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The Forests of Montane Mexico and Temperate South America BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND CONSERVATION IN FRAGMENTED FOREST LANDSCAPES The Forests of Montane Mexico and Temperate South America This page intentionally left blank BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND CONSERVATION IN FRAGMENTED FOREST LANDSCAPES The Forests of Montane Mexico and Temperate South America Edited by A.C. Newton Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Change School of Conservation Sciences Bournemouth University Poole Dorset UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44(0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44(0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes : evidence from tropical montane and south temperate rain forests in Latin America / A.C. Newton, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-261-9 (alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-84593-262-6 (ebook) 1. Forest biodiversity--Latin America. 2. Forest biodiversity conservation-- Latin America. 3. Rain forests--Latin America. 4. Rain forest conservation-- Latin America. I. Newton, Adrian C. II. Title. QH106.5.B52 2007 577.3′098--dc22 2007006483 ISBN: 978 1 84593 261 9 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors ix Preface xiii 1. Introduction 1 A.C. Newton 2. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Forest Loss and 14 Fragmentation in Mexico and Chile C. Echeverría, L. Cayuela, R.H. Manson, D.A. Coomes, A. Lara, J.M. Rey-Benayas and A.C. Newton 3. Plant Diversity in Highly Fragmented Forest Landscapes 43 in Mexico and Chile: Implications for Conservation J.M. Rey-Benayas, L. Cayuela, M. González-Espinosa, C. Echeverría, R.H. Manson, G. Williams-Linera, R.F. del Castillo, N. Ramírez-Marcial, M.A. Muñiz-Castro, A. Blanco-Macías, A. Lara and A.C. Newton 4. Fragmentation and Edge Effects on Plant–Animal 69 Interactions, Ecological Processes and Biodiversity F. López-Barrera, J.J. Armesto, G. Williams-Linera, C. Smith-Ramírez and R.H. Manson 5. Habitat Fragmentation and Reproductive Ecology of 102 Embothrium coccineum, Eucryphia cordifolia and Aextoxicon punctatum in Southern Temperate Rainforests C. Smith-Ramírez, A.E. Rovere, M.C. Núñez-Ávila and J.J. Armesto v vi Contents 6. Patterns of Genetic Variation in Tree Species and their 120 Implications for Conservation A.C. Premoli, R.F. del Castillo, A.C. Newton, S. Bekessy, M. Caldiz, C. Martínez-Araneda, P. Mathiasen, M.C. Núñez-Ávila, P. Quiroga, C. Souto and S. Trujillo-Argueta 7. Secondary Succession under a Slash-and-burn Regime in 158 a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest: Soil and Vegetation Characteristics R.F. del Castillo and A. Blanco-Macías 8. The Impact of Logging and Secondary Succession on the 181 Below-ground System of a Cloud Forest in Mexico S. Negrete-Yankelevich, C. Fragoso and A.C. Newton 9. Applying Succession Models to the Conservation of 200 Tropical Montane Forest D. Golicher and A.C. Newton 10. Models of Regional and Local Stand Composition and 223 Dynamics of Pine–Oak Forests in the Central Highlands of Chiapas (Mexico): Theoretical and Management Implications M.A. Zavala, L. Galindo-Jaimes and M. González-Espinosa 11. Process-based Modelling of Regeneration Dynamics 244 and Sustainable Use in Species-rich Rainforests N. Rüger, J.J. Armesto, A.G. Gutiérrez, G. Williams-Linera and A. Huth 12. Testing Forest Biodiversity Indicators by Assessing 276 Anthropogenic Impacts along Disturbance Gradients A.C. Newton, C. Echeverría, M. González-Espinosa, G. Williams-Linera, N. Ramírez-Marcial, O. Thiers, J.J. Armesto, J.C. Aravena and A. Lara 13. Fire Challenges to Conserving Tropical Ecosystems: 291 the Case Study of Chiapas R.M. Román-Cuesta, J. Retana and M. Gracia 14. Identification of Priority Areas for Conservation in 314 South-central Chile K.A. Wilson and A.C. Newton Contents vii 15. Restoration of Forest Ecosystems in Fragmented 335 Landscapes of Temperate and Montane Tropical Latin America M. González-Espinosa, N. Ramírez-Marcial, A.C. Newton, J.M. Rey-Benayas, A. Camacho-Cruz, J.J. Armesto, A. Lara, A.C. Premoli, G. Williams-Linera, A. Altamirano, C. Alvarez-Aquino, M. Cortés, C. Echeverría, L. Galindo-Jaimes, M.A. Muñiz-Castro, M.C. Núñez-Ávila, R.A. Pedraza, A.E. Rovere, C. Smith-Ramírez, O. Thiers and C. Zamorano 16. Future Scenarios for Tropical Montane and South 370 Temperate Forest Biodiversity in Latin America L. Miles, A.C. Newton, C. Alvarez-Aquino, J.J. Armesto, R.F. del Castillo, L. Cayuela, C. Echeverría, M. González-Espinosa, A. Lara, F. Lo´pez-Barrera, R.H. Manson, G. Montoya-Gómez, M.A. Muñiz-Castro, M.C. Núñez-Ávila, R.A. Pedraza, J.M. Rey-Benayas, A.E. Rovere, N. Rüger, C. Smith-Ramírez, C. Souto and G. Williams-Linera 17. Synthesis 398 A.C. Newton Index 407 This page intentionally left blank Contributors Adison Altamirano, Instituto de Silvicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile Claudia Alvarez-Aquino, Instituto de Genetica Forestal, Universidad Veracruzana, Parque El Haya s/n, Apartado Postal No. 551, CP 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] Juan Carlos Aravena, Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago; Fundación Senda Darwin, Ancud, Chiloé and Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecología y Biodiversidad, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ecología, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile Juan J. Armesto, CMEM, Universidad de Chile, Ecología Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile and Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecología y Biodiversidad, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ecología, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile Sarah Bekessy, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia Alejandra Blanco-Macías, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico Mayra Caldiz, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, PO Box 49, S 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden Angélica Camacho-Cruz, Biodiversidad: Conservación y Restauración, A.C. (BIOCORES, A.C.) Tapachula 17, El Cerrillo, 29229 San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Departamento Interuniversitario de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Departamento Interuniversitario de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] ix x Contributors Luis Cayuela, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera de Barcelona km 33,600, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] David A. Coomes, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK Marco Cortés, Laboratorio de Dendrocronología, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile Rafael F. del Castillo, CIIDIR Oaxaca Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca 68130, Mexico Cristian Echeverría, Iniciativa Científica Milenio FORECOS, Instituto de Silvicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile. Present address: Departamento Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambient Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile Carlos Fragoso, Departamento de Biología de Suelos, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Km. 2.5 Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, #351, Congregación El Haya 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] Luis Galindo-Jaimes, Biodiversidad: Conservación y Restauración, A.C. (BIOCORES, A.C.) Tapachula 17, El Cerrillo, 29229 San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Departamento Interuniversitario de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Departamento Interuniversitario de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Duncan Golicher, Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, Área de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Apartado Postal 63, 29200 San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] Mario González-Espinosa, Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, Área de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur, 29290 San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] Marc Gracia, CREAF-Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra 08913, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Álvaro G. Gutiérrez, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Andreas Huth, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Antonio Lara, Iniciativa Científica Milenio FORECOS, Instituto de Silvicultura, Universidad
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