CERROBAUL: A WARICENTER ON THE TIWANAKUFRONTIER

PatrickRyan Williams

Andean scholars have long debated the nature of the relationship between two Middle Horizon (ca. A. D. 750-1000) Andean states; many assumed Tiwanakudominated Wari and preceded Wariin time. Recent research at the Wariadministrative center of CerroBaul in the only knownregion occupied by both states (the Moquegua Valleyof southernPeru) indicates that Tiwanaku may not predate Wariin Moquegua and that, contrary to previous assertions, both states occupied the valleyfor the last three centuries of the Middle Horizon. In support of this position, I review recent excavations at CerroBaul. ThenI present eight new 14C dates and summarizethe evidencefor two major construction episodes at Cerro Baul. I interpretthe local Wariconstruc- tion chronology based on the 12 14C dates now available from excavation contexts and I suggest that the new data, in compar- ison with 24 published 14C dates from other Wari centers, support a later date for Middle Horizon IB Wari expansion than previously postulated.

Los arqueologos andinistas han venido discutiendodesde hace mucho tiempo la naturalezade las relaciones entre los dos esta- dos andinosprincipales del HorizonteMedio (750-1000 d. C.) asumiendomayoritariamente que Tiwanakudomino a Wariy que lo precedio en el tiempo.Investigaciones recientes en el centro administrativoWari de CerroBaul, en el valle de Moqueguaen el sur del , la unica region conocida por haber sido ocupadapor los dos estados, indican que Tiwanakuno precedio a Warien Moqueguay, contrariamentea aserciones previas, que los dos hablan ocupado el valle durantelos ultimos tres siglos del Hori- zonte Medio. En apoyo de esta posicion, evaluo excavaciones recientes en CerroBaul que incluyenexploraciones en los sectores publicos y residenciales. Las investigacionesrevelan evidencias de fuertes conexiones con la capital Wari,y evidencias en con- textos ceremonialesde interaccionentre Wari y Tiwanaku.Presento a continuacionocho nuevasfechas 14C y resumola evidencia de dos episodios principales de construccionen CerroBaul. Interpretola cronologla constructivaWari local en base a 12 fechas 14C disponibles de contextos excavados en el sitio y sugiero que los nuevos datos, en comparacioncon 24 fechas 14C publicadas de otros centros Wari,apoyan fechas mas tardlaspar la e.rpansiondurante la Epoca IB, con una duracionde inf uencia imperial Warihasta ftnes del primer milenio d. C.

The relationshipbetween the Middle Horizon and Tiwanaku(Cook 1994; Isbell and Cook 1987; polities of Wariand Tiwanakuhas long per- Schreiber1992). plexed Andean scholars.They sharedmajor A uniqueperspective on the natureof the Wari- motifs and perhapsshared similar beliefs. Yet, they Tiwanakurelationship can be gainedfrom Cerro Baul, occupied distinct geographic areas, with Wari theonly Wari administrative site known to date that over- expandingthroughout the centralsierra from its cap- lapsspatially andtemporally withTiwanaku settlement ital in Ayacucho,and Tiwanaku centered in the Tit- systems.Although Tiwanaku ceramics have been recov- icaca Basin colonizing valleys east and west of the eredfrom other Wari provincial areas, as theyhave in altiplano.Traditional chronologies have placed Wari ,archaeologists have not yet demonstratedover- afterTiwanaku state development, with a laterimpe- lappingsettlements as theyhave in Moquegua.In this rialexpansion yet earliercollapse than the Tiwanaku paper,I presentthe resultsof my excavationsat Cerro state.The late expansionof Warihas led to specula- Baul,and I evaluatethe excavation data and site chronol- tionthat Wari iconography was deriveddirectly from ogy in relationto Tiwanakusettlement in the valleyas Tiwanaku(Ponce Sangines 1980;Posnansky 1945). well as to Wariimperialism.l Recentresearch is revisingthis speculation,however, and more recentexplanations suggest coeval devel- Relations Between Wari and Tiwanaku opmentof MiddleHorizon ideology, a sharedicono- Wariwas firstdefined as the sourceof a majorcul- graphicand belief systemthat characterize both Wari tureby Tello in the 1930s (Tello 1942). Before that Patrick R. Williams * Departmentof Archaeology,Boston University,675 CommonwealthAvenue #347, Boston, MA 02215

Latin AmericanAntiquity, 12(1), 2001, pp. 67-83 Copyright(g32001 by the Society for AmericanArchaeology

67

This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Wed, 12 Mar 2014 22:32:31 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 68 LATINAMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 12, No. 1, 2001] time, most archaeologistsbelieved that there were tilized with influences from the central sierraand differences between the ceramics called "coastal Nasca, and then spreadby Wari warriorsmoving Tiahuanacoid"and classic Tiahuanaco.However, acrossthe Andes (Menzel 1964). most scholarsbelieved the Peruvianmaterials were Despite the manyshared designs in iconography, somehow derivedfrom the altiplanoTiwanaku tra- each polity had its own style of monumentalarchi- dition(Schreiberl992:75;Uhlel903).Later tecture. Tiwanakuemphasized sunken courts and researchdescribed a style emanatingfrom the Wari massive mounds with masonry adornment,mega- capital that extended all over Peru, evidently the lithic gateways, and imposing stelae (Posnansky resultof rapidexpansion. Menzel's (1964) ceramic 1945). Rarely ornamentedwith carvedstone, Wari chronologylinked Wariexpansion to the spreadof building focused upon grand compoundsof stone Middle Horizon Epoch 1A and especially 1B masonrywith high walls andmultistory interior gal- ceramicstyles into the Ica Valley of southernPeru. leries, courts, corridors, and rooms (Isbell et. al Thisperiod of expansionis usuallydated toA.D.600 1991). Althoughprovincial centers served different to 700. The followingWari ceramic Phase, Epoch 2, functions, their monumentalarchitecture provided has more secularmotifs that Menzel (1964:69-70) visible statementsof the political power of their attributesto a crisis and reorganizationin Waricul- respectivecapitals and reflected the canonsof archi- ture and dates to A.D. 700 to 800. Epochs 3 and 4 tecturein the principalcity. Furthermore, changes in representthe collapse andaftermath of Wariand the architecturalstyles in the capitalare evident through- developmentof regionalceramic styles based on pre- out each of the imperialrealms. Wari architecture vious Waristyles andare traditionallydated to A.D. included the patio-group style (Schreiber 1978; 800-1000. Spickard1983) and D-shapedtemples in the heart- Tiwanakuceramic chronology, while not as well land and at Honco Pampa and Cerro Baul (Cook definedas thatof Wari,is postulatedto representan 2000). TheTiwanaku temple mounds found through- organizedpolity thatemerged in the late fourthcen- out the altiplanoand the provinceof Moqueguaare turyA.D.and endured into theeleventh centuryA.D. constructedin the style of the principalpyramids of and perhapsslightly later (Ponce Sangines 1972). the city of Tiwanakuitself (Bermann1993; Gold- TheTiwanaku chronology has been dividedinto five stein 1993). phases. The last two of these, Tiwanaku IV and Waricorporate architectural styles are reflected TiwanakuV,are found locally in the MoqueguaVal- in imperialadministrative centers in the provinces, ley andare known as theOmo andChen Chen Phases especially in areas where direct controlwas estab- respectively (Goldstein 1989). The Moquegua lished. The level of politicalcomplexity of the con- sequence begins later (A.D. 500-725 for the Omo queredregion was ofteninstrumental in determining Phase) and ends earlier (A.D. 725-950 for Chen whetheran administrativecenter in theimperial style Chen)than its altiplanosource (Goldstein 1993), but was established.Areas characterizedby little local thereare still very few absolutedates for these phases. politicalcomplexity called for more directforms of New evidenceis likely to shiftthe absolutedating of control,while administrativestructures in morepolit- these phases substantially,perhaps even nullifying ically complex societies met the need for adminis- the existence of a TiwanakuIV Omo Phase. trativecenters with existing social institutionsand Giventhese established chronological sequences, facilities.However, other factors besides the level of it is temptingto see Warias short-lived,with a rise local politicalcomplexity may have been important and fall all within the time span of Tiwanakuhege- in the establishmentof administrativecenters. Bor- mony. The similaritybetween Wariand Tiwanaku der zones, transportationhubs, and resource-rich iconographyis also very strong,with bothtraditions locales also received special attention (Schreiber depictingthe FrontFaced Deity or the Staff God as 1992:30). Frontier provinces, especially, often theparamount being or sacredfigure. In tenns of both receive a disproportionateamount of attentionand style andform, Wari and Tiwanaku ceramics are dis- directcontrol in orderto defineimperial boundaries tinct assemblagesand are segregatedspatially on a and promotepolitical integration (Doyle 1986). regional level (Lumbreras1974; Schreiber 1992). Empiresare dynamicentities, and the functional Thus,it is stilltempting to see Tiwanakuas the source roles of imperialadministration can changethrough of muchof the Wariiconography, perhaps cross-fer- time. Imperialreorganization and recentralization

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Figurc 1. Map of thc Moquegua Vallcy and thc locations of Ccrro Baul and thc major Tiwanaku settiemcnts. may lead to the reformof the administrativesystem, of sites like PampaGrande (Day 1982) and Pacat- andthus to changesin thematerial correlates of polit- namu (Keatinge1975). ical control(Doyle 1986).Alterations in the manner Inka provincial architecturealso is markedby of politicalcontrol may be reflectedin the archaeo- internalconsistency, and some architecturalelements logical recordthrough changes to imperialadminis- show they followed the canons of the capital.The trativesites (Schreiber1992). In the case of Wari, kanchaand the kallancaare found throughoutthe these adjustmentsmay be reflectedin the emergence Inkaimperial realm, and it is quiteprobable that the and perpetuationof the patio-grouparchitectural formerdeveloped out of Wariinfluences and local style (Schreiber 1978; Spickard 1983), but the developmentsin the Cuzco region (Hyslop 1990; absolutedating in boththe capitaland the provinces Topic 1986). In referenceto provincialWari, it is for this phenomenonremains uncertain. imperative that both architecturalform and con- The introductionand continuationof corporate structionstyle be tracedback to its developmentin architecturalstyles throughout the geographical the heartlandas a corporatestyle (Moseley 1979). realm of a polity is not uniqueto the Middle Hori- Some of the most significantfindings that bear on zon in the Andes. Chimu ruraladministrative cen- these issues come from the only shared frontier terscontained the same architecturalcomponents as betweenthe two MiddleHorizon polities of Waiiand the capitalat ChanChan, and the U-shapedaudien- Tiwanaku forexample, the MoqueguaValley(Fig- cia appearsin predictablelocations as a symbol of ure 1). statepower (Keatinge1982). The precedentfor the TheTiwanaku occupation of Moqueguahas been audiencia and storeroom architectureof Chimu the subjectof intensivestudy, most notablyby Paul administrationis foundin the MocheV components Goldstein (1989, 1993). Tiwanaku settlement

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70 LATINAMERICAN ANTIQUITY lVol. 12, No. 1, 2001]

Figure2. 3D GIS modelof the architectural(white) and agricultural(black) remains associated with the Waricolony at CerroMejia (left) and CerroBaul (center). focused in the middle valley (1000-1500 masl) by thelongest canal ever built in theMoquegua sierra, wherea three-tiersettlement hierarchy complete with and the settlementsystem is crownedby the Wari relict field systems has been identified(Goldstein administrativecenter on the high mesa (2590 masl) 1989;Williams 1997). TheTiwanaku occupation did of CerroBaul. The flanksof CerroBaul andthe adja- breachthe high sierra,as Bruce Owen (1998) has cent mountain,Cerro Mejia, were coveredby agri- recentlyreported, but its largestsettlements, monu- culturalfields, remnantsof which exist today.The mentalworks, and agrarianfields were all concen- fields aroundCerro Baul probablydid not support tratedin themiddle valley. Until recently, we believed agrarianproduction for exportoutside the colony,but that Tiwanakucolonists arrivedin the Moquegua mayhave produced enough to supportthe extantWari Valleyfirst, perhaps around A.D. 500. A briefhiatus population(Williams and Sims 1998). betweenphases IV andV has been positedby Gold- The remainson the summitof CerroBaul can be stein( 1989),but the Tiwanaku occupation of theval- divided into two distinct types of architecture: ley was fairlycontinuous until the tenth centuryA.D. masonrypublic architectureon the very summitof Most archaeologistsbelieved thatWari arrived a cen- the mesa and smallerhouseholds with stone foun- turylater and occupied the high sierrafor no more dationson the easternslopes. The masonrybuildings thana century(Moseley et al. 1991). Recentradio- are large, similarto the buildingsin administrative carbondates from CerroBaul do not supportthis centersto the northand to buildingsat the capitalof proposition,but ratherindicate that the Warioccu- Wariitself. The latterare elaborateversions of the pationwas nearlyas long as the Tiwanakupresence domesticterraces that grace the slopes of the moun- in the valley. tain and the adjacentCerros Mejia and Petroglifo. The architecturaldifferences between these two areas Excavations on Cerro Baul are important;construction of the public buildings Excavationof theWari occupations on the summitof likelyrequired a mandateof the state,or at leastlocal CerroBaul, the administrativeand ceremonial center leadership.Due to the greatervariety of resources of the Waricolony in the MoqueguaValley, has pro- andthe bureaucracy involved, reorganization of large vided insightinto 1) the durationof Warioccupation public works shouldtake place less frequentlythan of the region,2) the relationshipbetween the provin- minor changes in domestic architecture.The resi- cial centerand the Waricapital, and 3) the natureof dentialarchitecture is organic,and continual remod- interactionwith Tiwanaku colonies in theregion. This eling can be organized at the household level. Waricolony is located on a high sierraintervalley Domestic architectural revisions involve fewer ridgebetween the Rio Moqueguatributaries of Torata resources,and can be undertakenmore frequently. ana lumllaca trlgure z. The Warlsltes were lmked The summitof CerroBaul is the centerof public

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12

Sector B

Sector C

<.Un4 t 2590 m N

e

30 meters t.:

. . f

Figure 3. Map of the summit architecture at Cerro Baul, documenting the 5 summit sectors and the location of all excava- buildingsof this administrativecenter of theWari set- a 12 m by 8 m trapezoidalplaza surroundedby halls tlement.This administrativesite containspatio-group on three sides in sector B (Figure4). RobertFeld- architecturein the Waristyle, a D-shapedstructure, man's 1989 excavationsin structures1 and 2 were andcraft productionhabitation areas. The CerroBaul the basis for his assertionthat this locale was the site ExcavationProject over the pastthree years has iden- of ritualizedreciprocity between elites in the form tifiedthree distinct sectors in the architecturalcore on of large-scaleconsumption of an intoxicatingbev- the summit (Figure 3). The eastern sector (A) is erage (Feldman1998). referredto as Uminaniyoq,the artisanresidence area, In our excavations of structure4 in 1997, the becauseartifacts associated with lapidarywork were accoutermentsof this ceremonialdrinking event recoveredfrom excavationshere. The centralsector fine wareserving and storage vessels in the formsof (B) of the architecturalcore is referredto as Willka keros,cups, andurns were foundbroken in an ash kancha,the ceremonialsector, given the natureof the layerupon the floor.This depositionlayer represents constructionsin units 1 and5. The westernsector (C) a single episode that I interpretas a ritualoffering of the architecturalcore, named Hatun Kancha,is thatceremonially interred this hall at the end of the composedof largerectilinear plazas flankedby gal- Warioccupation of the cerro.The excavationsin unit leries.Two uninvestigated sectors lie to the west. Sec- 1 provideevidence for activitiesof high-levelritual torD is anarchitectural compound surrounding a large importance,as well as documentingthe longevityof boulderat thehighest point on the mountain,and sec- Warioccupation on the summit;evidence indicates tor E is a raisedplatform toward the westernend of that the structurewas significantlyremodeled dur- the hill separatedfrom the mainarchitectural compo- ing the Warioccupation of the summit, and the 4 nent of the site by morethan three hundred meters. radiocarbondates processedfrom this unit reflecta distributionfrom cal A.D. 530-1220 (see Table 1). Public Architecture Located20 m to the northeastof unit 1, unit 5 is Excavations in the public architectureat the site also located within sector B. This architecturalfea- includethree units in the ceremonialsector B (1, 5, tureis one of two D-shapedstructures at the site. The and 8) and two units in sectorC (3 and 6). Unit 1 is principalroom is a 10 m diametercircular hall with

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__ 6meters

N _ er

z excavated area G Phase 2 wall _ Dismantled phase 1 wall

Figure 4. Plan of the standing walls in excavation unit 1, including the foundations of disassembled phase 1 walls.

an entrancein the centerof its straightnorthwestern 780-990, calibrated2 sigma.Although these data do wall. Its formparallels similar structures in theMon- not precludean earlierconstruction date for the D- jachayoq,Vegachayoq Moqo, and CheqoWasi sec- shapedtemple complex, they do indicatethat its final tors of Wari, as well as D-shaped structures at use was contemporarywith the last phase of occu- Conchopataand Honco Pampa.All these D-shaped pationin unit 1 andbased on radiocarbonage would halls haveapproximately 10 m diameters,except for be dated to Middle HorizonEpoch 3, althoughthe VegachayoqMoqo (20 m) and Cheqo Wasi (5 m) architecturalform is one thatis classic Wari-Ayacu- (Cook 2000). cho style (Cook 2000). Excavationsin unit 5 focused on the northeast- Offeringsof ritualartifacts were also associated ernhalf of the interiorof the D-shapedstructure, the with the constructionof the complex.A metallicfoil frontexterior face of this Hall, and the agglutinated camelid,approximately 2 cm across,was recovered rooms to the northeast(Figure 5). Burningevents from fill beneath the floor in the center of the D- were associatedwith the abandonmentof area D2 shapedhall. A cache of gourd bowls, one of them andthe exterior of sbructureGN, andthe agglutinated engraved with designs featuring a lizard and an rooms were intentionallyfilled with sandand whole anthropomorphicbeing with antennae and avian ceramic vessel offerings upon the unit's abandon- headhands, was excavatedfrom a subfloorpit on the ment. A radiocarbondate processed on a charcoal western exteriorside of the circularwall. Further- samplefrom Area D2, originallypart of the last roof more,the interior of thecircular wall was coatedwith of that structure,dates to cal A.D. 770-1000, cali- a plastersurface and painted various times in shades brated2 sigma.A second carbondate from a wood of red, white, and blue-gray.The dedicatorycon- postfound on the floorof theinterior of theD-shaped structionofferings and the treatmentof the complex hall datestoA.D.770-1020, calibrated2 sigma (see at its abandonmentreflect the importanceof this Table 1). These dates,which are statisticallyequiv- space to the rituallife of the community. alent, combine to provide a date range of A.D. A thirdexcavation area at theborder between sec-

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Table 1. 14CDates from Cerro Baul.MonumentalSectors.

1 n Lab ID Date B.P. Date cal A. D.2s aljc Material Context Beta-36967a 1090 + 70 B.P.b 770-1160 NA charcoal Unit 1-2 ash above floor Beta-36968a 1400 + 60 B.p.c 530-780 NA charcoal Unit 1-2 ash above floor TX-9278 1 150 + 50 B.P.b 770-1000 -27.0 % charcoal Unit 3A burntbeam TX-9279 1 150 + 50 B.P.b 770-1000 -23.2 % charcoal Unit 5D ash above floor TX-9280 1070 + 50 B.p.c 780-1030 -27.1 % charcoal Unit 1-4 ash above floor TX-928 1 900 + 40 B.P. 1030-1220 -26.7 % charcoal Unit 1-4 ash above floor GX-24706 1400 + 45 B.p.c 540-710 -24.9 % charcoal Unit 3E hearth 1 GX-24707 1180 + 50 B.P.b 710-990 -23.9 % charcoal Unit 3E hearth2 GX-24709 1140 + 55 B.P.b 770-1020 -27.8 % wood Unit 5 beam on floor

Residential Sector Beta-36969a 1370+ 60 B.p.c 55s780 NA charcoal Unit2 ashabove floor Beta-36970a 1270+ 60 B.P. 65s900 NA charcoal Unit2 fill beneathfloor GX-24708 1220+ 60 B.P. 670-970 -26.0 % charcoal Unit7B ash abovefloor aAll datesprocessed by BetaAnalyticwere orifinally published in Moseleyet al. 1991and are not 613 corrected.This is the firstpublication for all otherdates and all are6 C corrected. b Oneof the 15 datesused in thecalculation of the phase2 Wariconstruction style. cOne of 10 datesused in the calculationof thephase 1 Wariexpansion.

torsB andC was investigatedas surfaceremains sug- tecturalremodeling of the site during of the Wari gested the possibilityof a ceramicworkshop. Unit 8 occupation(Figure 6). Walls 1 and2 were visible on did not provideconclusive evidence of ceramiccraft the surface,and Wall 3 formeda terracefacing south. productionon CerroBaul, but it did indicatethe most Excavationrevealed an occupationsurface affiliated substantialinformation to datefor thecomplex archi- with these three walls. On this surfacewe encoun-

Figure5. Planof the standingwalls in excavationunit 5.

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74 LATINAMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 12, No. 1, 2001]

fourrooms in the southwestcorner uncovered rooms I - with an elevatedfloor that was set upon poles pro- Wall2 _ trudingfrom the eastern and western walls at a height :_ a 4 2t:g0Sitruttuxr§:23 _- l: of 70 cm abovethe rusticearthen floor. The few cul- turalmaterials were recoveredfrom this excavation included a small quantity of plainware ceramic sherdsand gourdseeds. A radiocarbondate of A.D. 77>1000, calibrated2 sigma was obtainedfrom a piece of a burntwooden pole thatsupported the ele- vated floor of this structure.The lack of associated culturalmaterial makes functional interpretations of thesestructures difficult, but our preliminary hypoth- esis is that rooms A and C were storagestructures whose raisedfloors kept products elevated above the earthensurface. Further excavations in structuresB andC andsimilar architectural forms in sectorC will need to be undertakento evaluatethis theory. Across the plaza in structureE, the architecture is constructedof a morerefined masonry style incor- poratingdouble walls, interiorbenches, and a finely finishedstucco interior.There was no evidence of a raisedfloor, nor was any roofingmaterial recovered :1: .f 2 S tn

] l 0 : ]d in the excavationof structureE as was identifiedin ] F: f:::d r :: upper levels of structuresA and D. Few cultural

s [21 excavatedarea materialswere associatedwith the floors of struc- z Phase 2 wall tureE, althoughthere were some late fire pits asso- R _ Dismantiedphase1 waii 2 meters ciated with the latest floors in the structure.Two radiocarbonsamples extractedfrom these hearths Figure 6. Plan of the standing walls in excavation unit 8, datedto cal A.D. 54s710 andA.D. 71s990, cali- including the foundations of disassembled phase 1 walls. brated2 sigma.The earlierdate is likely wood from tereda smallhearth, a concentrationof a reddishcol- a veiy earlyconstruction context that was burnedin ored soil, and a large flat stone apparentlyused to a secondaryuse context.The laterdate likely repre- grindpigments. sentsthe periodin which the fireswere burnt and the Beneaththis floor,the top surfaceof severalear- surficialstructure was constructed.It is statistically lier walls appeared,indicating a priorarchitectural similarin date to the wood from a constructioncon- configurationcompletely distinct from the architec- text in the four-roomcomplex in the southwestcor- turevisible on the surface.Although we lacked the ner of unit 3. resourcesto completelyexcavate this earlierarchi- Structuresof similarmasonry construction style tecturalphase, it is clearthat it was intentionallyfilled and similardimensions to structureE arelocated 20 in orderto providea platformfor thenew occupation m to the northeastof unit3 in unit6 (Figure8). Three surface,and thatparts of what were originallythree rooms, 10 m by 3.3 m, sit side by side facing a plaza distinctarchitectural spaces were coveredto create thatmeasures S0 by 25 m. Excavationsin the east- one largeplatform, presumably open to the air. ern half of the centralroom, structureB, revealed Seventy-fivemeters west of unit 8, in sectorC, is interiorbenches thatran the length of eitherwall 1 one of the largeplazas and associatedgalleries that m abovethe well-madefloor. Unlike unit 3 structure comprisethis sector.Unit 3 (Figure7) is an open air E, this room originallyhad two stories.A fallen lat- patio, 25 m on a side, with a complex of four 2.5 m tice of 1>20 cm diameterpoles was discovered by 6 m roomsin the southwestquadrant. A 12 m long within the structure'swall fall matrix.k one small hall with dual entrancesis located in the northwest area,a floormade by placingflat stone slabs covered cornerof the plaza. Excavationsin the complex of withclay overthe lattice was preserved,clearly defin-

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Figure 7. Plan of the standing walls in excavation unit 3.

N m excavated area z Phase 2 wall

/' : \\

o= 3 6meters

Figure 8. Plan of the standing walls in excavation unit 6.

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halls of sector C, however,opened onto plazas S to 10 times as large as the open air patios of sector B. What these areas sharedwas a common construc- tion style andsimilar basic architecturalelaboration. Theresidential architecture differs significantly from this pattern. ResidentialArchitecture - - - 4 meters Two unitswere excavatedin the residentialsectorA (2 and7), andone additionalunit (4) was locatedout- side of the surfacearchitectural remains to the south of the site in orderto obtaincontext information on a cache of 93 obsidian points recovered from a looter'sback-dirt pile in 1993. Unit 2 is an areaorig-

z excavatedarea inally excavatedby Feldmanin 1989 and amplified z Phase 1 wall by ourexcavationsin 1998 (Figure9). It is comprised of 4 excavatedrooms, designated A throughD from northto south.The nature of constructionsin thisarea were of a substantiallydifferent style and scale than in the publicarchitecture at the site. StructureA was a S m by S m open plazathat was ultimatelyused as a trashdump, but was originallyan outdooractivity space associated with structureB (2 m by 5 m), Figure 9. Plan of the standing walls in excavation unit 2. which is connectedto A througha doorwayon the south side of the plaza. The south wall of structure ing the latticework as a floorrather than a roof. The B serves as a retainingwall for structureC an 8 m x secondstory must have been greater than 1.5 m above 6 m open air plaza that is elevated 1 m above and the earthenfloor, since the side walls are preserved does notcommunicate with structuresA andB below to thatpoint and there is no evidence thatthe poles and to the north.Structure C does interfacewith the were securedbelow that point. The position of the originallyroofed structureD (7.5 m x 4 m) through fallen poles also indicatethat they must have been a doorwayon the southeastcorner of the plaza. securedwell abovethe 1 m bench.Based on the vol- Differentliving levels are common in sectorA, ume of wall fall excavated from the structure,its with adjacentarchitectural spaces having large ele- originalheight is estimatedto have been between4 vationdifferences. These altitudedifferences, how- and S m. ever,do not imply separatehouseholds. Unlike unit The excavationsin the public architectureat the 2, the 5 m by 5 m open air plaza (A) in unit 7 does site exhibit a clearly ritualor ceremonialnature in not articulatewith the 3 m x 5 m roofed room (B) some areas, while other areas were apparently with which it shares a wall to its east (Figure 10). cleanedout butnot rituallyinterred. The differential Instead,structure B communicateswith an unexca- treatmentupon abandonmentbetween units in the vatedplaza below andto the east, while a small stair- ceremonialsector (which were intentionallyburned case leads up and to the northto a higherlevel from or filled with ceramic offerings) and in the sectors structureA. of the large plazas is significantand there is a sub- Although manipulationsof elevation vary, the stantialdifference in the use of space and architec- basic architecturalunit in sectorA is distinctive:a tural forms. D-shaped halls and long galleries small (S to 8 m on a side) open air plaza thatarticu- fronting 1>12 m long plazas is the norm in sector late with an smaller(2 to 4 m by 5 to 7 m) roofed B. These spaces were not designedto accommodate room.The interiorroofed room typicallycontains a large numbersof people, but they are clearly supe- raisedplatfolm 1 by 2 m coveredwith flat stone slabs rior in quality and scale to the residentialarchitec- thatforms a tableor grindingsurface and large quan- ture at the site. The large, sometimes multistoried tities of undecoratedceramic wares, botanicaland

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constructedin this highestquality manner, while the

l -b majorityof the room containeda stratigraphically I :

l higher,more rusticfloor. Here we also notedthat an earlierset of walls existed in this areain association with the well-madefloor. Thus, the constructionevi- dence indicates two phases, the second of which involvedpartial deconstruction of the first.Based on the availableevidence, the firstphase was apparently a U-shaped gallery surroundinga plaza. Interest- ingly, the areas in which the full widths of these rooms are preservedvary between 2.3 and 2.35 m. The second phase involved the constrictionof the plaza size, the deconstructionof certainwalls, the intermentof the finely made floors, and the con- structionof a new set of galleriesin a trapezoidalpat-

N [2 excavatedarea tern,all with a width between 2.3 and 2.35 m. a Phase 2 wall Just50 m southwestof unit 1, excavationsin sec- tor B, unit 8 revealeda set of wall foundationsthat -- - = 4 meters formeda 1.75m wide galleryoriented approximately 30 degreesoff theWari architecture that is preserved on the surface.The earliestphase of occupationin Figure 10. Plan of the standing walls in excavation unit 7, this unit is representedby walls 3, 6, and 7, which including the foundations of disassembled phase 1 walls. form the boundariesof structures1, 2, and 3. Dur- animalremains, and the debrisof residentialactiv- ing a majorremodeling event, these threewalls were ity. The plazas have similarmaterials, although not partiallydismantled to create a new activity space. as densely distributed.Furthermore, evidence for Walls 1, 2, and 4 were constructedto enclose this stone workingin lapis, onyx, and obsidianwas dis- new space, and the floors and wall foundationsof coveredin these residencesin the form of polishing the originalrooms were interredwith fill and cov- stones,debitage, and a few finishedstone beads and ered by a new floor surface.Thus, the threeoriginal obsidianprojectile points. Thus, the residential areas structureswere concealed by a large platform or of sectorA housed very differentactivities than are plaza enclosed on the northand east by walls 1 and documentedin the monumentalarchitecture higher 2 and open to the south and east, except for wall 4, on the summit.The scale of plazas and associated overlookingthe TumilacaValley 600 m below. rooms is appreciablysmaller than in either sectors In additionto the evidence for a reconstruction B or C, and the masonryconstruction style is more event in two units in sectorB, excavationsin sector rusticthan is noted on top. Public monumentaland C, unit 3 also indicatean earlierconstruction phase privateresidential architecture are clearly differen- that is not representedon the surface.Structure E, tiated on Cerro Baul based on constructionstyle, the 12 m long hall with dualentrances, sits upon the scale, and the variedactivities that they housed. foundationsof an earlierstructure that was oriented east-westinstead of north-south.Below the floorsur- EvidenceFor TwoBuilding Phases face associatedwith the walls of structureE, thefoot- In three of the excavationareas in the monumental ings of an earlierstone masonrywall thathad been constructionson the CerroBaul summit,evidence disassembledwere exposed by excavation.This wall foran earlier construction phase in theform of decon- was bisectedby structureE andits foundationscon- structedwall foundationshas beenrecovered. In sec- tinue understructure E's westernwall into the later tor B, unit 1, structure3, a well-preservedand very phasepatio. An earlyphase floor that abutted this wall finely made floor was discoveredin the 1989 exca- to the south was revealedduring excavation, and it vations.This gallerywas composedof an intentional is probablethat the southernwall of structureE may fill of earthand rocks predatingthe ultimateuse of have also served as the southernwall of this early the unit. In structure2, a segment of the floor was phasestructure. If so, the earlyphase room measured

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Year A. 9lA ibr-atF ne) datingthe time the wood was harvestedand not the

h) re cn w o h) re o o O 0 0° 0 0 0° o o date the wood was burned.Wood is scarce in the region and the site is severalhundred meters above the meagerwood sourcesnear the valley floors.Due to resourcescarcity and accessibility,it is unlikely thatwood was broughtto the site exclusivelyfor use as fuel, or other nonconstructioncontexts. Thus, it is likely that all the beams were originallybrought to the site as constructionmaterial and radiocarbon dates best representepisodes of constructionactiv- ity. An examinationof the radiocarbondate distrib- utionswithin the monumentalsectors of the site indi- cate that the majorityof dates representtwo major phases. Based on the evidence for earlierconstruc- tion phases at the site, it is likely thatthe date distri- bution represents two separate episodes of tree-fellingassociated with the majorconstruction events. One felling episode was associatedwith the foundingof the settlementand the otherwith a period of reconstructionduring which the large plazas on the easternhalf of the architecturalcore were most likely constructed.These constructionepisodes can be more accuratelydated by combiningthe radio- carbondates from each constructionphase in order to contractthe rangeof standarddeviation inherent in the analysis. The three first-phase radiocarbon samples (includingone samplefrom sectorA) produce a com- bined,calibrated date with a two sigmarange of A.D. Figure 11. Distributions of calibrated 14Cdates from Wari 600 to 685. These datesrepresent the firstconstruc- sites. White highlights indicate the minimum overlap tions on CerroBaul and indicatethat the establish- between the 95% confidence intervals for all dates of each ment of the site almost certainlytook place in the site. seventhcentury A.D., and likely took place around more than5 m in length and was 2.3 m wide. the middle of that century.The six second-phase Twelve radiocarbondates have been processed dates produce a combined, calibratedtwo sigma from CerroBaul to date (Figure 11). Of these 12, range of A.D. 780 to 990 with a one sigma range three emanatefrom the residentialsector A. These between A.D. 885 and 965, and all second-phase threedates represent the organichousehold remod- datesproceed exclusively from the monumental sec- eling that took place throughoutthe habitationlife tors of the site. The two sets of dates are consistent of these structures.They do not representthe state- with two episodalconstruction events; the probabil- institutedconstruction projects characteristic of the ity that a single phenomenonis being datedpasses monumentalcore of the site. The remainingnine a chi-squaretest at the .05 confidence intervalin datesfrom the areaof publicarchitecture bear on the eachcase. The phasetwoT-value is 1.9 with aT-crit- issue of constructionand reconstruction at an insti- ical value of 11.1 at the .05 level. The phase one T- tutionalizedscale. All radiocarbondates are from value is 0.3 with a T-criticalof 3.8. wood beams, most from an intact, but burnt,con- It is also interestingto note the contextinforma- structioncontext and othersfrom the final burning tionfrom each of theseradiocarbon phases. The three episodes in small hearthswithin the architectural earlydates all come from secondaryuse of the wood compounds.It is imperativeto rememberthat we are beams, in constructionfill, in a hearth,or in a burnt

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offering context,one from each investigatedsector is seen in phase 2 at CerroBaul. The combinedcal- of the site. Of the six samplesthat date to the second ibrateddate range overlapsquite well with the sec- constructionphase, three are in primaryconstruction ond constructionphase from CerroBaul, with a cal contexts roof or floor beams that have collapsed, A.D. dateof 66s980 calibratedtwo sigma.It is also one was burntin a shallowhearth, and the othertwo interestingto note thatSchreiber finds evidence that are partof an offeringevent in the ceremonialsec- MiddleHorizon 1B Ocrospottery may have contin- torunit 1.These latter two samplesalso probablyrep- ued to be used into Epoch 2, a trend also noted at resentprimary construction contexts since it appears CerroBaul (Schreiber1992:229). thatthe fuel for this offeringevent was probablythe In the Wariheartland at Azangaro,Anders indi- last constructedroof of the structure.One additional cates that Wariconstruction and occupationof this late date was also collected from the unit 1 offering planned,administrative center was confinedto Epoch context and may represent an erroneous second- 2. The threeradiocarbon dates from the site (Anders phase date or could representthe youngest com- 1991) (seeFigure l l)produce acombinedcalibrated bustiblematerial included as partof the offeringfuel. dateof cal A.D.890-1030 A.D., calibrated2 sigma, All of the second-construction-phasel4C dates closely comparableto the set of six dates combined come from sectorsB or C of the site.The lack of late fromthe secondconstruction phase at Cerro Baul (cal dates from sectorA suggests it was not involvedin A.D. 78s990, calibrated2 sigma). Furthermore, the later massive constructionevent, presumably Anders(1991) notes the presenceof two trapezoidal becauseof the lack of publicarchitecture in this sec- structuresin the south sector of the site, represent- tor of the site. If these interpretationsare correct ing one of the ultimatephases of constructionin the therewas a massivereconstruction event aroundA.D. formalarchitectural compounds. This formparallels 900 at CerroBaul. Furthermore,this event mirrors the trapezoidalstructures formed by new wall con- changestaking place elsewherein the Warirealm. structionsin the second phase of constructionboth in units 1 and 8 at CerroBaul, significantlyaltering Construction Events at Other Wari Sites the patterncompared to earlierphase walls in both The phase 2 constructionevent from which half of units. Baul's l4Cdates are derived is manifestedin the cer- At Wari itself, Isbell (1997) has proposed a emonial buildings and the patio groups, both of chronologyfor the capitalcity, but furtherabsolute which conformto the D-shapedstructures and patio dates must be obtainedto test the veracity of this groupsfound at otherWari provincial centers. At the model. However,if the model is accurate,the length siteof Jincamoccoin the SondondoValley,Schreiber of occupationand the majorimperial changes tak- documentsa Warioccupation of Epoch 1B thatcon- ing place in the ninth and tenth centuries A.D. tinues into Epoch 2. The constructionstyle follows throughoutthe CentralAndes were also reflectedin the patio groupcanons seen in MH 1B in the capi- the architectureof the imperialcenter. tal, and an earlierWari (1A) presenceis not in evi- Besides CerroBaul, the only Warisite with more dence, althougha local village did exist at the site thanfive proveniencedradiocarbon dates is Pikillacta beforethe administrativecenter was built.Two radio- in the Cuzco region (McEwan 1991). Radiocarbon carbon samples were processed to date the con- date distributionsfrom Pikillactamanifest the same structionof the Waricomplex (see Figure 11). One four-centuryoccupation as is evidentat CerroBaul datecame frombelow a well-preservedplaster floor (see Figure 11). If the dates from Pikillacta con- in a room that contained fancy WariPolychrome structioncontexts are isolated from other types of ceramicsand returned cal A.D.350-1000 calibrated dates,they do fall into an earlyand late phase.How- two sigma.The second datefrom a piece of wood in ever,early and late dates correspond to the samestruc- the mortar of a subfloor canal dated to cal A.D. tures in some instances and the phases are not as 65s1250 calibratedtwo sigma.A carbondate from tightlydefined as at CerroBaul. The analogto Cerro a secondarytrash deposit of Warirelated materials Baul'smonumentalsectorC Pikillacta'ssector2- datedto 61s1030 calibratedtwo sigma (Schreiber hasproduced six radiocarbondates, four of whichrep- 1992: 193). The largererror ranges on these dates resentsecure construction contexts. Excavation unit make them statisticallycomparable to one another 37 (Structure17-2B) producedan early carbondate and representthe airivalof the patio-groupstyle as associatedwith wood from an upper story of cal.A.D.

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80 LATINAMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 12, No. 1, 2001]

Table 2. 14Cdates from WariAdministrative Centers Mentioned in the Text.

Site Uncalibrateddate Date cal A. D.2s Source Context WariMoraduchayoq 1370 i 60 B. P. 550-780 Isbell et al. 1991:30 Semi-Sub.Temple(SST) fill WariMoraduchayoq 1230 + 60 B. P. 660-960 Isbell et al. 1991:31 SST fill between floors Jincamocco 1405 + 135 B. p.a 350-1000 Schreiber 1992:193 beneathplaster layer T2/3 Jincamocco 1070 + 125 B. p.b 650-1250 Schreiber 1992:193 Corr. 1 canal wall mortar Jincamocco 1220+ 115 B. P. 610-1030 Schreiber 1992:193 midden in patio 3 Azangaro 1190 + 75 B. p,b 680-990 Anders 1991:185 hearthin complex IV Azangaro 1070 + 50 B. p.b 860-1040 Anders 1991:185 midden Cr.20e Azangaro 960 + 65 B. p.b 970-1230 Anders 1991:185 constructionfill complex II Pikillacta 1330 i 60 B. p.a 600-870 McEwan 1996 wood from 17-2BC Pikillacta 1180 + 60 B. p.b 680-990 McEwan 1996 charcoalfrom 17-2BC Pikillacta 1290 + 60 B. P. 650-890 McEwan 1996 wood from lintel 39-2BC Pikillacta 1060 i 50 B. p.b 880-1160 McEwan 1996 wood from 39-2BC Pikillacta 1150 + 80 B. p.b 680-1030 McEwan 1996 charcoalon floor 33-2BC Pikillacta llOOi60B. p.b 770-1030 McEwan 1991:112 vine on wall of 104-4BC Pikillacta 1140 + 60 B. p.b 770-1000 McEwan 1991:112 vine on wall of 104-4BC Pikillacta 1430 + 370 B. p.a 400 B.C.-1300 McEwan 1991:112 hearthfrom 24-4DC Pikillacta 1350 + 60 B. p.a 560-810 McEwan 1991:111 midden outside arch. core Pikillacta 1430 + 90 B. p.a 420-780 McEwanl991:111 wood on floor of 12-2AC Viracochapampa 1700 + 80 B. P. 130-540 Topic 1991:159 NA Viracochapampa 820 i 180 B. P. 750-1450 Topic 1991:159 NA Honco Pampa 1240+90B. P. 650-990 Isbell 1989:112 AC-5 floor Honco Pampa 1330 + 100 B. p.a 530-970 Isbell 1989:112 AC-5 subfloorstratum Honco Pampa 1380 + 70 B. p.a 530-820 Isbell 1989:112 hearthin early floor AC-8 Honco Pampa 1280 i 70 B. P. 640-40 Isbell 1989: 112 AC-2 floor pit Honco Pampa 896 i 115 B. P. 890-300 Buse NA Honco Pampa 956 i 210 B. P. 650-400 Buse NA

Honco Pampa-r -- 991illOB.P. 640-80 Buse NA a One of 10 dates used in the calculation of the phase 1 Wariexpansion. b One of the 15 dates used in the calculationof the phase 2 Wariconstruction style. c note that all Pikillactacontext informationrefers to structuredesignations and not excavationunit numbers.The numberafter the hyphen refers to the sector in which the structureresides. All samples are on charcoalunless otherwise noted.

600 870, calibrated2 sigma, and a laterphase date mentsat the site (Glowacki1996), were takingplace of charcoalfrom an upperstorey context of cal. A.D. at about the same time as the second construction 680-990, calibrated2 sigma.In unit43, a wood sam- phase was occurnngat CerroBaul. ple from a door lintel producedan early phase date Radiocarbondates of the architecturalremodel- of cal.A.D.650-890, calibrated2 sigma.,while a later ing in Wariimperial style seem to be slightlyearlier phasedate of cal. A.D.880-1160, calibrated2 sigma in the northernWari realm. John and Theresa Topic was obtainedfrom carbonized wood fromthe upper (1985) have suggestedthat northern sierra architec- story (McEwan1996). tural styles are present in the Waricenter at Vira- Combiningthe two early phase Pikillactadates cochapampaat an early date. The two radiocarbon resultsin a calibrated2 sigmarange of A.D.640-810 dates from that site (cal A.D. 130-540, calibrated2 as comparedto theearly phase range of A.D.60(}685 sigma and A.D. 750-1450, calibrated2 sigma) are at CerroBaul. The combinationof the two laterdates not vew informative(Topic 1991:159) (see Figure from Pikillactasector 2 resultsin a two sigma range 11). However,dates from otherprobable Wari sites of A.D. 780-1020, whereasthe CerroBaul second- in the region indicate a predominancenumber of phase combinedtwo sigma rangeis A.D. 780-980. samples in the range of A.D. 500 to 700 (Topic It seems thatthe broadpattern changes seen at Cerro 1991:159). Schreiber(1992:271) argues that Vira- Baul withthe secondphase of constructionwere per- cochapampawas neverthe focus of formalWari con- haps reflected in structuralremodeling on a more trol;thus relying onViracochapampato inform about modest scale at Pikillacta.It is neverthelesssignifi- changes in Wariadministration is problematic. cantthat changes in the use of Pikillacta,very likely At Honco Pampa,another Wari Administrativo an actual decline in new constructionsand invest- centerin the northernrealm in the Callejonde Huay-

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81 las, Isbell'sexcavations produced 4 radiocarbondates at Baul in the tenthcentury A.D. using Chakipampa that combine to producea two sigma range of cal. ceramics, at least in a ceremonialcontext. Further A.D.640-780 (see Figure11). Wari imperial ceramic ceramicanalysis and excavationsmay indicatethat styleswere scarce, but can be predominantlyascribed Epoch2 styles were at use on CerroBaul at this time to Epoch2 (Isbell 1989:112).It thusappears that the as well, althoughnone have yet been identified. northernsierra experienced the expansion of the I will not arguethat these data suggest that MH architecturalreorganization before the capital and the Epoch 1B and Epoch 2 styles were in simultaneous southernprovinces, a phenomenonconsistent with use in the Wariheartland. Further radiocarbon dates the idea thatWari adopted certain architectural orga- fromsites like Warithat bear on thepatio-group con- nizationsof the northsierra (Schreiber 1992; Topic structionstyle andthe imperialreorganization asso- 1991;Topic andTopic 1985) as partof the imperial ciated with it need to be processed to addressthis reorganizationassociated with phase 2 atCerro Baul. issue. Whatthe datesfrom CerroBaul datesdo sug- The 10 radiocarbondates with securecontextual gest, however,is thatsignificant new questionsabout information,which are statistically comparable to the the relationshipbetween the southerncolony andthe phase 1 buildingevent, yield a combinedcalibrated Wari capital need to be addressed.Are sweeping 2 sigma range of A.D. 615490. If thelS radiocar- imperialreorganizations being reflected at Baul, and bon datesstatistically similar to the CerroBaul Phase if so, what is the relationshipbetween their intro- 2 dates are all combined,the resultingcalibrated 2 ductionin the capitalversus in the provinces? sigma range for this event is A.D. 890-980 (see One possible explanation for the architectural Tables 1 and 2). It should be noted that both these remodelingat CerroBaul is thatit is an entirelylocal ranges overlap with all the combined date ranges event.Perhaps Baul was firstestablished as a defen- from within specific sites and significantlynarrow sive outpost,as has been the assumptionby schol- the window in which these events took place if they ars workingwith the issue to this point (Moseley et were partof the same phenomenon.It seems most al. 1991). The architecturalreorganization at Baul likely that the architecturalconstructions that con- may signal a change in its role from defensive out- stitutedthe patio-groupstyle in sites like CerroBaul post to a pointof ideologicaland economic exchange andAzangaro emerged there early in the tenthcen- betweenWari and Tiwanaku. Recent research on and turyA.D. aroundCerro Baul certainlysuggests that in the later phases (ca. A.D. 800-1000) of the MiddleHorizon, Discussion there was significantinteraction between Wariand At CerroBaul, a preponderanceof MiddleHorizon Tiwanaku,including cohabitation of theupper sierra. 1B ceramicsis associatedwith the standingphase 2 The emergingdata from other Wariadministrative architecturein sectorsA andB. This associationcor- sites, of whichmuch more needs to be collected,sug- relatesfairly well with the data from Wariitself. In gest that some major changes of a similar nature fact, therehave been very few vessels with Middle weretaking place throughout the Wari realm at about Horizon2 ceramicstyles recovered from Cerro Baul, the same time as the Baul remodeling.The radio- althoughEpoch 2 styles are presentat Jincamocco carbondates representing these changes at multiple (Schreiber1992) and at Moraduchayoq in Wari(Wag- sites may coincidentallyfall within the same range ner 1981), and are exclusively used at Azangaro as the second constructionphase at CerroBaul, but (Anders 1991). A numberof Andeanistshave sug- the preliminarydata from these sites is supportiveof gested that the patio-groupstyle representsa major a polity-wide reorganization.Additional data need imperialreorganization, and it now seems evidentat to be collected to provide the evidence to test this CerroBaul. The amazingaspect of the phase2 Baul hypothesis. buildingevent is that althoughit falls in the same Perhapseven more importantly,what does this ceramicperiod as the otherWari examples, radiocar- new information suggest about the relationship bon dates are much later than most Wari scholars between Wariand Tiwanaku?The dates from Baul would attributeto MH 1B or MH 2. The clear asso- clearly demonstratea long co-occupation of the ciationof a potterycache containingpredominantly Moqueguasierra by the two groupsof people. Some Chakipampa-styleceramics with the latestradiocar- of the earlyinterpretations of the Baul ceramicssug- bon dates at the site indicatethat Wari peoples were gested a Tiwanakuinfluence on some pieces. Given

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H. Isbell and GordonF. McEwan,pp. 165-197. 1 ceramic by William thenew dates and associationswith unit DumbartonOaks, Washington, DC. perhaps this influence may reflect a Bermann,Marc offerings, Changein HouseholdLife atLukurmata. of an establishedMH 1B assem- 1993 Continuityand "Tiwanakuization" In Domestic Architecture,Ethnicity, and Complementarity Aldenderfer, blage.Could it be that a principal ideological in the South-Central Andes, edited by MarkS. of Iowa Press, Iowa City. exchangebetween Wariand Tiwanakuwas taking pp. 114-152. University We also note that Cook,Anita G. placelate in the MiddleHorizon? entreestilo y imagen.Pontifica Uni- to col- 1994 Wariy Tiwanaku: theabandonment of Baul roughlyconforms versidadCatolica del Peru FondoEditorial, Lima. Offerings and Tiwanakucolonies and per- 2000 HuariD-Shaped Structures,Sacrificial lapseof Moquegua's in AncientPeru: New Horizonall together. Divine Rulership.In Ritual Sacrifice hapsto the end of the Middle andlnterpretations, edited by BettyBenson and related? Discoveries Werethe Wari and Tiwanaku abandonments Anita G. Cook. Universityof Texas Press,Austin. in Moqueguahave noted that Day,Kent Scholarsworking In : 1982 Ciudadelas:Their Formand Function. sites in thevalley were deliberately and Kent severalTiwanaku AndeanDesert City, edited by Michael Moseley that Press, Albu- andsystematically razed. It has been suggested Day, pp. 87-117. Universityof New Mexico of Wariwas involved in the vast destruction querque. sitesin thevalley (Mose- Doyle,Michael TiwanakuChen Chen-style CornellUniversity Press, Ithaca,NY. CerroBaul and 1986 Empires. leyet al. 1991). The firstdates from Feldman,Robert Moquegua. In on those limited data and 1998 La ciudadela Wari de Cerro Baul en theinterpretations based by Karen would have Moquegua:los primeros doce mil anos, edited theestablished ceramic chronologies Museo Contisuyo,Moquegua. to thoseearly Wise, pp. 5946. prohibitedthis involvement; according Glowacki,Mary Highlands of Moqueguabefore Chen Chen set- 1996 The Wari Occupation of the Southern data,Wari had left Site of Pikillacta. valley,around A.D. Peru:A Ceramic Perspectivefrom the tlershad even occupiedthe lower D. Dissertation,Department of Anthro- thatthe UnpublishedPh. 750.The new datafrom CerroBaul indicate pology, BrandeisUniversity. is chronologicallypossible, but Goldstein,Paul originalproposition CenterinMoquegua, Peru. scenarioand the relationship 1989 Omo,aTiwanaku Provincial theplausibility of this Ph.D. Dissertation,Department of Anthropol- imperial col- Unpublished betweenpeer polity interactionand ogy, Universityof Chicago. A Tiwanaku study. 1993 TiwanakuTemples and State Expansion: lapseawaits further American Sunken-Court Temple in Moquegua,Peru. Latin been possible Acknowledgments.This researchwould not have Antiquity4(1). the John H. withoutthe supportof the G. A. BrunoFoundation, Hyslop,John and the Planning. Universityof Texas Press, Heinz III Fund of the Heinz Family Foundation, 1990 Inka Settlement Peru Copper Asociacion Contisuyo funded by Southern Austin. financialsupport Isbell,William H. Corporation,which has providedlogistical and Center.In to 1989 Honcopampa:Was it a HuariAdministrative in Moqueguafor many years. I would also like Horizon forresearch The Nature of Wari:A Reappraisalof the Middle assistance of the Cerro Baul Excavation R. Michael acknowledge the Period in Peru, edited by FrankM. Meddens, 1997 & 1998 seasons, JohnyIsla BAR Inter- Project'scodirector during the Czwarno,and AlexandraMorgan, pp. 98-113. and Elias Mujica. C., and the projectadvisors, Michael Moseley nationalSeries 525, Oxford. Arqueologiaof the for the Thanksalso goes to the ComisionTecnica de 1997 ReconstructingHuari: A CulturalChronology comments and Change in Early Urban InstitutoNacional de Culturaof Peru for their Capital City. In Emergence and of both sea- Manzanilla,pp.181-227. Plenum, suggestions during the permit and reportprocess Societies,edited by Linda Donna Nash, I would like to acknowledgeMike Moseley, New York. sons. G. Cook read early draftsof this paperand gave Isbell, William,and Anita and Joyce Marcuswho andthe Originof Expansionist anonymousreviewers 1987 IdeologicalInnovations invaluablecommentary as well as several 40(4):27-33. paper States in AncientPeru. Archaeology were instrumentalin the revisionof this LindaSpickard whose comments Isbell, William,Christine Brewster-Wray, and express my great appreciationto Huari.In Huari for publication. I wish to 1991 Architectureand Spatial Organization at comments and discus- Archi- KatharinaSchreiber for the insightful AdministrativeStructu)e: Prehistoric Monumental my most gracious H. Isbell sions of Wari chronology. Finally, I give tectureand State Government,edited by William field hands who DumbartonOaks, Wash- thanks to the archaeologists and Peruvian andGordon F. McEwan, pp.19- 53. Peru for assisted in the field, and to the people of Moquegua, ington,DC. Keatinge,Richard welcoming us into their community. on a Pre- 1975 Fromthe Sacredto the Secular:First Report on the NorthCoast of Peru. References Cited historicArchitectural Transition Archaeology28: 128- 129. Cultural Anders,Martha B. 1982 The Chimu Empirein Regional Perspective: Site of Azangaro: 1991 Structureand Function atthe Planned Antecedentsand Continuities. In ChanChan:AndeanDese)-t as a Centralized CautionaryNotes for the Model of Huari editedby MichaelMoseley andKent Day, pp.87-117. Prehis- City, Secular State. In Huas^iAdministrative Structure: of New Mexico Press,Albuquerque. edited University toricMonumentalArchitectureand State Govesnment,

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