DOCSLIB.ORG

Imperio Wari

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Imperio Wari IMPERIO WARI EXPANSIÓN TERRITORIAL caracterizó por las construcciones urbanísticas y Hacia 1969, el arqueólogo difusión religiosa; nos referimos al Imperio wari, el Luis Guillermo Lumbreras cual tiene las siguientes características: se convierte en el principal Z Logran la segunda homo- estudioso de la cultura genización del territorio Wari, al considerar a esta andino que John Rowe de- como el primer Imperio nominó Horizonte Medio. andino que iniciaría Z Debido a su carácter ex- su expansión territorial desde su capital o centro pansivo y a la construc- administrativo, Viñaque (Ayacucho), y que logró ción de centros adminis- ocupar por el Norte territorios hasta Lambayeque y trativos, se le considera el Cajamarca, y por el Sur llegaron hasta Moquegua y primer Imperio andino. el Cusco. Z Es considerado un antecedente de la organización Se plantea que en el siglo VI d. C. se produjo una del Imperio inca. crisis del agro, lo que generó en algunos pueblos una Z Difunden por los territorios que ocuparon el cul- disminución de la satisfacción de sus necesidades, y to al dios Wiracocha, así como el idioma quechua sería en esta coyuntura que un pueblo, los huarpas y el sistema contable de los quipus. (Ayacucho), iniciaría sus conquistas militares, Z Para obtener productos procedentes de diversos llegando a los territorios y sometiéndolos. espacios andinos, difunden el control vertical de ORÍGENES pisos ecológicos procedentes de diversos espacios En el territorio de Ayacucho, antes del surgimiento del territorio andino. de los waris, existió la cultura Huarpa, la cual tuvo Z Debido a la construcción de centros administrati- relaciones económicas y culturales con pueblos de vos (ciudades), tuvieron que diseñar un sistema de la costa sur como los nascas, que influyeron con caminos que vinculara las ciudades con la capital. sus técnicas en cerámica y su patrón urbano a los huarpas. Tiempo después llegaría a la región de MANIFESTACIONES CULTURALES Ayacucho la influencia religiosa y artística de los A. ARQUITECTURA. Generan un cambio en el ur- tiahuanacos, que establecían colonias en diversos banismo en los Andes con su patrón arquitectó- pisos ecológicos. nico, al diseñar ciudades que ejercían control en Los arqueólogos plantean que los aportes de las una determinada región (cabezas de región), las culturas Huarpa, Nasca y Tiahuanaco permitirían cuales se conectaban por una importante red de el surgimiento de una cultura más compleja, que se caminos. Estos centros urbanos presentan ele- Línea de tiempo Coronación de 600 d.C. 850 d.C. Los vikingos llegan a Carlomagno Groelandia Inicio del Horizonte Fin de los mayas Medio 800 d.C. 982 d.C mentos como recintos rectangulares, corredores representación del dios Wiracocha de manera si- interiores y muros perimétricos (piedra o tapial); milar por delante y detrás. En Ayacucho se ubicó por lo general se ubican en zonas cercanas a fuen- el centro productor de estos tejidos. tes de agua y zonas ecológicas. Los principales Estos tapices fueron hechos centros urbanos son: para rituales, al utilizarse en Z Viracochapampa – Marcahuamachuco (La Libertad) ceremonias religiosas. Tam- Z Wilcawaín (Áncash) bién fueron utilizados con Z Cajamarquilla – Pachacámac (Lima) fines políticos, porque el Im- Z Wariwilka (Junín) perio necesitaba difundir su Z Viñaque (Ayacucho) divinidad. Finalmente, de ma- Z Cerro Baúl (Moquegua) nera funeraria, porque estos Z Piquillacta (Cusco) tapices servían para envolver a sus muertos. B. CERÁMICA. Durante su expansión fue tomando los Dentro de la indumentaria wari, destacan los go- elementos de otras culturas rros de cuatro puntas, que eran como un bonete de como el uso de varios colores cuatro puntas con decoración polícroma y geomé- (policromía) de los nascas y la trica, los cuales servían para identificar los diferen- representación del dios Wira- tes grupos étnicos y como símbolos de estatus. cocha (dios de las Varas o dios de los Báculos) de los tiahua- DECADENCIA DEL IMPERIO WARI nacos. Por esas razones, en las La caída del Imperio wari, en el año 1100, tiene vasijas o cántaros se pueden diversas hipótesis, siendo la más aceptada las apreciar las mezclas entre las consecuencias que tuvo el abrupto cambio climático tradiciones locales y la cultura Wari; además, debido que impidió satisfacer las necesidades de las a la difusión de su divinidad, existió una producción poblaciones de las ciudades (cabezas de región), lo en serie (el uso de moldes), lo cual causó que con el cual generó la formación de líderes locales, quienes tiempo disminuyera la calidad de las cerámicas. buscaron obtener autonomía de la capital Viñaque, la cual, al estar acostumbrada a existir de los tributos, la C. TEXTILES. Para su elaboración utilizaron la téc- disminución de estos le fue afectando. nica del tapiz, que consiste en un tejido austero Con un Imperio wari fragmentado y debilitado por de gran dimensión que envolvía el cuerpo hasta la luchas internas, la capital fue invadida y destruida cubrirlo por debajo de las rodillas, mostrando la por los chancas. Retroalimentación 1. ¿Cuáles serían las culturas cuyos aportes permi- 3. De acuerdo con la periodización de John Rowe, tirían el surgimiento del Imperio wari? ¿Cuál fue el periodo donde se desarrolló la cul- tura Wari? _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2. Los waris desarrollan la elaboración de tapices, los cuales tenían las siguientes tres finalidades. 4. Para el desarrollo de la cerámica wari, ¿cuáles Describe cada una de ellas: fueron los aportes de las siguientes culturas? Y RITUAL: ___________________________ Y NASCA: ___________________________ Y FUNERARIA: _______________________ Y TIAHUANACO: _____________________ Y POLÍTICA: ________________________ Trabajando en clase I. Para conocer el imperio Wari, debemos reforzar los aportes culturales que dejaron, siendo los principales el urbanismo y la difusión del culto a Wiracocha. A. El Imperio wari se dedicó a conquistar territorios y a construir en cada uno de ellos ciudades que con- trolaron la región. En el siguiente mapa del Perú, deberás escribir el número que corresponde, de acuerdo con la ubicación del sitio arqueológico. En tu cuaderno deberás escoger un sitio arqueológico y pegar como mínimo cinco imágenes. 1 Marcahuamachuco 5 Viñaque 2 Wariwilka 6 Pachacámac 3 Cerro Baúl 7 Piquillacta 4 Wilcahuaín 8 Viracochapampa B. Los arqueólogos señalan que durante la expansión del Imperio wari, en las vasijas o cántaros que ela- boraron, se puede apreciar las mezclas entre las tradiciones locales y la cultura Wari, en especial en la representación del dios Wiracocha. Vamos a obsevar qué diferencias existen entre la divinidad Wiracocha de Tiahuanaco con la imagen difundi- da por los waris. C R I T E R I O S Forma de extremidades Apariencia del rostro Elementos de las varas Verificando el aprendizaje 1. Para los arqueólogos, el origen de la cultura Wari 7. De acuerdo con los hallazgos arqueológicos, el Im- es el resultado de la interacción y la fusión de las perio wari, en su máxima expansión, llegaría por siguientes tres culturas: el sur hasta las regiones de ________________. a) Lima, Nasca y Tiahuanaco a) Moquegua y Cusco b) Huarpa, Mochica y Chimú b) Tacna y Puno c) Huarpa, Nasca y Tiahuanaco c) Arequipa y Moquegua d) Paracas, Huarpa y Tiahuanaco d) Ica y Cusco e) Lima, Huarpa y Tiahuanaco e) Tacna y Cusco 2. Cultura que destacó por el desarrollo del urba- 8. ¿Cuál de las siguientes alternativas representa las nismo y la construcción de ciudades durante el características del Imperio wari? Horizonte Medio: a) Logro la segunda homogenización cultural an- a) Nasca dina b) Wari b) Fue un antecedente de la cultura Inca c) Huarpa c) Difunden el culto a Wiracocha d) Tiahuanaco d) Difunden el quechua e) Mochica e) Todas las anteriores 3. ¿Cuál fue la principal divinidad de la cultura Wari 9. Dentro de la localidad ayacuchana, donde surge que resultó del aporte de Tiahuanaco? el Imperio wari, también se desarrolló la cultura a) Dios de los Báculos __________, que sería parte del origen del Impe- b) Inti rio. c) Cie Quich a) Chanca c) Puquina e) Aimara d) Aia Paec b) Huarpa d) Nasca e) Pachacámac 10. Durante su expansión, el Imperio wari llegó a lo 4. Para la arqueología, el Horizonte Medio domina- que hoy es territorio de Lima y dejó en el valle de do por el Imperio wari significó: Lurín el sitio arqueológico llamado: a)La conquista de Ayacucho y Tiahuanaco por el a) Cajamarquilla d) Taulichusco Estado nasca. b) Puruchuco e) Pachacámac b) El prestigio del comercio marítimo c) Pucllana c) La integración de las culturas de la costa y la sierra d) La colonización de la selva amazónica Advertencia pre e) El desarrollo aislado de las culturas regionales 1. Existe un fuerte debate entre arqueólogos so- 5. Por sus estudios en 1969, se le considera el descu- bre la denominación de «Imperio wari», pero bridor de la cultura Wari: debes saber que la información tomada en a) Luis G. Lumbreras cuenta en los exámenes de admisión sí consi- b) Julio C. Tello dera esta forma de gobierno. c) Max Uhle 2. Para los arqueólogos, los pueblos que forma- d) Luis Jaime Castillo ron el Imperio wari adoptarían del pueblo nas- e) Rosa Fung ca su organización militar, urbana y su domi- nio artesanal (cerámica), mientras que de los 6. Fue la divinidad principal de la cultura Wari: tiahuanacos aprenderían su conocimiento en a) Kon d) Felino metalurgia, organización política y, especial- b) Tonopa e) Pariacaca mente, su sistema religioso con su divinidad c) Wiracocha principal..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Community Formation and the Emergence of the Inca
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2019 Assembling States: Community Formation And The meE rgence Of The ncI a Empire Thomas John Hardy University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Hardy, Thomas John, "Assembling States: Community Formation And The meE rgence Of The ncaI Empire" (2019). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3245. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3245 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3245 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Assembling States: Community Formation And The meE rgence Of The Inca Empire Abstract This dissertation investigates the processes through which the Inca state emerged in the south-central Andes, ca. 1400 CE in Cusco, Peru, an area that was to become the political center of the largest indigenous empire in the Western hemisphere. Many approaches to this topic over the past several decades have framed state formation in a social evolutionary framework, a perspective that has come under increasing critique in recent years. I argue that theoretical attempts to overcome these problems have been ultimately confounded, and in order to resolve these contradictions, an ontological shift is needed. I adopt a relational perspective towards approaching the emergence of the Inca state – in particular, that of assemblage theory. Treating states and other complex social entities as assemblages means understanding them as open-ended and historically individuated phenomena, emerging from centuries or millennia of sociopolitical, cultural, and material engagements with the human and non-human world, and constituted over the longue durée.
    [Show full text]
  • LD5655.V856 1988.G655.Pdf (8.549Mb)
    CONTROL OF THE EFFECTS OF WIND, SAND, AND DUST BY THE CITADEL WALLS, IN CHAN CHAN, PERU bv I . S. Steven Gorin I Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Environmental Design and Planning I APPROVED: ( · 44”A, F. Q. Ventre;/Chairman ‘, _/— ;; Ä3“ 7 B. H. Evans E2 i;imgold ___ _H[ C. Miller 1115111- R. P. Schubert · — · December, 1988 Blacksburg, Virginia CONTROL OF THE EFFECTS OF WIND, SAND, AND DUST BY THE CITADEL WALLS IN CHAN CHAN, PERU by S. Steven Gorin Committee Chairman: Francis T. Ventre Environmental Design and Planning (ABSTRACT) Chan Chan, the prehistoric capital of the Chimu culture (ca. A.D. 900 to 1450), is located in the Moche Valley close to the Pacific Ocean on the North Coast of Peru. Its sandy desert environment is dominated by the dry onshore turbulent ' and gusty winds from the south. The nucleus of this large durban community built of adobe is visually and spacially ' dominated by 10 monumental rectilinear high walled citadels that were thought to be the domain of the rulers. The form and function of these immense citadels has been an enigma for scholars since their discovery by the Spanish ca. 1535. Previous efforts to explain the citadels and the walls have emphasized the social, political, and economic needs of the culture. The use of the citadels to control the effects of the wind, sand, and dust in the valley had not been previously considered.
    [Show full text]
  • ESJOA Spring 2011
    Volume 6 Issue 1 C.S.U.D.H. ELECTRONIC STUDENT JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY Spring 2011 V O L U M E 6 ( 1 ) : S P R I N G 2 0 1 1 California State University Dominguez Hills Electronic Student Journal of Anthropology Editor In Chief Review Staff Scott Bigney Celso Jaquez Jessica Williams Maggie Slater Alex Salazar 2004 CSU Dominguez Hills Anthropology Club 1000 E Victoria Street, Carson CA 90747 Phone 310.243.3514 • Email [email protected] I Table of Contents THEORY CORNER Essay: Functionalism in Anthropological Theory By: Julie Wennstrom pp. 1-6 Abstract: Franz Boas, “Methods of Ethnology” By: Maggie Slater pp. 7 Abstract: Marvin Harris “Anthropology and the Theoretical and Paradigmatic Significance of the Collapse of Soviet and East European Communism By: Samantha Glover pp. 8 Abstract: Eleanor Burke Leacock “Women’s Status In Egalitarian Society: Implications For Social Evolution” By: Jessica Williams pp. 9 STUDENT RESEARCH Chinchorro Culture By: Kassie Sugimoto pp. 10-22 Reconstructing Ritual Change at Preceramic Asana By: Dylan Myers pp. 23-33 The Kogi (Kaggaba) of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Kotosh Religious Tradition: Ethnographic Analysis of Religious Specialists and Religious Architecture of a Contemporary Indigenous Culture and Comparison to Three Preceramic Central Andean Highland Sites By: Celso Jaquez pp. 34-59 The Early Formative in Ecuador: The Curious Site of Real Alto By: Ana Cuellar pp. 60-70 II Ecstatic Shamanism or Canonist Religious Ideology? By: Samantha Glover pp. 71-83 Wari Plazas: An analysis of Proxemics and the Role of Public Ceremony By: Audrey Dollar pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Coastal Ecuador
    WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: David L. Browman, Chair Gwen Bennett Gayle Fritz Fiona Marshall T.R. Kidder Karen Stothert TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY AND CHANGE: SHELL ARTIFACT PRODUCTION AMONG THE MANTEÑO (A.D. 800-1532) OF COASTAL ECUADOR by Benjamin Philip Carter A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2008 Saint Louis, Missouri Copyright by Benjamin Philip Carter © 2008 ii Acknowledgments For this research, I acknowledge the generous support of the National Science Foundation for a Dissertation Improvement Grant (#0417579) and Washington University for a travel grant in 2000. This dissertation would not exist without the support of many, many people. Of course, no matter how much they helped me, any errors that remain are mine alone. At Drew University, Maria Masucci first interested me in shell bead production and encouraged me to travel first to Honduras and then to Ecuador. Without her encouragement and support, I would not have begun this journey. In Honduras, Pat Urban and Ed Schortman introduced me to the reality of archaeological projects. Their hard- work and scholarship under difficult conditions provided a model that I hope I have followed and will continue to follow. While in Honduras, I was lucky to have the able assistance of Don Luis Nolasco, Nectaline Rivera, Pilo Borjas, and Armando Nolasco. I never understood why the Department of Anthropology at Washington University in St. Louis accepted me into their program, but I hope that this document is evidence that they made the right choice.
    [Show full text]
  • Pots, Pans, and Politics: Feasting in Early Horizon Nepeña, Peru Kenneth Edward Sutherland Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2017 Pots, Pans, and Politics: Feasting in Early Horizon Nepeña, Peru Kenneth Edward Sutherland Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Sutherland, Kenneth Edward, "Pots, Pans, and Politics: Feasting in Early Horizon Nepeña, Peru" (2017). LSU Master's Theses. 4572. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4572 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POTS, PANS, AND POLITICS: FEASTING IN EARLY HORIZON NEPEÑA, PERU A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Kenneth Edward Sutherland B.S. and B.A., Louisiana State University, 2015 August 2017 DEDICATION I wrote this thesis in memory of my great-grandparents, Sarah Inez Spence Brewer, Lillian Doucet Miller, and Augustine J. Miller, whom I was lucky enough to know during my youth. I also wrote this thesis in memory of my friends Heather Marie Guidry and Christopher Allan Trauth, who left this life too soon. I wrote this thesis in memory of my grandparents, James Edward Brewer, Matthew Roselius Sutherland, Bonnie Lynn Gaffney Sutherland, and Eloise Francis Miller Brewer, without whose support and encouragement I would not have returned to academic studies in the face of earlier adversity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Village of Beringa at the Periphery of the Wari Empire: a Site Overview and New Radiocarbon Dates
    Andean Past Volume 8 Article 18 2007 The iV llage of Beringa at the Periphery of the Wari Empire: A Site Overview and New Radiocarbon Dates Tiffiny A. Tung Vanderbilt University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Tung, Tiffiny A. (2007) "The iV llage of Beringa at the Periphery of the Wari Empire: A Site Overview and New Radiocarbon Dates," Andean Past: Vol. 8 , Article 18. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol8/iss1/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE VILLAGE OF BERINGA AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE WARI EMPIRE: A SITE OVERVIEW AND NEW RADIOCARBON DATES Tiffiny A. Tung Vanderbilt University INTRODUCTION While many scholars interpret the distribution of Wari sites and material remains as evidence for The Middle Horizon (A.D. 600-1000, abbrevi- Wari imperial expansion, others have doubted ated as MH) marks a significant change in An- that the Wari sphere of influence was geographi- dean prehistory. The expansive states of Wari1 cally great or ideologically dominant (Bawden and and Tiwanaku developed and incorporated vast Conrad 1982; Conrad 1981; Donnan and Mackey portions of the Andes for the first time. The Wari 1978; Shady 1989; Shimada 1990). In this per- Empire expanded beyond the Ayacucho Basin of spective, Wari is identified as one of several the central Andes to encompass most of highland autonomous states (Czwarno 1989), or as a con- and coastal Peru, excluding the area immediately federation of kin groups and lineages (John Topic around Lake Titicaca (Menzel 1977; Schreiber 1991; Topic and Topic 1985, 1992; Theresa Topic 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Was Huari a State?
    WAS HUARI A STATE? William H. Isbell and Katharina J. Schreiber Pristine state government evolved among the indigenous cultures of the central Andes, but archaeologists have not demonstrated when and where. Conceptualization of the state as an integrative mechanism for gathering and processing information and for deliberating decisions provides explicit archaeological criteria for statehood. Examination of the archaeological record reveals that Middle Horizon Huari fulfills almost all of these criteria for statehood, although many data remain to be collected before the processes of prehistoric An- dean state formation will be fully understood. PRISTINE STATES contrast with other states in that they arose through internal evolutionary processes, uninfluenced by more complex state societies (Fried 1960, 1967). Known cases are limited to a few centers of prehistoric civilization, perhaps to only 2. Pristine state formation, a process often associated with the urban "revolution" (Childe 1950), provides archaeology with one of its best opportunities to study prehistoric cultural transformation and to contribute evolu- tionary information to the anthropological goal of explaining culture change. Archaeological study of prehistoric state formation has been restricted by definitions of statehood that tie investigations to written documents. Conceptualized as a collection of organiza- tional features, state definitions reflect more interest in jurisprudence than in sociocultural evolu- tion. Three criteria generally appear in all definitions of the state (Adams 1966; Fried 1967; Krader 1968; Service 1975). First, the state exercises a monopoly upon the right to use force in the execution of decisions and in the maintenance of order. Second, the state defends a territory against encroachment upon its sovereignty.
    [Show full text]
  • "Household Archaeology in the Andes". Journal of Archaeological Research
    Household Archaeology in the Andes By: Donna J. Nash Nash, Donna J. 2009. "Household Archaeology in the Andes". Journal of Archaeological Research. 17 (3): 205-261. DOI 10.1007/s10814-009-9029-7 Made available courtesy of Springer Verlag. The original publication is available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10814-009-9029-7 ***Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from Springer Verlag. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document. *** Abstract: Data from domestic contexts can be used to address significant anthropological research questions. Archaeological investigations in the Andes (areas once incorporated into the Inka empire, including northwestern Argentina, highland Bolivia, northern Chile, Ecuador, and Peru), like many parts of the world, rely on ethnohistory and ethnography to interpret the archaeological remains of domestic areas and make inferences about households. In this review I describe the ideas about Andean households that archaeologists are using and how domestic remains are being examined to infer social, economic, and political processes. Household archaeology in the Andes requires ethnoarchaeology and theory-building in order to understand the complex social dynamics at the foundation of ancient Andean societies. Keywords: domestic archaeology | residential archaeology | household archaeology | andes | archaeology Article: Introduction In The Early Mesoamerican Village, Flannery writes an amusing tale to camouflage the revelation of a harsh reality. He claims that his Real Mesoamerican Archaeologist “knows that the Formative was a time of ‘village farming communities,’ [but] he does not dig sites and analyze sites as if they were village farming communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Abductions, Sacrifice, and Trophy Heads of Children in the Wari Empire of the Ancient Andes
    CHILDHOOD LOST: ABDUCTIONS, SACRIFICE, AND TROPHY HEADS OF CHILDREN IN THE WARI EMPIRE OF THE ANCIENT ANDES TiffinyA. Tung and Kelly J.Knudson This study examines isolated child skeletal remains from ritual structures at theWari site of Conchopata (A.D. 600-1000) to evaluate how theywere modified into trophy heads and whether the children were sacrificed. The skeletal remains rep resent at least seven children. Strontium isotope ratios are examined to determine whether children were takenfrom foreign locales. Results show that the children's skulls exhibit a hole on the apex of the cranium and on the ascending ramus of the mandible, identical to the adult Wari trophy heads. At least one child may have been sacrificed. 87Sr^6Sr demonstrate that two of thefour sampled child trophy heads were nonlocal, suggesting that children were occasionally abducted from dis tant communities, perhaps for sacrifice and certainly to transform some into trophy heads. The similar child and adult tro phy heads suggest that the ritual treatment of children was not uniquely designed, at least as it related to their processing, display, and destruction. Furthermore, it is suggested that the child trophy heads were not simply passive symbols of pre existing authority by the head-takers and trophy head-makers. The trophy heads simultaneously imbued those agents with " authority?they did not merely reflect it?demonstrating the "effective agency of the trophy head objects themselves. Finally, we suggest that prisoner-taking and trophy head-making by military and ritual elites served to legitimate the authority of those individuals while simultaneously serving larger state goals that enhanced Wari state authority and legitimated its policies and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Digitalcommons@Umaine
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Andean Past Special Publications Anthropology 6-14-2020 Chronological Listing of Papers Presented at The Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory, First to Thirty-eighth meetings Richard E. Daggett Monica Barnes Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past_special Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past Special Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chronological Listing of Papers Presented at The Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory compiled by Richard E. Daggett, Justin Jennings, Monica Barnes, Gary Urton and Jeffrey Quilter, and the other members of the Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory First meeting organized by Daniel H. Sandweiss, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, November 13-14, 1982. 1. Aspects of State Ideology in Huari and Tiwanaku Iconography: The Central Deity and the Sacrificer by Anita G. Cook (Colgate University). 2. Spatial Patterning and the Function of a Huari Architectural Compound by Christine Brewster-Wray (SUNY Binghamton). 3. Square Pegs in Round Holes: An Architecture of Sacred Power by Lynda E. Spickard (SUNY Binghamton). 4. Ideological Antecedents of Empire by William H. Isbell (SUNY-Binghamton). 5. Casma-Incised Pottery: An Analysis of Collections from the Nepeña Valley by Cheryl C. Daggett (University of Massachusetts Amherst). 6. Virahuanca Bajo: On Understanding Megalithic Sites in the Nepeña Valley by Richard E. Daggett (University of Massachusetts Amherst).
    [Show full text]
  • Os Modelos Da América Do Sul) Redes
    Redes. Revista do Desenvolvimento Regional ISSN: 1414-7106 [email protected] Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul Brasil Eiroa García, Jorge Juan Reflexões sobre a origem e o desenvolvimento do urbanismo e do modelo de vida urbana (os modelos da América do Sul) Redes. Revista do Desenvolvimento Regional, vol. 13, núm. 1, enero-abril, 2008, pp. 89- 136 Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul Santa Cruz do Sul, Brasil Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=552056855005 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Submetido em 08/07/2008. Aprovado em 05/08/2008. 89 Reflexões sobre a origem e o desenvolvimento do urbanismo e do modelo de vida urbana 111 (os modelos da América do Sul) 222 Jorge Juan Eiroa García 3 RESUMEN En este trabajo se hace una valoración del proceso de urbanización de la sociedad en Suramérica, centrándose especialmente en el área andina, donde se destacan aquellas novedades recientemente recuperadas por los trabajos arqueológicos en Perú, Ecuador y Bolivia, así como en los territorios del sur de Argentina, Uruguay y sur de Brasil, donde también la arqueología ha recuperado notables evidencias. Palabras claveclave: Urbanismo, Arqueología, vida urbana, Estado. Quando publiquei meu livro “Urbanismo protohistórico de Murcia y el Sureste” (EIROA, 1989), primeiro volume da série “Urbanismo histórico del Sureste español”, promovido pelo Grupo de Investigação "História e Geografia do Urbanismo” da Universidade de Murcia, trabalhei no capítulo introdutório “Urbanismo y vida urbana”, alguns conceitos que com o tempo foram consolidando-se.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru
    Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (2013) 538–552 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Anthropological Archaeology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Regional perspectives on Wari state influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600–1000) ⇑ R. Alan Covey , Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle, Lia Tsesmeli Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 6047 Silsby Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, United States article info abstract Article history: The archaeological reconstruction of ancient states requires consistent regional measures of state-direc- Received 26 February 2013 ted power and influence. This paper presents data from a series of systematic archaeological surveys in Revision received 3 September 2013 the Cusco region of highland Peru to evaluate patterns of influence by the Wari state during a period of Available online 11 October 2013 colonization from ca. AD 600–1000. We discuss interpretive debates over the nature and intensity of Wari social power, suggesting that site-based studies can be contextualized meaningfully using our large-scale Keywords: dataset, which offers settlement patterns at varying distances (0–70 km) from Pikillacta, a Wari admin- Wari istrative center. We discuss local settlement patterns before and during Wari colonization, as well as the Settlement patterns distribution of Wari pottery and local Wari-influenced wares. We then use a geographic information sys- State expansion State canons tems analysis of travel time from key sites to evaluate the broad regional distribution patterns of local Cusco and Wari ceramic styles. Although the regional survey data do not inform us reliably about all kinds of social power, we conclude that the Wari cultural, economic, and political influence over the Cusco region was limited and discontinuous—an example of colonization that resembles the practices of other early states.
    [Show full text]