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Cerro Baul: a Wari Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier

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Cerro Baul: a Wari Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier CERROBAUL: A WARICENTER ON THE TIWANAKUFRONTIER PatrickRyan Williams Andean scholars have long debated the nature of the relationship between two Middle Horizon (ca. A. D. 750-1000) Andean states; many assumed Tiwanakudominated Wari and preceded Wariin time. Recent research at the Wariadministrative center of CerroBaul in the only knownregion occupied by both states (the Moquegua Valleyof southernPeru) indicates that Tiwanaku may not predate Wariin Moquegua and that, contrary to previous assertions, both states occupied the valleyfor the last three centuries of the Middle Horizon. In support of this position, I review recent excavations at CerroBaul. ThenI present eight new 14C dates and summarizethe evidencefor two major construction episodes at Cerro Baul. I interpretthe local Wariconstruc- tion chronology based on the 12 14C dates now available from excavation contexts and I suggest that the new data, in compar- ison with 24 published 14C dates from other Wari centers, support a later date for Middle Horizon IB Wari expansion than previously postulated. Los arqueologos andinistas han venido discutiendodesde hace mucho tiempo la naturalezade las relaciones entre los dos esta- dos andinosprincipales del HorizonteMedio (750-1000 d. C.) asumiendomayoritariamente que Tiwanakudomino a Wariy que lo precedio en el tiempo.Investigaciones recientes en el centro administrativoWari de CerroBaul, en el valle de Moqueguaen el sur del Peru, la unica region conocida por haber sido ocupadapor los dos estados, indican que Tiwanakuno precedio a Warien Moqueguay, contrariamentea aserciones previas, que los dos hablan ocupado el valle durantelos ultimos tres siglos del Hori- zonte Medio. En apoyo de esta posicion, evaluo excavaciones recientes en CerroBaul que incluyenexploraciones en los sectores publicos y residenciales. Las investigacionesrevelan evidencias de fuertes conexiones con la capital Wari,y evidencias en con- textos ceremonialesde interaccionentre Wari y Tiwanaku.Presento a continuacionocho nuevasfechas 14C y resumola evidencia de dos episodios principales de construccionen CerroBaul. Interpretola cronologla constructivaWari local en base a 12 fechas 14C disponibles de contextos excavados en el sitio y sugiero que los nuevos datos, en comparacioncon 24 fechas 14C publicadas de otros centros Wari,apoyan fechas mas tardlaspar la e.rpansiondurante la Epoca IB, con una duracionde inf uencia imperial Warihasta ftnes del primer milenio d. C. The relationshipbetween the Middle Horizon and Tiwanaku(Cook 1994; Isbell and Cook 1987; polities of Wariand Tiwanakuhas long per- Schreiber1992). plexed Andean scholars.They sharedmajor A uniqueperspective on the natureof the Wari- motifs and perhapsshared similar beliefs. Yet, they Tiwanakurelationship can be gainedfrom Cerro Baul, occupied distinct geographic areas, with Wari theonly Wari administrative site known to date that over- expandingthroughout the centralsierra from its cap- lapsspatially andtemporally withTiwanaku settlement ital in Ayacucho,and Tiwanaku centered in the Tit- systems.Although Tiwanaku ceramics have been recov- icaca Basin colonizing valleys east and west of the eredfrom other Wari provincial areas, as theyhave in altiplano.Traditional chronologies have placed Wari Cusco,archaeologists have not yet demonstratedover- afterTiwanaku state development, with a laterimpe- lappingsettlements as theyhave in Moquegua.In this rialexpansion yet earliercollapse than the Tiwanaku paper,I presentthe resultsof my excavationsat Cerro state.The late expansionof Warihas led to specula- Baul,and I evaluatethe excavation data and site chronol- tionthat Wari iconography was deriveddirectly from ogy in relationto Tiwanakusettlement in the valleyas Tiwanaku(Ponce Sangines 1980;Posnansky 1945). well as to Wariimperialism.l Recentresearch is revisingthis speculation,however, and more recentexplanations suggest coeval devel- Relations Between Wari and Tiwanaku opmentof MiddleHorizon ideology, a sharedicono- Wariwas firstdefined as the sourceof a majorcul- graphicand belief systemthat characterize both Wari tureby Tello in the 1930s (Tello 1942). Before that Patrick R. Williams * Departmentof Archaeology,Boston University,675 CommonwealthAvenue #347, Boston, MA 02215 Latin AmericanAntiquity, 12(1), 2001, pp. 67-83 Copyright(g32001 by the Society for AmericanArchaeology 67 This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Wed, 12 Mar 2014 22:32:31 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 68 LATINAMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 12, No. 1, 2001] time, most archaeologistsbelieved that there were tilized with influences from the central sierraand differences between the ceramics called "coastal Nasca, and then spreadby Wari warriorsmoving Tiahuanacoid"and classic Tiahuanaco.However, acrossthe Andes (Menzel 1964). most scholarsbelieved the Peruvianmaterials were Despite the manyshared designs in iconography, somehow derivedfrom the altiplanoTiwanaku tra- each polity had its own style of monumentalarchi- dition(Schreiberl992:75;Uhlel903).Later tecture. Tiwanakuemphasized sunken courts and researchdescribed a style emanatingfrom the Wari massive mounds with masonry adornment,mega- capital that extended all over Peru, evidently the lithic gateways, and imposing stelae (Posnansky resultof rapidexpansion. Menzel's (1964) ceramic 1945). Rarely ornamentedwith carvedstone, Wari chronologylinked Wariexpansion to the spreadof building focused upon grand compoundsof stone Middle Horizon Epoch 1A and especially 1B masonrywith high walls andmultistory interior gal- ceramicstyles into the Ica Valley of southernPeru. leries, courts, corridors, and rooms (Isbell et. al Thisperiod of expansionis usuallydated toA.D.600 1991). Althoughprovincial centers served different to 700. The followingWari ceramic Phase, Epoch 2, functions, their monumentalarchitecture provided has more secularmotifs that Menzel (1964:69-70) visible statementsof the political power of their attributesto a crisis and reorganizationin Waricul- respectivecapitals and reflected the canonsof archi- ture and dates to A.D. 700 to 800. Epochs 3 and 4 tecturein the principalcity. Furthermore, changes in representthe collapse andaftermath of Wariand the architecturalstyles in the capitalare evident through- developmentof regionalceramic styles based on pre- out each of the imperialrealms. Wari architecture vious Waristyles andare traditionallydated to A.D. included the patio-group style (Schreiber 1978; 800-1000. Spickard1983) and D-shapedtemples in the heart- Tiwanakuceramic chronology, while not as well land and at Honco Pampa and Cerro Baul (Cook definedas thatof Wari,is postulatedto representan 2000). TheTiwanaku temple mounds found through- organizedpolity thatemerged in the late fourthcen- out the altiplanoand the provinceof Moqueguaare turyA.D.and endured into theeleventh centuryA.D. constructedin the style of the principalpyramids of and perhapsslightly later (Ponce Sangines 1972). the city of Tiwanakuitself (Bermann1993; Gold- TheTiwanaku chronology has been dividedinto five stein 1993). phases. The last two of these, Tiwanaku IV and Waricorporate architectural styles are reflected TiwanakuV,are found locally in the MoqueguaVal- in imperialadministrative centers in the provinces, ley andare known as theOmo andChen Chen Phases especially in areas where direct controlwas estab- respectively (Goldstein 1989). The Moquegua lished. The level of politicalcomplexity of the con- sequence begins later (A.D. 500-725 for the Omo queredregion was ofteninstrumental in determining Phase) and ends earlier (A.D. 725-950 for Chen whetheran administrativecenter in theimperial style Chen)than its altiplanosource (Goldstein 1993), but was established.Areas characterizedby little local thereare still very few absolutedates for these phases. politicalcomplexity called for more directforms of New evidenceis likely to shiftthe absolutedating of control,while administrativestructures in morepolit- these phases substantially,perhaps even nullifying ically complex societies met the need for adminis- the existence of a TiwanakuIV Omo Phase. trativecenters with existing social institutionsand Giventhese established chronological sequences, facilities.However, other factors besides the level of it is temptingto see Warias short-lived,with a rise local politicalcomplexity may have been important and fall all within the time span of Tiwanakuhege- in the establishmentof administrativecenters. Bor- mony. The similaritybetween Wariand Tiwanaku der zones, transportationhubs, and resource-rich iconographyis also very strong,with bothtraditions locales also received special attention (Schreiber depictingthe FrontFaced Deity or the Staff God as 1992:30). Frontier provinces, especially, often theparamount being or sacredfigure. In tenns of both receive a disproportionateamount of attentionand style andform, Wari and Tiwanaku ceramics are dis- directcontrol in orderto defineimperial boundaries tinct assemblagesand are segregatedspatially on a and promotepolitical integration (Doyle 1986). regional level (Lumbreras1974; Schreiber 1992). Empiresare dynamicentities, and the functional Thus,it is stilltempting to see Tiwanakuas the source roles of imperialadministration can changethrough of muchof the Wariiconography, perhaps cross-fer- time. Imperialreorganization and recentralization This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Wed, 12 Mar 2014 22:32:31 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 69 Figurc 1. Map of thc Moquegua Vallcy and thc locations of Ccrro Baul and thc
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