on plant fit- ness. This is often interpreted as evidence for correlated evolution on a suite of traits leading to an increase and decrease of the interaction of plants with mutualists and antagonists, respectively. This situation has been found to prevail in plants that have large floral and fruit displays but are not limited by pollinators for seed set. We suggest the alternative hypothesis, where plants limited by pollinators for seed set (e.g. deceit-pollinated plants) exhibit additive effects of pollinators and herbivores on fitness (i.e. noncorrelated evolution). Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, we tested this hypothesis by solely and simultaneously evaluating the effects of pollinators and the single herbi- vore, Battus polydamas archidamas, on female reproductive success of Aristolochia chilensis. Plants exposed to her- bivores presented 2.6-fold greater herbivory than plants that excluded them. In addition, plants exposed to pollinators showed strong limitation by pollinators for seed set compared with other plants of the genus Aristolo- chia.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Number Variation in Part of The
    Vol XXXI (2): 27-38; December 2020 Journal of the Argentine Society of Genetics CHROMOSOME NUMBER VARIATION IN PART OF THE FLORA OF PROTECTED WILD AREAS IN THE ARAUCANIA REGION OF SOUTHERN CHILE VARIACIÓN DEL NÚMERO CROMOSÓMICO EN PARTE DE LA FLORA DE ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS EN LA REGIÓN DE LA ARAUCANÍA, SUR DE CHILE Jara-Seguel P.1,2, Urrutia-Estrada J.3, Vallejos N.1, Andrade E.4, Jara M.5 ABSTRACT 1 Departamento de Ciencias An analysis was made of the correspondence between species diversity and chromosome Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. number (CN) diversity across 13 Protected Wild Areas (PWA) in the Araucanía Region of southern Chile, encompassing 84 plant species with available cytogenetic data. Our aim 2 Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales (NEA), Facultad de Recursos was to establish whether higher species diversity within a PWA entails higher CN variation Naturales, Universidad Católica de as based on the index of chromosome number heterogeneity (ICNH). The CN data were Temuco, Chile. extracted from databases for Chilean plants, and the ICNH for the flora of each PWA was 3 Laboratorio de Invasiones calculated. Results showed that in nine PWA the species diversity clearly correlates with CN Biológicas, Universidad de diversity. However, four PWA do not fit this trend. The percentage of species with CN data Concepción, Chile varied between 9.6% and 24.5% among PWA, with 11 PWA presenting percentages higher 4 Programa de Doctorado en than 11%. A 27.3% of the Chilean vascular plant species with available cytogenetic data Educación, Facultad de Educación, were studied here for the 13 PWA.
    [Show full text]