o ntents

(O N E : YOUR MAGIC CARPET

T VV O : THE FAB ULOUS RUC S OF PERSIA

Thei r hi s tor arnous collecti ons t es m oti s y, f , yp , f , weaves and dyes

T H R E E : THE OTHER ORIENTALS

India Tur e The Caucas us Tur es tan , k y, , k , Sam ar and Chi na k ,

F O CHR FROM EUROPEAN LOOMS

S ai n E n land Fran ce Central E uro e p , g , , p ,

N orth A ri ca N orthern E uro e f , p

F I V E : AMERICAN HERITAGE

Indian V er earl Am eri can Hoo ed E m , y y , k ,

broidered or Needle oi nt Ru s Am eri can p g ,

’ S I X : IN TODAY S MARKETS

Anti ues Re roducti ons o Hi s t ori c St les q , p f y , S E V E N : OUT OF THE FOG

Techni cali ti es Car et and u Sizes Trade , p R g ,

nam es Weav es Manu acture , , f

E I G H T: THE ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS

N I N E : B UY THE B EST YOU CAN AFFORD 1 04 Q uality and Pri ce

YOUR INDISPENSAB LE YARDSTIC K 1 1 1 l m l Co or, For , Sca e and Texture

E L E V E N : FASHION IS FLEETING

T W E L V E : GUIDEPOSTS FOR YOUR OWN PROB LEMS

T H I R T E E N : YOUR PROB LEMS ROOM “ BY ROOM 1 3 1

Halls and Stai rs Li vi n room s Li brari es , g , ,

D i ni n room s Sitt i n room s B edroom s Chi l g , g , ,

room s and la room s , P y

F O U R- T E E N : NOW YOU GO SHOPPING

F I F T E E N : GOOD GROOMING

Sheddi n Shadi n Re ular Cleani n S eci al g, g, g g, p Cleani n S ots o All V ari eti es Re ai rs Re g, p f , p ,

B IB LIOGRAPHY INDEX ai t o 9 fiflu tvation g s f 5 5

SP IECE ( C ourtesy Lord Taylor)

FACIN G

n r n ru Fragme t of a Persian ga de g .

r S ection Of the famou s Ardebil C a pet . ” x n - n ur r n Si tee th ce t y Pe sian a imal ru g .

n l ru Fi e O d Kirman g with elaborate borders .

ru C au casian g of the Kabistan type .

- n r r Eighth ce tu y Tu kish prayer ru g .

n n - n u Seve tee th ce tury T rkish Oushak .

’ h n - r n Eig tee th centu y C hi ese camel s hair ru g .

fi n i - Section of e antique Tekk Turkoman rug .

- n Nineteen th cen tury Aubu sso rug .

Small Swedish ru g . — n r Large Savon e ie rug .

Moquette carpet at Mount Vernon .

i r Section of an Engl sh needlewo k rug .

n r Part of the C aswell eedlework ca pet .

r An elabo ate floral hooked rug .

u Typical geometric hooked r gs .

n An a tique Navajo rug from New Mexico . L is t of Illus trati ons

n IX Six carpets Of interesti g new texture .

A modern Navajo rug i n subtle shades .

C on temporary Swedish ru g . “ ” A present day Persian Keshan .

a A modern flor l .

Two floral Axminster carpets . B etween Pages

- — Two styles of custom made chenille . 9 8 9 9

- B asic machine made carpet weaves . B oldly patterned Oriental in a mod

ern room .

Machin e - made Axminster of Directoi re

design .

’ r Old ca pets from the B igelow Weavers collec tion .

n Modern Axmi ster ru g .

x n f x A mi ster broadl oom O simulated te ture.

r n - n Flo al Axmi ster in an eighteenth ce tury room .

Frieze broadloom carpet .

n Fi e Oriental rugs in a country hou se.

- Austrian hand t ufted carpet . Broadloom carpet with varying

heights of looped pile .

XVIII Large braided ru g on bedroom floor.

- - Wall to wall flat woven cotton carpet . 1 3 0— 1 3 1 Modern floral ru g of tufted design . Reversible ru g of multi colored yarn

- Han d made provincial ru g . Hooked rugs with traditional maple J QN O Q IeO m ent Q XC g S

d a a e indirectly, in l rge w ys and small, many p ople i 0 make this book inform ative and authent c . l ow e l i an d i u W avers , who , both co lect vely ndivid

d wa . in every y , a very great debt mk s : , too , to ohawk C arpet Mi lls it chogue Plym outh Mi lls

lt n if C . n F el B . A m a o a d T. e ey of " W S h r . i f . l a n G . c e e o I o ne aber a d A . fl f S f Wr Ma e h R . H c i f C . ig t of . y 0

k r Ru B ar er B os . n C . fi of

’

8 B u e e r of R . . rg r Torb rt , forme ly H Macy s sales now Vocati onal Train in g Director of the San Diego B n a e e . a . le t critical y , and Mrs M ry L randt,

x r u . e pert , helped to gathe the ill strations am and Mary Dorr helped enormou sly with th e in g and typing .

R r Mu ation to ichard C . B ach of the Met opolitan

1' C r ) u an d . his genero sly given time , to Mrs o nelia

L A 12 a m " fl A A w w n u l -I

fl ifli l Information about oorcov eri ngs is d cu t to unearth . Your “ ” laudable ambition to be an intelligent consumer may have

’ u e ou u fi nd com rehen been thwarted beca s y co ldn t a simple , p

n u n u u a . sive, nontech ical p blicatio abo t r gs and c rpets

u This book is for the homemaker, the salesman , the st dent . It is written from my femin i n e viewpoin t as a homemaker and

u but r n —fi v e re ho sekeeper, it ests solidly on the twe ty years of

’ r an d x r u an sea ch, knowledge e pe ience which is my h sb d s . Its prirnary purpose is to help you to know somethin g about

us u b u the fabrics you e on yo r floors and to y them wisely . NO

has en h u attempt be made to be too highly technical, eit er abo t

u n b ut e e their constr ctio or their design , we beli ve the complet

u a and i s . pict re, both p st present, here

C H A P T E R O N E

0 14 1?

THAT ragged little throw r ug that whi sked its own er abou t the

u r B ut r t are n ether was j st a fai y tale . ca pe s magic no etheless for they help to carry us toward th e realization Of an almost un iversal

r u r r Ame ican dream . This dream is not the excl sive p ope ty Of

- r - an d r n dewy eyed b ides . It is shared by middle aged me G a dma

n . n u r u n an d Jo es It i cl des ga bage disposal its , soft deep chairs

. r e . solar heating It is , in sho t, the dream of a perf ct home

C are n ot un u or n u hances it is very large, iq e prete tio s , this

r u Of ur but n d eam ho se yo s and mine , in addition to the applia ces and conven ien ces we Americans deman d today it has the Vi rtue

n of bei g good to look at .

M n i Of are c u es n b ut a y k nds tastes refle ted in these ho s we pla ,

of u r un an d the trend the cent ry is towa d so der simpler styles ,

n u s e Of greater freedom and imagi ation in the color, and the acquisition Of a real decorative an d practical knowledge about i the th ngs we are going to b uy .

The r i n n r r Of n n disc iminat ng home pla er, ega dless i come, wa ts

n u r n a house that is both comfortable a d beautif l . Floo coveri gs

a u z n u play tremendo s role in reali i g that d al achievement , for “ ” they have greater furnishing power than any other sin gle item

. x h r r in a room E cept for the walls , t ey are by far the la gest a ea , and the decades when the floor was made as inconspicuou s 3 The Rug and Carpet B — “ as possible that unmourned taupe er Today a large part of th e character an d th derive from e carpet or rug you choose . buy is capable of contributin g s o much

uln an d to u warmth , restf ess comfort yo r is potential magic in the right carpet or

r e t o u to spa kl the d ll room , warmth the

one restless .

Your fl oorcov eri n g ' i s not on ly an esser

un of u i s f oundati < gro d yo r room , it the ] e. i schem In some cases , where it is h gh

and u r th e strong disting ished patte n , it is l all cases it is vital y important, especially

n r first impressions are important . On e te i

at the time most people look floor, for it

u n a n yo r footi g in stra ge place . The purchase of a cheap fl oorcoverin

e e unl e s ou no n t inv stm nt, s y have i tention or of i carpet made sleazy , sk mpy materi poor workman ship may be very pretty in 2 too b e an e ] soon it will eyesor , lacking eve that well made things have— of growi ng The purchase of a good fl oorc ov ering

a m ing, in most families , of major invest

u a a e ar a e u u s ch l rg e , and b ca se it m st b u u a ro orti or p nder real wear, it costs p p ’ ou money . If y make a mistake it s a big mi

li . have to ve with for a long , long time The su ch a tragedy is a soun d knowledge of s t and an understandin g of how an d where Whether you are a devou t exponent 0 an equally vociferous follower of traditi 4

C H AP T E R T W O

TO PUT the whole history of such an ancient and important art

n r n But as carpet weavi g into a few short chapte s is ot easy . it is

r r ou u fi n d urs a omantic sto y, for y s ddenly yo elf in the fabled “ ” lan ds of the Arabian Nights Th e Golden Road to Samarkand ” wi n Y u n n ds throu gh it . o are in cool sile t garde s of Ispahan and

fl ower- r th e u the strewn fields of Kirman, in the Alhamb a , co rt ’ of C n n i a a d u u . yards hi , Q een El zabeth s great a dience hall

0 n N one knows when or where the first pile fabric was k otted . ’ i ts a o was an a m i an d our enter ri s Probably inspir ti n ni al s sk n , p i n g ancestor was trying to concoct with his own fingers some

n as n . m thi g as warm , as pliable and stro g A few frag ents have been f oundi n Egyptian tombs that were sealed centuries before

f C h in u o . c a the birth hrist Ot ers have been ex avated T rkest n ,

r probably dati ng from the early C hristian E a. Scholars agree ’ that the art of weaving goes back t o thevery begin nings of mans civilization .

B ut e u we will leave the scholars to their research, b ca se here , “ as a Fortune n u writer o ce said , is a body Of er dition into which the specialist can disappear from the vulgar eye like a porpoise

n f e was s o a s ea of plumpi g into a bed o kelp . There nev r deep learning. 6 The Fabulous Rugs of Pers i a

The story of the first Oriental rug recorded i n history reads

ls o Tabari s Anna . like a fairy tale . It is a Persian translati n of the “ h C u P r W en tesiphon , the residence of the Sassanids , r lers of e sia ,

n n 8 D . un the 6 7 A . fell i to the ha ds of the Arabs in year , they fo d in the royal palace a colossal carpet of squ are meters ( equ al

1 i s to 5 0 x 75 feet ) which was origin ally made for C hos roes I . H u An as char u a but n du r s ccessor, , sed it lso, o ly ring the sto my

n n weather whe remaini g in the garden s was impractical . The festivities were then tran s ferred to the palace where a garden with the beauty of sprin gtime was represented by the pattern

th r r all in of e ca pet . This was the Winter C a pet that was c ed

r r n C h s r s r u o oe . Pe sia The Sp i g of Its mate ial , which was marvelo s

an d s an d r u o . costly, consi ted of silk , gold , silver p ecio s st nes On it was represen ted a beau tiful pleasure groun d with brooks and

l n r r an d r r n e. inte aci g paths , with t ees flowe s of sp i gtim On the wide borders surroun ding it were represented fl ower- beds in

r u n r u e which p ecio s sto es colo ed bl e , red , yellow, white and gr en w denoted the beauty of the flowers . Gold imitated the yello colored soil and defin ed the borders of the brooks where the

r s r water was represented by c y tals . G avel paths were indicated t by stones of h e size of pearls . The stalks of the trees were of

an d an d lk u gold silver, the leaves flowers of si , the fr its of many ” r colo ed stones . This fabulou s carpet was cut into pieces and given to the Arab

as r u t wo soldiers loot, each man getting a fragment wo th abo t

n r u o s et a thou sa d dolla s . The val e of the wh le had been by p

at seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars . Marco Polo writes in the thirteen th cent ury of the beauty of

r n n r u O ie tal rugs . I ventories and travel dia ies of the fo rteenth an d ur r fifteenth cent ies mention them , and they are clea ly shown in R n n s o t many e aissance pai tings , we know they had been in ro duc ed into Europe at that time . 7 The Ru and Car et g p .

The oldest group of ru gs still in existe sixteenth and seventeen th cen tury Persia

ru are u ul ] Oldest gs , they the most bea tif t

n n h on ea h Nothi g woven si ce, anyw ere rt

s n an d n n n n de ig , color, e cha ti g loveli ess . The warps and wefts are fin ely spun cc

u u u r < short, s ally s pe b glossy wool, occasi These extraordinary carpets are divid< accordin g to the type of design rather the

u r they were made , beca se schola s are

u an d n u eacl abo t dates places . U do btedly ” own r r the royal facto y , whe e best art gathered together under the patron age

u n e ues a : o tstandi g piec s for mosq , p lace potentates . There are some three thousan d ru gs of

a un 1 tod y . Most of them were fo d , not in houses of Europe where they were he) van dal hordes that from time to tin

r O ient .

G A R D E N C A R P E T S

“ n C r These are the rarest . The Wi ter a pet

i s alrnos celebrated ancestor . Their design

' n a u fl ower tion of a garde , with rect ng lar

S ee P . watercourses . late I

A N I M A L O R H U N T I N G C A R P E T S

h u C c In t ese, the backgro nd is closely

’ fl r n u 3 ovve s . Among them are wild an als ,

n un b other, sometimes bei g h ted y m

Plate II . The Fabulous Rugs of Pers i a

F L O R A L C A R P E T S

u r e n t Exq isitely d awn flowers and tr es , co nected wi h

n scrolls or vi elike tracery completely cover the field .

e n tri r l t a a e a . P a her is in cate cent l m d lion See l te I .

M E D A L L I O N C A R P E T S

u ri al In this gro p the medallion is of p mary importance , most com

l t l n p e e y filli g the field .

C O M P A R T M E N T C A R P E T S

These rugs are divided into panels of various shapes an d in

u r e r e i vario s colo s , each fill d with floral fo ms ; som t mes animals and a ar birds ppe .

V A 8 E c A R P E T s

In this probably later type some of the flowers are larger an d bolder; some spring out of elaborate vases skillfully worked into the design .

S H A H A B B A S O R I S P A H A N ) C A R P E T S

Pers ra s u o 1 62 8 So named for greatest r ler, wh se death in marked ’ “ ” n u the e d of Persia s Golden Age . The flowers in these r gs are

” a big and elaborate . They are sp ced more widely and are con nected u s r by strong scrolls and vines . The r g themselves are ve y a r T e e e . l rg , oft n mo than fifty feet long hey are commonly called “ ” e u ah r an d r Ispahan b ca se Sh Abbas had his capital the e, p ob

a u a u e. B ut bly, too , beca se it is glamoro s nam experts believe

were woven in Herat .

P O L I S H C A R P E T S ( S O - C A LL E D )

These are the fabulously beautif ul silk an d gold and silver ru gs ” r r that f or s o many years s tumped the experts . They we e fi st 9 The Rug and Carpet B ook

un P n the s an d of es . fo d in ola d , in palace castles the rich nobl

C o n n an d oats of arms of Polish nobility were w ve i to them , their colors were almost pastel compared to the deep glowing tones

r n t of most Pe sia s . O hers have come to light in variou s European

u . n r e b u P a but co ntries O ly two or th e have een fo nd in ersi , experts now agree that they were woven there in the early seven

t e n t r r e h centu y . A copy of an o der from the King of Poland for “ ” r r of e e silken ca pets f om Kashan, shows that many them w r

e n u u woven esp cially for foreig trade, or as gifts to E ropean r lers .

rn are an are a The patte s delicate d lacy . They woven with combin ation of a silk pile an d a flat tapestry weave in gold and

r r — silver . Thin st ips of these p ecious metals s o pure that they ’ haven t tarnished in three hun dred years— are wound about

r — lm strands of Silk to make the th ead . The colors are heavenly sa

ur u n u n en . on, t q oise, ho ey, ma ve , cream , violet and almo d gre ’ “ ” r u r r These eight g o ps are the wo ld s G eat ru gs . They are very

n d r ar r r r a e o . a e rare, the e no mo e whe e they came fr m They still,

f ll r e o a u u . a e in spit the conject re and research , mysterio s They

u u an d l n incredibly bea tif l they are fantastical y expe sive, cost ing per squ ar e foot somewhere between the price of New York ‘ ’ n real estate a d the price of the famou s B lu e B oy . These glamorous facts combin ed to sing a siren song that the

’ in dustrial tycoons of the tur n of the century coul dn t possibly

S O u Am a l r resist . the famo s eric n col ections we e gathered to

h C n u ou m e. n o get er . ollecti g great r gs is no hobby for y or It is a l hobby for the well to do or the merely rich . It is hobby on y

f or r . the very, ve y rich

R n the u of Mr. John D . ockefeller, I , has most notable gro p

hi i i n Is ahan s . u . Polish r gs Mr . Widener of Philadelp a special zed p

M C orm i ck C i n l n d . c Mr . A drew Mel on a Mrs of h cago made

n large an d valu able c ollectro s .

’

n l n . Mr. Mellon s is now in the Natio al Ga lery in Washi gton 1 0 The Fabulous Rugs of Pers ia

’ B r o u u Mr . enjamin Altman s is in the Met op litan M se m in New

’ l r r . B . . B . u Yo k, as is part of Mr James al ard s Mr alla d of St Lo is

n t n ll n r o a d au . was o ly a co ector, he was a scholar an tho ity He

r traveled all over the world in search of ra e pieces . The finest

u ur ou he had prayer r gs of T key were his specialty, th gh ex

n i n P an d C . amples of ersian , I dian , h ese as well

1 9 22 B l th u r of th i a In Mr . a lard invited e c rato s e M etropol t n to S elect what rugs they needed from his collection to complete

- . e un re u their own They chos one h d d and twenty nine r gs ,

u l a n u u val ed then at over a mil ion doll rs . A disti g ished gro p is

a u u u . lso in the St . Lo is M se m The Vienn a Mu seum had an ou tstan ding collection of great

B ut th u ru r rugs . probably e most famo s g in the wo ld is in the

u u u n u at l So th Kensington M se m in Lo don , val ed it is said , ha f

l r u s a mil ion dolla s . It is called the Ardebil carpet beca se it wa

u ue Ar i P fo nd in the mosq in deb l, the ersian city where Shah

2 the r Ismael s et up his court in 1 5 0 . It is flo al type with an elab

r l hir t - u o orate cent al medal ion . T y fo r feet l ng by seventeen feet

h r s i i n c es de . x wi , and ‘ it has a silk wa p and a wool pile The

u n ru s ee P ill stration which shows o ly one end of the g ( late I ),

l ou of b ut l wil give y some idea its intricate pattern , the jewel ike colors are impossible to describe— the deep midn ight blu e r u u the ll e an d g o nd , the s nny yellow of meda ion, the ros reds

n sparkli g whites .

h r - i are r an d the T i ty two mill on knots tied to its wa ps , master

e wi u r n n o w aver, th rightf l p ide , has wove i to it this inscripti n

I have no re u e i n the world other than th thres hold f g y ,

M head has no rotecti on other tha n thi s orchwa y p p y,

r h l Pla c The wo k of the s lave of t i s Ho y e. MAKSOUD O F KASHAN

D . In the year 9 24 ( 1 585 A . ) 1 1 The Rug and Carpet Book

ry few rugs are dated; only three are kno d; s o most of the great Persian weavers have

ion

r e on e of e e u e e u l ev ry thes gr at r gs , th r m st have of everyday ones long sin ce worn out and f org'

a m ur h n n he ip l, al ost the only f nis i gs in Orie tal

zts . al e n u r In p ac s or te ts , they were sed for eve

J s e— ru i o u r c the g for the r flo r, the c rtain for thei r r ui e e overing, thei s tcase , their saddle . They w r n o e u y for xchange . They were easily rolled p f rn s i r portat on . They were unb eakable and durable l b e. er N y family had its loom ; everybody wove . o oyed s o mu ch of the ti me an d en ergy of a whole l u u art a n t ar e. S ch a niveral alw ys has great stre g h

as l as e nomads of the desert , wel the townsm n ,

n wealth in their weavi gs . rt the im portant thin gs they brou ght into th e live r e b ut aut g people were not riches , color and be

u bi dr . a is tou gh co ntry . It is very g and very y cold on the high plateau s ; incredibly hot in tI

Y ou 1 er is their most precious commodity . who rwes tem states c an imagine what life would be lil

' ri g modern dams an d reservoirs to give us plent ar rrou gh the ye . re Persian garden is celebrated in s ong an d story

a reci c rare and precious . Like nything that is p e is i t ely designed an d carefully tended . In it wer

C r a e us e ; r . lender cyp esses a n tions , lili s , narciss , p

e u a u u an d m Chrysanth m ms , l rksp r, t lips , iris rs that we rars e In our own American garden B ut e we gardens hundreds of years ago . th y 1 2

The Rug and Carpet Book

— B lues u u ll r in u u s a y made f om indigo, dissolved s lph ric acid . u Al m was added . — reens b uckthom u om n G made from , or vario s yellows c bi ed with indigo . — B rowns n u u n r m green wal t h sks , or a combi ation of p i ary colors .

ell ws — r n n d r u r o u u a a rr . Y t me ic, saffro , s mac va io s Pe si n be ies

r r u A light yellow was made f om la ksp r . — Orange from the sacred henna plan t which was used by the Mohammedans to dye their beards in imitation of the

Prophet .

Red— r — a a — n a ke mes Mediterr nean insect cochi e l, or madder

n e r us root . O ly the female k rmes we e ed . — B lack - was a the only non vegetable dye , m de by the action of

n I i o e . Vinegar ron shavings, w th pomegranat rind added This

the s o ru uf are black dye eats wool , that in old gs the black t ts ” alm n hi efl ect ost completely go e . Often t s gives the of carving,

u ru two e u as tho gh the g were woven with levels of pil , p tting

r r o the colo ed parts of the design in high elief . If wool fr m black

u n b ut reall are sheep was sed , this did not happe , y black sheep

n not commo .

Natural wool— e u S of cr am , ivory and vario s hades beige and

n brown were frequ e tly u sed .

All the subtle off - shades and tints were of course made by

r cl n a combinations of these basic colo s , or by ippi g the wool in

NO two r out l su ccession of dye baths . batches eve came exact y alike S O the variation of color throughou t a rug made it in terest

o e in g and beau tiful . S me vegetable dyes are mor lasting than B ut e u . others . Some age to bea ty better probably there hav never been more exquisite colors produced anywh ere at any ti me

u . r n e than those of the great r gs of Persia Neve stride t, nev r dead,

n d s vi i t they seem to have an inn er light a a deathle s tal y . 1 4 The Fabulous Rugs of Pers ia

M A T E R I A L S i ea u and o e e u e . as an In the rly r gs , only s lk, cotton , wo l w r s d K h

was a u its - u f or s the e the f mo s for all silk r gs , it lie in r gion near

C aspian S ea where the silkworm flourished . In most of the rugs

P . the pile was wool, which is raised everywhere in ersia The

u t e f the u u i q ali y vari d in di ferent sections , best wool s ally com ng

e ar the nn from the cold st eas where the sheep grow longest, wa

s t the un e an d e coats . Wool from yo ger sh ep is the most delicate

lk The on u e o fi n s i y . soft sheen old r gs com s partly fr m the e

u a u t om u l re e q ality of yarn th t was sed , par ly fr the co nt ess ba fe t

that helped to polish the pile . In Orientals not made in the cou rt factories there may be wide

a u u vari tions in the materials sed and in their q ality , depending ’ C e ai was on the locality in which they were woven . am l s h r

’

one i n . employed in district, goat s hair another

e u u r an d as In som r gs , wool was sed for wa ps wefts as well

r nd e a u u C a . for the s rface . otton forms both wa ps w fts in m ny r gs

In very close weaving silk was often used .

W E A V E

u e e are e on . All Oriental r gs w r , and still , wov n hand looms Most of e u b ut of u s e th m stand pright, a few the nomad tribes flat

h r w av . T e e a e t e looms warp thr ads stretched ver ically, and the ing starts from the bottom; A row of knots is ti ed across the

r . one or e u a wa ps Then , two thre weft threads are p lled str ight across . Another row of knots is tied, then more wefts . Each row i s n are e beate down with a heavy comb . If the warps clos to

an d the are i wi fi n e gether wefts very th n , the fabric ll be and

n compact . Usually the closest weavi g has the shortest pile . If

u e e s a ee the the t fts are long , th r is more p ce left betw n them and rug i s coarser. The Rug and Carpet Book

Two types of kn ot are universally employed to anchor the “ ” a th The e a or P i a short pieces of yarn th t form e pile. S hn ers n

n u e alIn os t of e u i s k ot was sed to mak all the gr at r gs . It not really

our th r The a n a knot in sense of e wo d . yarn is pl ced over o e warp

u h h . o u a ou t e t e thread One end is br ght p r nd same thread, other

r u u n n Th end is b o ght p beyo d the seco d warp thread . e simple

r diag am shown will give you the idea . The two circles are the

r hn a i s u two warps viewed f om the end . The Se knot sed in m os t

B r an d C u Pe a e . rsi ns , in okha a , Samarcand hines r gs

Span ish Persian Ghiordes

u is u P a ru s The Ghiordes or T rk h knot is sed in a few ersi n g ,

ur an d C u u e u . most T kish a casian, and almost all E rop an r gs

r two and the Here the pile ya n is placed over warps , ends

a are brou ght up between them . This is faster and easier pro

cedur e. ” Th e n u ed the a n u onl in third k ot ill strat is Sp nish k ot, fo nd y old u u ue k n hi th Spanish r gs . It is a niq single warp ot in w ch e

r e n a length of pile ya n completely encircl s o e w rp .

r The best weave s in early tim es were m en . Several weavers

r n n n As the o u o . wo ked the large r gs , sitti g side by side the floor

ri n u fab c was fi ished , it was rolled tightly aro nd the heavy bottom

of the an d r u f beam loom , mo e warp was nrolled rom the top

im r f beam . It is est ated that it took ten weave s three and a hal

ou was u ed th years to finish the Ardebil carpet . Maks d ndoubt ly e weave master who supervised the job . 1 6 The Fabulous Rugs of Pers ia

D E S I G N M O T I F S

l s t i C e a if s a ea All Oriental rug design i s high y yl zed . rt in mot pp r

a e t u e over and over ag in . After the s venteenth cen ry wh n there

e o e u a e u wer no m r co rt f ctori s , r gs were classified by the locality

e o u u u in which th y were woven . Each region pr d ced r gs q ite

f e e u e and a t of o di f rent in t xt r , color p t ern from those ther neigh boring regions .

C u u s e e ertain design motifs are niversal in Asian r g , wh th r

C i n C a u e . they come from h , T rkey or any place in betw en ertain

e u of one u r others app ar only in the r gs co nt y, or a small region

un r the - an d of that co t y . Here is a list of some of best known most f a . e a s but the char cteristic moti s They may have wid vari tion , basic forms are ill ustrated :

r— l 1 . Pea e o r a or am e. sometimes call d c ne, iver loop , p m fl

The real basis may have been a simple leaf .

l — n Gu i Hinnai r . 2 . f om the hen a plant A straight stalk with three flowers on each side .

M n hani — a i r th 3 . i i K e e diamond w th five flowe s , one in cent r,

- one in m . e. each co er In repeat, this forms an all over lattic — lm ett a u - o e e u a a in 4 . Pa e c o e p shaped fl w r, ft n q ite el bor t (

Shah Abbas ru gs ).

V l u a — r C d b nds of C hi . h 5 . o p obably nese origin ( Used muc

in Persian great ru gs . )

r — ll fi h H a i th s t e . e en tw 6 . e t also ca ed e pa t rn A rosett betwe o

an a a . curved leaves in its basic form . It has m y el bo r tions

M dalli n— u a - a un 7. e o may be sq are, di mond shaped, ov l, ro d,

— 8 . Pole m edalli on a a i t olelike e med llion w h p ext nsions ,

n s om etim es b earin g smaller medallio s .

— in was ti ka an d n . un 9 . S variatio s The same basic form fo d

primitive art all over the world .

ra m en of a Pers i an ar en ru s o i n s ream s a s an d e s F g t g d g , h w g t , p th , b d r ou r es e ro o i an u s eu m of Art O f flowe s . ( C t y M t p l t M )

PL ATE I

S ec i o n of am o us r e i ar et S o i n a e i ns c ri i on i n th e t f A d b l C p , h w g d t d pt ur es S o u en s i n on u s eu m li ght rectan gu lar p anel . ( C o t y th K gt M ) s i xteenth - c en tu ry Pers i an ani m al ru g from th e m os qu e of ( C ou rtes y M etropolitan M u s eum of Art )

PL ATE II

Ki rm an ru g wi th elab orate b orders an d a han ds om e m edal

r ou r es . S oan e c eam fi eld . ( C t y W l )

The Rug and Carpet Book

1 0 atch h k— n . L oo o e of the commonest variations of the k s vas ti a. f y 1 1 reek ke or C hi nes e ret— an d r n G y f va iatio s . Another alm ost

u niversal motif .

2 B arb r l r — 1 . e po e s t ipe often a very narrow border stripe with i d a a a n r . gon ls of lternati g colo Sometimes there is pattern in it . — 1 3 . Ros ett e i n a e e m ny forms , probably from a simple p tal d

e flow r .

1 4 ance late l a — nar a . L o e f long row le f form with serrated

edges .

1 5 P rana — i om e te n a . . g m ny variations

hi ne av — e in 1 6. C s e w e a u u e u par llel nd lating lines , Oft n s d

borders .

1 7 C hi nes e wave and rock— a a e . w ve p tt rn bordered with rock

s ymbols .

Tree o li e- a r if e curv 1 8. f f takes m ny forms , some ve y st f, som

m a b e a . ing, y l rge or small

9 Tre oil— a th e r a a e ur 1 . f v riations of fo m we ssoci t with ch ch

windows . — 0 C ar uche ec a u a o a i . 2 . to r t ng l r or val form t on — Ti a on a u e. 2 1 . le form tion based sq ar — 2 2 C hi nes e rai n o ri ce in a at . . g f tiny ovals di mond form ion — 2 8 C hi ne s a r d m ntai n u ua e . . s e c e ou s lly thr e or five peaks

2 4 D ra — e u e m es . on g long jagged form , sometim s c rved , som ti

straight .

2 5 D ouble bar and three balls — n the a e . know as mark of T m r

lane; found in some very old ru gs of Asia Minor .

ar cou m o u to There e many other motifs , of rse , so e too bvio s

a the e c r and need illustr tion , like cypr ss tree, the a nation, birds 2 0 The Fabulous Rugs of Pers ia

a . r u n nimals Some motifs and colo s have deep religio s significa ce ,

n r especially in the prayer rugs . It is not o ly in Pe sia that these

f Y ou ll s ee an u moti s appear . wi m y of them in all Oriental r gs

u is C a C au u e. T rk h , casian , Indi n , T rkestan and hines

u n n e n an d r e D ri g the eighteenth, ni et e th ea ly twenti th cen

tut P r a e u r u u ies , the e si n w avers of vario s localities p od ced tho

a f fi n m r x s nds o e ru gs . Great numbers of the we e e ported to

u n th e s E rope and the U ited States . Some of best of the e are in

n n - - the famou s collections . Many of them we t i to well to do

American homes .

1 9 1 0 an n u u o . Abo t , iline dyes were first introd ced i t the Orient ’ th r World War I called a four years recess for e weave s . At its en d there was such a craze for Ori en tal rugs that every effort was “ ” u r u i r r made to speed p p od ct on . Infe ior dyes , mate ials and worlqnans hi an d h was en d p crept in , t is the beginning of the of

s the best Persian rug .

Th ere are about twenty well - kn own region al types of antiqu e “ ” - An n u u d semi antiqu e pieces . a tiq e is s pposed to be at least

n un ld - n u c an an ru u o e h dred years O . A semi a tiq e be y g old eno gh to have mellow color and some natural luster that is n ot the i product of chemical wash ng . Amon g the best known in our western countries are

T H E F E R E G H A N

A justly popular type in eighteenth century England and

m r — s e th e a A e ica . Nine tenth of th m have Herati motif in dia

n - i s r mo d shaped repeat pattern all over the field, which da k

- n ou fi n d ul n n blue or rich rose red . Occasio ally y will the G i Hi ai

r un diaper ( or lattice ) pattern . The g o d is closely covered ; the

ll o r r e e fi ne sma fl we s seem to spa kle; the w av is ; the pile short, tied with the Sehna knot . The Rug and Carpet B ook

T H E S E H N A

S ehn as A v ery tightly woven rug of silk y texture . ( Old have been

r foun d with kn ots i n on e square in ch . ) The e is often a

- s n r n on an un n diamond haped ce t al medallio ivory gro d , with ti y

in - n nn an d r n . r flowers soft to es of he a , peach ose brow The He ati

u r l motif is sometimes sed , in ve y sma l scale ; sometimes close r n k a o . ows Of the pear motif . Tied with the Seh n t

T H E S E R E B E N D

n ru u 1 th n r A other g m ch used with 8 C e tu y furnishings . It is the

r rn r un u u r u simplest of Pe sian patte s . The backg o d , s ally da k bl e,

i n c r c - r sometimes w e color, is ove ed with lose set rows of pea s ;

on e th e r i n x . in row the stems tip to ight , the ne t to the left These

r - r r ar pears a e almost always a lovely henn a rose colo . The e e

n r i n r r r i r dur ma y st ipes the bo de . The fab ic is th cker and mo e

n n u able than the Seh a . The Sehna k ot is sed .

K A S H A N

All over floral pattern s c ombin ed with medallion cen ters i n deep

r r r r n jewel colo s cont asted with c eam o ivory . Kasha was the

n u r an d r r u i center of the silk i d st y, p obably p od ced some s lk ru gs later than her famous Polish carpets of the seven teen th

n ur . are u r ce t y Most of those remaining today wool, of s pe b

n workmanship . Tied with Seh a knot .

K I R M A N

This Sou th Persian city was the center Of the perfume industry . Here attar of roses was made from acres an d acres of fragrant

r In an u r n ru ou r r flowe s . y antiq e Ki ma g y will find a iot of flowe s ,

n Of r u n u a d alm ost always roses . The tree life was f eq e tly sed

in u too , sometimes as a small blossom g b sh, sometimes a large

r tree with flowe ing branches . 2 2 The Fabulous Rugs of Pers ia

r and fi n e s o ru s Ki man wool was soft , the old g have a velvety

n an x r r r . r r shee d te tu e . The pile is ve y sho t The colo s a e pastel; k u r a r ur u r y bl e, c e m , ap icot, gold , pale rose, t q oise . The e was u u n r n r n s ally a ce t al medallio , also filled with flowe s . The Seh a 11 u . knot was sed See Plate .

S A R O U K

s n n r The e a tiqu e ru gs also had an exquisite a d velvety textu e .

r are n ot r n bu t Thei designs as elabo ate as those of the Kasha s ,

are e— fl oral rn n wi they somewhat the sam patte s , Ofte th a me dalli n r r o na n . in ve y ich color . Tied wi th the Seh k ot

TA B R I Z

r n Fi m a d heavy b ut not su ch a clos e weave as the Sehna rugs .

n r n b ut r r Has the ce t al medallio , always with a la ge area of ich i d e n o . deep red . T with the Seh a kn t

K H O R R A S A N

r r r n u ha F om the egion bo dering Afgha istan . These r gs ve the

r r He ati design both i n the field an d i n the border . Thei back

r un u u u a r or u are g o ds , tho gh s lly ose bl e , sometimes pale yellow,

r rr a f o the saffron plan t grows wi ld in the san dy plain s of Kh o as n .

ehn The S a knot is used .

B I J A R

ll n r are r n Always has a beau tiful r oun d meda io . The colo s b illia t

n d n n a n u . glowi g . The Seh a k ot is sed

H A M A D A N

s ru r i n rn s i n s r c r The e gs we e made easte Per ia, a di t i t whe e

’ h r rs r camel s hair was u sed for weavin g . T e e always a bo der of

’ r n plain nat ural colored camel s hair a ound the edge . Ofte the 2 8 The Rug and Carpet B ook

’ a t n whole field is camel s h ir, wi h a diamo d shaped lattice in a

r n T r i s u u tan . darker shade of cove i g it he e s ally a pole medallion .

r n The texture is rather coa se; the pile lo g and fluffy. They are

h r o tied with t e Ghio des kn t .

M O S U L

u u e r u So named beca se these r gs w re ma keted at Mos l , near the

i n ruins of ancien t Nineveh in North Persia. They are a l k b e

r n tween the typical designs of the C au casus and those of I a .

S om etirnes are but u their designs like the Hamadan , beca se they

an d u were made by nomad weavers from the North , East, So th , they differ wi dely . They Often have yellow or henna colors

n are i i r predomi ating . They tied w th the Gh o des knot .

M E S H E D

r A good sturdy ru g i n light clear color . A medallion o pole m e

lli red u . i n n da on a . , often on gro nd Tied w th the Seh a k ot

K U R D I S TA N

r an d an - r r Heavy fab ic with a deep firm pile all ove He ati pattern .

are n r n u u ofli ces They sple did wea i g r gs , especially s ited to ,

e etc . n . hotel lobbi s , Tied with the Seh a knot The Fabulous Rugs of Pers i a

Persia show the same differen ces that characteriz e all Persian an d ur h r s l T kish ru gs . T ey we e u ually more de icate in color and

e e u . d sign, mor fl id and more floral

K I L I M

n - n r r C n The o ly well k own flat or tapestry weave f om Pe sia . o ti nuou s r are r n out n r th eads looped over the wa ps , bei g o ly whe e

n ar u s u al the color cha ges to form the pattern . They e ly woven

r r r r in st ipes which may be deco ated with t ee, leaf or flowe forms .

u i f or Few of the r gs l sted above, except those made the west

em r r n r o s rzes . b u r ma ket, we e wove in o m Two feet y ‘ fo r, th ee

i r u s x w u u . by five, fo r by six, five by ten , or by t elve , we e s al

Ru la n n E ven ex eri en ced g c s s ificat i on i s ot an exact s cie ce. p dealers and experts dis agree ov er the s ource of m any pieces .

r n They can often tell mo e by the weave , the ki d of wool , the “ ” of ru n ou c an feel a g than by its design . For that reaso y never learn to kn ow old Orien tal rugs from descriptions or photo

n an . n graphs . Try to s ee as ma y as you c Handle them ; exami e the backs ; find out whether they are tied with the Sehna or the

r n r an d Ghio des k ot . See what the wa ps wefts are made of; how man y kn ots to th e squ are inch; how deep the pile; how soft the wool .

rs u are du C For Pe ian r gs that being pro ced today, see hap ter Six .

2 5 C H A P T E R T H R E E

MUCH of the basic information about Persian rugs applies equ ally

h n a . r t e to all the other Orient ls The mate ials , dyes , the weavi g

u r n n un techniq es we e the same . Ma y of the desig motifs are fo d

’ n wa in all of them . Weavi g s as much a part of the people s lives i n k ur ur es tan an d C u u i n . T key, T , the a cas s as it was Persia

r ru r n a r The g eat gs of Persia we e i comp rable, the late ones

u u b u t r u the n u were s ally good , all th o gh Orie t good r gs have

f or u e s e been woven many h ndreds of y ars , each with its own p i c al type of beau ty .

The Rug and Carpet Book

ti no le r r p whe e large handsome carpets we e woven . Their de

re n u n the an d un signs we strongly i fl e ced by Persian, like any

ur u , t s o other T kish r gs hey .were tied with the Sehna knot, it is e r r r r possibl that Pe sian weave s we e working the e. Their texture

fi n e r n was very , with yellow silk or wool warps and red and g ee

l r r r — y u si k wefts . Their colo s we e b ight ellow, light bl e, emerald

e an d gr en crimson . The Ghiordes knot was u sed for all the other early Turkish — u an d e r e an d . r gs , they wer made enti ely of wool warp , w ft,

u n pile . O tstanding amo g them were the Ou shak rugs with their

r n an d r r . la ge elaborate medallio s ich colo s See Plate III . They “ are the an cestors of the big red an d blu e or red an d green Tur ” key carpets that were the pride and joy of well- to - do nineteenth

ur r cent y mat ons .

f ew r u n i n A early p ayer r gs remai , most of them Italian

ur ch ches . Some Outstan din g examples of these three types are i n private

l n an co lectio s d mu seums . " Durin g the eighteenth an d n in eteen th cen tu ries man y large Ou shaks an d an en ormou s number of prayer ru gs seem to have

r r u wi been made . P ayer u gs u su ally are about fo r feet de by Six

n . n r to seven feet lo g U like every other O iental, the pile always

n r a r e sla ts towa d the top . They always have mih ab or pray r

a on e en d r r a u i n rch at , which rep esents the p ayer rch fo nd every mosqu e decorated with elaborate tiles and s et in the Wall

fis - — r i r u a the l th at fac es M ecca . Wo sh pe s in a mosq e lways face y’ h s o r the mi rab, that they look towa d the sacred city which

prophet Mohammed named the cen ter of worship . Every Mos

lem who can afford one has his prayer rug . Five times a day he I unr ll n r n o s it, poi ts the prayer a ch toward Mecca and , kneeli g

n n n on it, i to es his devotio s . Themost beautiful colors an d designs and the finest weavin g 2 8 The Other Ori entals

’ the Turks could produce wen t into their prayer rugs The mihrab

u r u n u u ass med va io s shapes , sometimes pointed , ofte b lbo s or

n u r n u e oval, occasio ally sq a e . An i tricate mosq lamp or flower

n n h T ar r r r u a t e a . e e fo m rep esenti g it, f eq e tly h ngs from rch h re

e e many elaborat bord rs .

G H I O R D E S

C n r r u r the ur n o side ed the best p ayer r gs . ( Pe haps T kish k ot was

r n i r ar developed or fi st found here . ) The a tique Gh o des e worthy

n r of compariso with old Pe sians . The field of the prayer arch

r r are x u an d r e is often plain , the bo de s filled with e q isite int icat

flower patterns .

h an r n r They ave more white than y other O ie tal, the p ayer

i r an d ru niche often be ng white or ivo y, the whole g is in a light

n r u u u clear key . The a tiques a e very tightly woven with an n s ally

r u . I . sho t pile . The Ghiordes knot is sed See Plate II

K U L A

u u the r Not s ally as closely woven as the Ghiordes . Often p ayer

u u a u an d i n niche is b lbo s , like mosq e dome , they carry an

u of r r r i credible n mber narrow bo der st ipes , patte ned w th tiny

r n u u red u detached flowe s or polka dots . The iche is s ally or bl e , an d e u in th th e ther is m ch yellow e border. Tied with Ghiordes

L A D I K

These prayer rugs are a li ttle longer in proportion to therr wrdth

the nd r a a . th n others , the niche is not as la ge Above or below the niche there is almost always a ban d with a row of five lili es

n rn n ( or pomegra ates ) on stiff straight stalks . An alte ati g lily and r s th e r . n c r u n o ette often make bo der The i he is f eq e tly red, and r i x r n they have eve y color in the r design e cept o a ge . The

r us Ghio des knot is ed . The Rug and Carpet Book

O U S H A K

On e un r an d s i h d ed fifty miles ea t of Smyrna, th s city has had a

r n r n u r un dr r th ivi g ca pet i d st y for many h eds of yea s . Always

r u n r r z u re n r p od ci g ather la ge si es , O shaks we amo g the few oom size Orientals avai lable in an y qu an tity in the n in eteen th c en “ ” ur t y . These later Turkey carpets had a blatan t red groun d with

li n an d r r i n r n r n medal o s bo de s blu e or g ee . The g ee was par ti cularl s n u an d r n off red a y poi o o s p actically da ced the field ,

fi n e x n r e e ample of a compleme ta y color sch me at its worst .

h r Tied with the G io des knot .

B E R G A M A

T u are u or z i r hese r gs medi m small si ed, w th a fai ly fine weave .

n u u n en d r i The ce tral field s ally has a poi t at each , f om wh ch

n r r ha g mosqu e lamps or elaborate vases . The bo de may be a series of altern atin g squar es ( tiles ) and rectangles ( cartou ches )

r Red n n — e filled with geomet ic motifs . is the domi a t color som

a n n . times softe ed yellow . Tied with the Ghiordes k ot

n r ur i ll r rai but In ge e al, T k sh design fa s between the est ned graceful floral patterns of Persia an d the bold geometric patterns of C u s u r n r n an d r the a ca s . It has a g eat ma y st aight li es geomet ic

u n ur u forms . It never employs h man or a imal fig es , beca se the

u portrayal of them is forbidden by the Turkish religion . Tho gh

P r a are ff r n r n f e si ns Moslems too, theirs is a di e e t b a ch of the aith

The ur are unn . n with di fferen t practices . T ks S ites The Persia s ar i Y ou n fi n d r i n u s e Sh ites . will ever even a small bi d a T rki h

R s r n i n . C r are r n u ru . g ed p edomi ate them olo s st o g, witho t the

- r subtle Off shades of the Pe sians .

’ r 1 9 00 s u r C C rn In the ea ly , the days of the T kish ozy o er,

n r there was a great vogue f or collectin g prayer ru gs . Ma y p os perous busin essmen paid vast sums for rugs whi ch they wer e 8 0 The Other Ori entals

made to believe were at least a hun dred years older than their “

u an d un r u i n n s . on r tr e age , h g them p o dly their de I w der whe e

r they all a e today .

aucasug

The C au casus is that mountainous isthm u s that connects Europe

w C n an d B . and Asia . It lies bet een the aspia Sea the lack Sea

r n Ru n 1 1 8 e 8 . Onc a part of Pe sia , it has belo ged to ssia si ce It is about three an d a half times the siz e of New York state an d has a fairly den se population that is a c omplete con fu sion of races

u r ar x - h a and tong es . The e e si ty eight dialects spoken in t e C n

u Tifl i s r n n x C n n n cas s . , the capital , a ked e t to o sta ti ople as the most importan t ru g market i n the world du ring the great heyday

of r n ru O ie tal gs .

fi ll1/ 6s t of the people belong to nomad tribes . These people

r on e un n c move f om mo tain valley to another, pitchi g their bla k

n r fi n te ts whe ever they n d pasture for their flocks . Weavi g is a

rr t an d part of their daily lives . They ca y their looms wi h them ,

s et u r r n r u them p whe eve they stop . It is o wonde that the r gs

are r on e en d th e they weave often c ooked , that is wider than

r n ot . othe , that sometimes they will lie flat on the floor

B u n r t these omad rugs have beauty . All thei motifs are very

n n z ur r i n conve tio ali ed , their formations p ely geomet ic , g vi g the

r s effect of mosaic . The C au casian weave s reached the highe t

n r t n r r r developme t of p imitive con ven io al design . Thei bo de s

u u e t r u r are s ally wid , wi h a g eat n mber of va ying stripes , often

u n oo s k an d r . si g the latch h k, swa ti a ba ber pole motifs The de

n i n are r n n u r or sig s the field often la ge diamo ds , octago s , sq a es

r a - fi n d i s i x n r . Y ou t i ngles , sometimes or eight poi ted sta s st ff

’ nai ve li ttle an imal figures woven in Odd corn ers or dropped hit

- fi el or miss onto the d. The Rug and Carpet B ook

C u are u The a casian colors pleasant bl es and browns , yellows ,

n r C greens a d ivo y . ompared to Turkish ru gs there is very little ’

. u of th e r but red They haven t the s btlety Pe sian dyes , they fitted well into the blue an d t an era of early twentieth century

r deco ation .

of the a e e a s e Very little is known e rly rugs . Th s nom d wov n i us e u o ly for the r own , and few r gs lasted to become very old .

C u — n u ar e a d e. All the a casian r gs are made of wool w p , w ft pil

' fi n m . u The weave is only moderately e. Someti es the pile is q ite

n an d h a u n u lo g s aggy, cq iri g a polish with wear . The r gs are

n unn r . r u either small, or lo g r e s The Ghio des knot is always sed . A few of the better known types are listed below

K A Z A K

Made by the C ossack tribes who live near Mount Ararat where

n Ru u r an d Noah finally made his la dfall, and where ssia , T key

r all C u u s . Pe sia meet . These are the most striking of a casian r g

n r o r an extraordi They have a lo g pile, a ather c a se weave, and

‘ n d r u . a the an na y l ster They h ve stro gest colors, the biggest, boldest figures .

G U E N J E

t of o Similar to the Kazak, with the same ype design and c lor, b ut often coarser an d cruder .

D A G H E S TA N

r n n n w t t are Mo e fi ely wove tha the Kazak , i h a shorter pile , hey

are u su ally almost square . The designs smaller in scale and more m u u a u . in tricate . In them are often fo nd tiny h man and ni al fig res

K A B I S T A N

Lon g narrow runners of the Daghestan type . See Plate III . 3 2 The Other Ori entals

S H I R V A N

r u u u fi n e u Ve y like the Daghestan, tho gh not s ally as in q ality

n and desig .

KA R A B A G H

u r These r gs Show Pe sian influ ence i n their patterns . They have d re u . more grace, less rigidity. A good deal of is sed

B A KU

in u r Also show Persian fl ence . Often the field has la ge pears , s rrnilar in r b n b u u shape to the S e e e d t m ch bigger. They have

- lots of off shades of faded blue .

C H I C H I

These have the most in tricate an d crowded pattern of all the

C u u i un a casian r gs . They often have a wh te gro d .

S O U M A K

n are The o ly flat weave of the C au casus . They made wi th a

r i n rn u t u modified tapest y stitch, which woolen ya is p over fo r

u u . warp threads , back nder two , over fo r, etc This makes a very

ur r d able fab ic . The name C ashmere has been commonly used

u u u for these r gs , beca se their flat weave resembled the famo s

r Indian shawls from the vale of Kashmi .

E s C u u C n s a t of the a cas s and the aspian Sea , orth of Persia , we t

Of C n C n r As r un r hina , the vast plai s of e t al ia st etch for h d eds of The Rug and C arpet Book

t t li C u n r r t u wi h nomad ribes who , ke the a casia s , t avel f om pas re

ur i n to past e with the r flocks of sheep a d their crude looms . Some scholars s ay that even in the ten th cen tury the ru gs of

ur r r T kestan we e taken as far west as Sy ia and Egypt . This may

u n r w C n s n in be tr e, for the ancie t ove land high ay from o ta t ople “ C n r e n r n n R a r to hi a c oss s this cou t y . Alo g this Golde o d to Sama ” kan d lon g camel caravans with tinkling bells carried bales of

S an d r an d n pices ca pets , silks ince se . W e ru gs of Turkestan c an never be mistaken for those of any

or un . r m r n other region co try Their p i a y distinctio is their color,

u r n r beca se they a e always red . These warm mellow glowi g eds

— - are n r x r . Th i desc ibable o blood, mahogany, dark yellow ose ey

r b in g warmth withou t garishn ess in to any room . They have deep

u r an d bl e, b own, black in the pattern with perfect accents of I white or vory . Another distin ction of Turkestan ru gs i s their on e major de

' — re eated octa on s n r sign p g or polygo s all over the field , p obably

rn r r r are n ot bas ed on the patte s of tiled floo s . The bo de s as wide

s C r an d x n a the aucasian . The wa p weft are e te ded into a flat “ ” o e woven web at the ends , often with a pattern in embr id ry or an d n i n tapestry weave, fi ished w th fri ge

r r n r ar Tu kestan ru gs a e made e ti ely of wool . They e closely

n r t u u an d i wove , with a ve y shor l stro s pile, tied w th the Sehna

r n Al li Pe sian ) k ot .

B O K H A R A

n ru r The ame gen erally appli ed to all the gs of thi s g oup . Some

r bu n u . x t . e pe ts object to this , it is commo ly sed See Plate IV

R O Y A L B O K H A R A S

A term applied to very fin ely woven ru gs with a fairly small

r B r . pattern . P obably made in the city of okha a 8 4

’ E i een - c en ur i n es e c am e s ai r ru s o i n c arac eris i c ght th t y Ch l h g , h w g h t t or ers an d ar of th e S i m e c en ra m e a i n C o u rt M t b d p t pl t l d ll o . ( es y e ropolit an M u s eu m of Art )

PL ATE IV

S ec ti on of fi n e an i ue e i - ur om an ru c om m o n c a e a B 0 t q T kk T k g , ly ll d r u r es e r i an kha a . ( C o t y M t opol t M u s eum of Art ) The Other Ori entals

P R I N C E S S B O K H A R A

Always distin guished by a cross formation which divides the

r r . field in to four qu a ters . Ve y close weave Also probably city

B E L U C H I B O K H A R A

c er es . A oarser weave, made by wand ing trib

A F G H A N S

Not ru B okh aras but l in an d an d n t e , simi ar design color, the o ly

n ni on es woven i n large Sizes . They have big octago s adjoi ng

ur are u r r each other all over the field . These fig es always q a te ed h r B an d u . T e e red bl e Afghan weav is coarse than the okhara,

r r nd u and the colo s a e heavier a less s btle . s o m avflanb

rr r r a un r The Mi or of the Wo ld, Sama kand , lies h d ed miles

e B h r in n C hi n ur n b u t ast of ok a a what was o ce ese T kesta , is now

r Ru An n r n a pa t of ssia . i c edibly a cient city, it was sacked by

r ur 71 2 A . D Alexander the G eat, capt ed by the Arabs in and

r u n r the u e ur n ove r n by the Mo gol ho des in fo rt enth cent y, whe

am r n u C T e la e made it his capital . He bro ght hinese artists and craftsmen to build his great court an d C hinese tastes an d cus

a r th he u toms were bso bed by e people . When ret rned from his

u B r u r conq est of agdad and the Near East, he b o ght Pe sian art

t ur an d T i n of an d reas es artists with him . h s combi ation eastern ! western Asia was a strange marriage which makes the ru gs of Samarkand s o distinctive that they must be classed by them

r r r sia , the weave s of Sama kand took their flat flowe s

r i - n d osettes , their tree of l fe and eight poi ted star; from the 3 5 The Rug and Carpet Book

Mon gols they took religiou s symbols ; from C hin a the roun d “ ” e li — r n and r r r m dal ons ci cles of happi ess , G eek key bo de s .

u u u l un n on e I the Samarkand r gs s a ly have ro d medallio s , n

e a on e r on e center, thre in row, or in the center and pa t of in

th r n - each corner . Often e backg ou d has an all over fret in a

r e of the e or an e - e re da ker shad sam color, ight petaled rosett

eated p all over the field . The borders are wider and more important than in C hi nese u and the e has re ui t and r gs , whol design mo contin ty, streng h balance.

T r r a n e he e a e usu lly three border stripes . The main o may

b eautifufl e C n r C e have a y simpl hi ese fret ( G eek key ), the hines

r u a a u i k a a s t f e i sac ed mo ntain p ttern, r nn ng swasti , i f Vin mot f

r or a barber pole st ipe .

r n n d Th e The colors in Sama ka d ru gs are light a happy . field

of u or wi a will be two tones bl e , warm gray soft beige , th g y

u e t . a yellows , bl es and r ds in the pa tern and border Or the b ck

u m a b e B a e ue and e in gro nd y a okhar red, with whit , bl y llow the pattern and border .

u are tru as in as h a e i s These r gs ly enchant g t eir n m , and it s ad that they are not as well made as they are beautiful . The

u b ut are a B Sehna knot is sed , they not tightly woven like okhara

u . u or a Persian . So we have few old r gs Some antiq es have been

i n ur ur n i al made a h ry, by b yi g, wash ng, and chemic ly treating

n ew 0 11 6 8 .

r n r C hinese floor coverings were the stepchild e of her ancient a ts . Their designs were almost always borrowed from oth er more

n u fi elds — r h er r an d c n disti g ished her b onzes , ivo y wood arvi gs ,

Ru i was e an d o an d her pottery an d jade . g weav ng coars lo se 3 6 The Other Ori entals

r C r ru ry an d every mate ial was u sed . ompa ed to a great g of a C r u n r of rsia, the best hinese g seems like the ha diwo k a i m iti v e child . There is no written history of the developmen t of weaving in

r r r The r c oll c h a a e ru . e in . The e few ea ly gs Japanese Impe ial

r r r m has several pu po ted to be f om the eighth century . Thes e

‘6 r n n a made by p essi g hair i to mat ( felting), rather than by

a n kn n Th ru e vi g or otti g . e oldest g has a sketchy detached h as i n Of r u an d u fli . T e u g flying bi ds , clo ds b tter es gro nd is a r n an d a yish white, the border b ow , the pattern brown d rk

ue.

I n e u u - t e o n the thirtee th c nt ry that famo s globe tro t r, Marc ’ h n r r ) C e u . lo, writes of i es r gs made f om camel s hai Theclassification of the carpets of C hina u sually begins with

ll u — h r re Min g Dyn asty . This i ustrio s era t e wo d Ming means

— 44 u us tri ous lasted from 1 868 to 1 6 . Its founder was a B ddhist

r h ho fostered peace an d artistic progress . F om t e few ru gs

ri we u the e signed to this pe od , can ass me that designs wer

h i n c a c a d very sim ple. Af ter devastating wars with the M on gols an d a time of general 4 rres t u a in 1 6 4 . u , the Manch Dyn sty was born D ring its early

— n ears the last half of the seventeenth c entury th ere was greatly

r C creased trade wi th the rest of the wo ld . hinese weavers a l r Th r came fami iar with the rugs of Pe sia . e Emperor b ou ght m e P a i the u r f ersian cr ftsmen nto co ntry, and flo al moti s long

r ed in Persia began to appear in C hi nese ru gs . Thei texture i s r r e u S un r n ir t still ve y coa s , with nevenly p ya n and o ly th y

n forty k ots to the squ are inch . The known ru gs of this period have beauty because they are cr Y ou r n and . wi y bala ced , very flat very simple ll ra ely find ore n i an n h u tha two design mot fs in y piece , eve t o gh it is a r h t r ri — ge one. T e basic colors oo a e s t ctly limited never more 8 7 The Rug and Carpet Book

r ru r an d u u than th ee . A g may be made in da k medi m bl e , two

' r an d m i ht h av - r shades of c eam peach color . It g e an all over f et

r er n an d i n t ( like a G eek key ) cov i g the field , a h ghly conve ion ali ze n r u u nl n d peo y in the border . The e is s ally o y o e main

r f n o o . deco ated border, with a band plain color each side A

n r on e . are little later medallio s appear, fi st , then several They

i r u a r m old o e often c c l r d agon motifs , probably copied fro br nz mirror backs .

hr u the e and e tu T o gh lat eighteenth nineteenth c n ries , the

n r s r designs became more a d mo e nat urali tic . A wide va iety of

i — r ru an d detached mot fs appear sp ays of f it blossoms , real

n i an d m r ns mythological a mals , sy bols of the th ee great religio of C n — C u n an d B u hi a onf cia ism , Taoism ddhism . C hin ese ru gs were not introduced in to the western world

the e en e u r u e till late in nin te th c nt ry, p obably beca s travelers an d traders considered them s o inferior to the ru gs of Persia ’ 1 9 08 an d ur . . u T key At the St Lo is World s Fair in , however, an

C i e ru won a r e especially fine h n se g first p iz , and the demand

u the r for them began to grow . D ring First Wo ld War, when

r ru b n u Nea East trade was dis pted by attli g armies , dealers t rned

C n f or n di an d C ru o u to hi a mercha se , hinese gs became very p p

n lar in the U ited States . See Plate IV .

M AT E R I A L S

Th e hair of practi cally every domesticated animal is found in

- C e ru do ox cow a and . hines gs g, cat, , , goat, c mel, yak sheep In

the i s s o r u was u to be u but some fabrics fiber o gh it tho ght j te,

f o r . is in reality an extraordinarily stif , c arse , woolen ya n Wool

i u i s u e n u . r t , of co rs , most commo ly sed It va es widely in q ali y,

r r num the best rugs havin g a beau tiful natural luste . A ce tain

of u ur n n of ber silk r gs were made d ing the Mi g Dy asty, not d u e . a e an esp cially fine yarn In some, the w rps , w fts pile t fts 8 8 The Other Ori entals are all of silk ; in others the warps an d wefts are cotton and on ly the pile is silk .

1 r r rn C n are , most of the ca pets f om weste hi a all

r C r wool . Those of easte n hina have a wool pile, with cotton wa p and weft .

W E A V E

C us hn a hinese weavers e the Se a knot . In spite of the f ct that this knot i s u su ally associated with the clOs es t texture and the shortest

C u are n r n . pile, hinese r gs the most loosely wove of all O ie tals

u u r s o u ur u The pile is s ally ve y high that they feel deep and l x io s . Because the design moti fs are not clear cut i n su ch a long loose “ ”

x u are t out . te t re , they often carved to make hem stand This carvin g (which is also u sed a good deal in modern western u e n u r un u and r gs ), is achi ved by clippi g a c rve a o d the fig res

n n sometimes sheari g the backgrou d to a lower level .

C O L O R

C n u are an d u r . Old hi ese r gs light delicate , with lovely m ted colo s

u u u r u an d r u n They have bea tif l sky bl es , silve bl es g ay bl es , ma y

i v orres an d . n are whites , beiges Taw y yellows common The ” ar n are w u reds e never ti ged with blue . They al ays the fr it r — r eds softened with yellow pomegranate, persimmon , ap icot — n ot u u . ur r and peach pr ne, grape or pl m Some nat al colo ed

r u an d th e un i ak . wools we e sed dyed ha r of the camel, goat or y Even before the u biqu itou s an iline dyes were brou ght to

C n u 1 875 r u hi a abo t , some of their vegetable dyes we e very f gi

- . ou r n u ru tive If y pa t the pale grayed beige pile of an a tiq e g , you may be surprised to fi n d a glowin g apricot color on the yarn

n that has bee hidden from the light .

avy blues an d purple reds of presen t - day C hin ese rugs re never found in old ones . The Rug and Carpet Book

D E S I G N

C hinese design developed from the simple conventionali zed

s i u pattern of the best period to the h ghly nat ralistic , widely spaced detached designs of the late nineteen th an d twentieth

n or as r ce turies . There were never as many wide bo ders as in

ll r m n u e . other Orientals . Grad a y borde s w re eli i ated entirely Religious symbols have always had an important place in

C h n r e of o u u are: i ese deco ation . Som th se sed in r gs

B u m — k of e i um The eight ddhistic sy bols not d st ny, wheel,

n u urn and . brella , co ch shell, lot s blossom , , canopy wheel

m — fl ute t u a a The eight Taoist sy bols , sword, fan , lo s pod, c st

u um n u an d a nets , bamboo m sical instr e t, go rd b sket .

[ r m — i e The eight gene al sy bols book, coin , sol d loz nge , hollow

z n r and un n . lo e ge , ball or pea l, leaf, rhinoceros horn so di g stone Usu ally these symbols are tied with ribbons ( filets

un the an d the t oi e The dragon, the icorn, phoenix, the lion tor s

e m . r all appear, and ach is sy bolic If, for example, the e are nine

n n ru u a lio s woven i to a g, it is pres med to have been made for ’ n s ee u l scholar . In the drago s claw you can often the ro nd pear of hi b e the wisdom . He is guarding it from harm . ( T s is said to

- - ori gin of the claw an d ball foot found in furniture design . )

of tu e a e u an d Sprays lo s , pom gr nat , citron, pl m peach blossoms r a e u sed .

an d l u r a 1 7 t o 0 are Other motifs , described i l st ated on p ges 2 , the e an d u a fret, swastika, wave , wav rock, clo d b nd, sacred

u r n d a e ri a e. mo ntain, ba ber pol st pe gr in of ric There seems to be no great differen ce in designs made in

r r us e t n r va ious parts of C hina . Deale s names for hem take f om

r r e f or i the places whe e they are ma keted or coll cted sh pment,

i u su ch as Pekin ru gs an d Tients n r gs .

The Rug and Carpet B ook s i x - n e a s c es an d car and eight poi t d st r , ircl , triangles , tiles

u . a u or a but s to ches They h ve no h man nimal forms , ofter border

n i in or pa els filled w th inscriptions praise of Allah . Fifteenth century ru gs Show western heraldic emblems and

u u n ed h r r coats of arms c rio sly combi wit Oriental deco ation . B i ds

r an d re t c and animals begin to appear, floral fo ms , a mo rhy hmi

r r flow of line. This is p obably the greatest pe iod of Spani sh ru g

n r r weavi g . Often the e a e man y elaborate borders and the field is divi ded in to diamond - shaped panels or covered with large

r u n li R n an d w eaths or circles . The infl e ce of Ita an enaissa ce silk

i r n a n u s an d damask patterns w th their pomeg a ates , ca th leaves

e r S P . . ee oge panels , is appa ent late VI

B ut s n a e ur wa . the power of the Moors , fter seven c nt ies , broke

1 49 2 r i n n an d In , that date we all know, Fe d a d Isabella not only s aw C u u et u r t e the ol mb s s sail . M ch mo e important to h m at moment w as their final ousting of the Moors from that fabulou s

n Th C r i . e stro ghold, Granada h istians were at last n possession

of the hi the rem arnm m of the golden halls Alhambra, w le g fi dels were allowed to settle in the mountain valleys of the

u So th .

i a e vin in e to From this t me, c rpet w a g Spain b gan decline , thou gh man y handsome pieces were made in the sixteenth an d

n n t u r r u seve tee th cen ries , p obably by Moo s working nder

n r un e ar i Spa ish maste s . These two h dr d ye s of Moor sh crafts manship un der C hristian au thority are k nown as the Mudejar

r pe iod .

B th e e t e ur the the y eighte n h c nt y, last of Moors had left Spain , an d t r n r n a a a e l u he e was o more u g weavi g . Spani rds pp r nt y fo nd i u di u u r . r e it too te o s a b siness for thei tastes O ntal r gs , which

a m o au the u u was had alw ys been i p rted bec se local o tp t small, were brou ght in in greater numbers to take their place. The ru gs of Spain are u sually very lon g in proportion to their 4 2 From E uropean Loom s

h r u r n f or ur an d widt , pe haps beca se they we e wove ch ches mon

s r of n a te i es and the long vaulted halls Spa ish castles .

W E AV E

u u a n u r un The niq e Sp nish k ot, in which the pile yarn is wo nd a o d

n l r u n u n . u a si gle warp , is fo nd o y in the r gs of Spai ( Ill st ated on

n page The k ot is tied on every other warp thread . Some

r t th r n later pieces a e tied wi h e Turkish o Ghiordes k ot . The

fi n weave is moderately e.

M AT E R I A L

n s a of the r Spa i h carpets were almost lways made wool , wa ps

u n r n an d wefts as well as the pile . The famo s ative Me i o sheep

r i u r u u n o p ov ded s pe b wool, which co ld be sp n i t strong, long

fibered . , glossy yarn

C O L O R

u us u a a i a ri a of Tho gh red is ally ssoci ted w th Sp nish fab cs , m ny

u r n n r are r their r gs are p edomina tly blu e a d yellow . Othe s g een

an d e or u . r u u e whit , red and bl e The e is s ally some shad of a

n an d n r n an d . C third color for acce t , ofte b ow s ivories olor

i n u b ut n u schemes are simpler than Persian r gs , old Spa ish r gs

r are ve y lovely because they are mellowed and softened by age .

Alpujarra Rugs — mu st be talked abou t separately because they

r r - cut are the informal peasan t ru gs of Spain . Thei clea geometric

rn r ou our r m r r patte s will emind y of own Ea ly A e ican cove lets , and they were made for bed an d furniture covers as well as for

r n u u floo s . They are wove in the homes of the Alp jarra mo ntain

l u n r r val eys so th of Gra ada , pe haps fi st by the Moors who mi

grated there after their fall from power .

ru l u e our These gs have a low looped pi e , not nlik own hooked 4 8 The Rug and Carpet Book

u tu e. e a of a fl at ea e a r gs in tex r Oft n p rt the fabric is w v , p rt

. i s o the ru e e not b ooked looped The loop w ven into g, how v r

u a n a Th r i thro gh backi g m terial . ey a e finished W th a woolen

is e a u all fringe which s wed ro nd four sides .

s are li o of t e ani u s Their design simp fied versi ns o h r Sp sh r g , ua es a S and i e i an d a a with sq r , di monds , tars c rcl s , st ff birds nim ls , e an d th flat flow rs trees . In the border or in e field there is often

u a a e e e and ru an ang l r gr p vine with l av s f it .

e em are n ot u but ea - cut The simpl color sch es s btle , cl n and n — hi S ee and u e . parkli g gr n w te , red and black , bl and yellow

a a i u — a ue an d hi red Occasion lly th rd color is sed d rk bl w te with , or ue an d a bl yellow with bl ck .

’ Two things make England s fl oorcoveri n gs important— the u u r of r e a er th e e ou niq e cha m her f e flowery p tt ns , and trem nd s contributions s he has made t o modern weaves and methods of produ ction . The early history of her fl oorcoverings i s pi eced together

a e from old documents an d pictu res . Long after fine c rp ts were ’ f u the of a ce e e plenti l in Spain , floors England s royal p la s w r

u e e r m still covered wi th hay or rushes . It m st hav b en rather g i y e u e at a was e e a i e a a ce v rd r th t , for it consid r d fool sh xtrav g n when C ardinal Wolsey ordered fres h rus hes laid every day in

a e Hampton C ourt Pal c .

We ecaus e e Henry VIII h ad a few Turkish carpets . know b th y appear in the court paintings of Hans Holbein . Sometimes on a on o e e ur u all t bles , sometimes the flo r , th s fabrics have a c io s ’ B ut H u over arabesqu e pattern in yellow . in enry s da ghter

’ e t e e ha and e a a e Elizab th s great hall, h y still scatt red y, wh n c rp t 4 4 I From E ur opean Loom s

“ ” was ee e s of u laid there over thr lay r sweet r shes , it was noted

as c a memorable oc asion . C ertainly the C ru saders mu st have brou ght a few sou ven i r

r An d 1 2 5 5 u em the . r gs home with th f om Orient in , when Elea n or of C e e s he r u astile becam the brid of Edward I , b o ght in her i T dowry the first Span sh ru gs England had ever seen . his ten “ year- old princess arrived with a great retinue b ut a scanty ward

e a e u ro of the im e rob , ccording to som malicio s ch nicler t who was shocked that her apartment in Westminster was hung with “ ri li a ur an d e th e a silks and tapest es ke ch ch , carpet d in Sp nish ” n u s u man er . The poor child seems to have ca sed o m ch gossip “ an d envy that s he was placed in retirement to complete her

edu cation .

1 5 1 9 u e ut u e on the In , the powerf l Wols y p press r Venetian merchants living in London to get him one hundred carpets

a n r r be bu . n o t from the Orient This was appalli g o der ( bri ),

e n a e en u the Ven tians were maki g tr m do s effort to win his favor, an d a u rr e e t fi e s uc! fter m ch co espond nc wi h the home of c , they ceeded n x in deliveri g si ty . “ r a u r All imported O ientals were c lled T rkey ca pets, probably

tw Th e r u u for o reasons . earliest gs bro ght to England were

u i i all u of as T rkish . The sh pping po nt for the prod cts the East w

C n onsta tinople . ” “ ” u e r a r n - e T rk y wo k, on the other h nd , meant fab ics ha d knott d

in in England in imitation of Oriental weav g . To distinguish carpets which were u sed on tables and chairs from those u sed “ ” th e o e- t e i n on floors , we find w rd fot cloth wri t n in early

i s v entor e .

u h e on e n - Q een Elizabet did hav at least E glish made carpet,

e e x r r for the arliest pi ce now in e istence has the oyal a ms , the “ i a s R and 1 5 70 the niti l E , the date , , woven in the center of 4 5 The Rug and Carpet B ook i field . The design is a rather stiff floral motif wh ch repeats over

r l i r . r n n u e n the field The bo der is a cha mi g ho eys ck e V ne . G e is

r - the p edomin ating color which is very n u Oriental .

r r er u u F om this time on, the e w e a certain n mber of r gs woven “ ”

n n b ut r n ot n . u in E gla d , they we e commo More t rkey work

r r n was don e for cushions an d table covers than for floo cove i gs .

i n n the een n t u hi And by the beg ni g of eight th ce ry, the fas on in ’ a r had to e l dies handiwo k changed mbroidery. Not until the middle of the eighteenth centu ry was any or

an i - n di s rrm tled g zed carpet knotti g indu stry established . Two g workm en from the Savonn erie factory of the French king came

n over to E glan d . They s ecured th e patronage of one of the royal

r n r l Here n n lis p i ces , and sta ted a smal factory . they trai ed E g h

an d a r 1 758 e e e i e a designers we ve s , and by w r mploy ng ov r

un r h d ed people.

T u n t ur a bu t r u his b si ess ven e did not l st long, it a o sed a lot

f n Th R of a f i f or o i terest . e oyal Society Arts beg n to of er pr zes

n - n r For hr r ru n n the best ha d k otted ca pets . t ee yea s n i g a man

Th n He r in 1 75 5 named omas Witty won a award . had sta ted a

a n . small stone factory in ti y, sleepy town on the river Axe

n S O r e This town was named Axmi ster . he e in this remot village is the origin of the name we associate today wi th on e of our an d n - fl r rin s best most popular machi e made oo cov e g . ’ f u u All o Thomas Witty s ru gs were made by han d . His o tp t l O r r n t . was small , mostly to fill special orde s of the ich obi i y ther

r r n u an d bu t n u little facto ies sp a g p, a limited very disti g ished group of En glish carpets was made in the late eighteenth and

r n n n n u ea ly i etee th ce t ries . Mean while the ladies at home were patien tly stitching their

n r n r charmi g embroide ed rugs . These were made o a strong coa se

u r an d r n fo ndation fab ic , wo ked with heavy woole yarn in what “ ”

— - a - ros i nt was c lled tent stitch like g po or cross stitch . Some 4 6 From E uropean Loom s times the embroidery was s o fi rm an d fi n e there were as man y as

n twenty stitches in one li near i ch .

D E S I G N Whether these early English carpets were made in the fac tory “ ” or r r u r or r at home, whethe they we e t rkey wo k embroide y, it was their color and design that made them so distin ctive an d

- n have given s o mu ch to the presen t day desig er.

r The En glish garden is an informal iot of gaily colored flowers .

n r n r The Fren ch garden is balan ce an d formal a d g a d . The Pe sian

n us s o E n garden is meticu lou sly plann ed an d ma icured . J t the g

an r lish floral carpets differ from those of France d Pe sia . Flowers appear in gor geou s profusion— as man y as a doz en

R n l bi ne i n u ru . c o urn kinds in one g oses , pi ks , , l lies , pa sies , t lips ,

c om fl owers an d rc u run r daisies , poppies , na iss s iot over the

n r u r an d n u . field , to say nothing of Vi es , bi ds , b tte flies eve b gs

r are n u c n n n l z . The patte ns at ralistic, not flat and o ve tio a i ed They

’ are u n n r n n as b oya t a d f esh as a Ju e morni g . They haven t the

n n s r n artistic disti ctio of the Per ian or pe haps even of the Fre ch ,

but ar f n an u i n n r they e u . And they c be sed ma y mode n homes

r r i . whe e fo mal ty is out of place . See Plate VI

r r t n n ur u e The e we e other ypes of E glish desig , of co se , beca s fashions chan ged with changi ng architectural and fu rniture

n n styles . With the classic revival at the e d of the eightee th cen tury we fi n d the brothers Adam designing ru gs to reflect on the

are e e floor their elegant plaster ceilings . There no fre flow rs

but e u and here, delicat rns , swags , medallions , rosettes frets ,

e re v ry closely related to the F nch design of the same period ,

u n n u R Lo is XVI . In the early ni etee th cent ry, with the egency,

fi n d bu t i n n era we classic motifs too , the Victoria , the biggest,

u n h u a e e o o . S ee gayest bo q ets th t v r were, blossomed Englis flo rs P I I late X I . The Rug and Carpet Book

C O L O R

’ The n u n . h r e color in E gland s r gs is disti ctive , too T e e is mor — green than in the rugs of any other country both in the pattern

u a u r or and sed as backgro nd . Very deep b own black were also favorite backgrounds . On these cool or dark tones the mu lti

r and ar Th are an u colored flowe s glow sp kle . ere infinite n mber of subtle shades in the modeling of the fl owers — golds and ivories

hi e u and w t s , deep red to palest pink, lovely bl e greens .

ru b ut ree The classic gs had simpler color schemes , a soft g n was such a favorite of the brothers Adam that it is still called “ ” Adam green .

D E V E L O P M E N T O F M A C H I N E - M A D E F L O O R C O V E R I N G S

n - n an d u Side by side with ha d k otted embroidered r gs , there was growing in England and Scotland the beginn in gs of the modern

r u r ca pet ind st y .

1 701 l a a a a at W In , Wil i m III granted ch rter to factory ilton

fl oorcov eri n s e e e to make woolens . It is not known that g w r mad

e 1 740 the uf u e of B u e there befor , when man act r r ss ls carpet

B u and a u . was was beg n This fabric first made in elgi m , app rently the secret of i ts construction was clos ely guarded . There is an old h e du n e legend t at the first w aver to pro ce it in England, Antoi

D uf os s u i the u tr u a a . y , had to be sm ggled nto co n y in a s g r c sk ’ He almost suff ocated an d f or days he couldn t us e his arms and legs .

B u r ssels carpet has a low looped pile . It was woven in con ti nuou s rolls in what has remained for two hundred years stand

— 2 o r u ard carpet width 7 inches . The lo ms we e tedio sly operated by hand . It i s believed that the idea of cutting this looped pile originated 4 8

The Rug and Carpet Book lengths to which late Victorian designers had gon e led him back

n n z m O n to the flat co ventio ali ed motifs of si plified rie tal patterns . He s et up carpet looms in several places an d made some out

n n i standi g desig s for the weavers . The Will am Morris school of

’ m r an a th a 1 design was very i po t t in Americ in e e rly 9 00 s . S ee

Plate XIII .

Th e r o e a o r u e dist ict of D n gal in Irel nd , has als p od ced som

n - n hi good ha d k otted carpets wit n the last fifty years . “ ” r u e xm n r l A ce tain n mb r of real A i ster ca pets , so ca led to dis tin ui s h - u g them from the modern machine made fabric, contin ed

n to be made in Wilton almost to the prese t time . They were u u r e e s ally woven to special o der, the designs being cr ated spe ci ally for the rooms they were to furnish .

o nce

r e are th e Aubus Two types of French rugs are wo ld famous . Th y

e e e u u s on and the Savonneri e . French w av rs hav contin o sly made t e u u s u u nl hes bea tif l fabric for h ndreds of years , interr pted o y

r i r n n r are by fo e gn wa s a d ational uprisings . The e more of them and they are better known than any other handmade fl oorcov

erin s e n ri . g , exc pti g always the O ental

The Aubus s on is the most plentif ul and has the lon gest history . The small town of Aubusson li es i n the C reuse River Valley in

u r u r o the so th of France . A g o p of Moo s who crossed ver the border from Spain are believed to have started hand weaving

r t u i s there befo e the year Whe her or not this is tr e, it generally agreed that the first rugs made in France were woven

r the e .

Au bu s s on ru gs are always made wi th a flat tapestry weave . France ranks secon d only to Flan ders i n the beauty an d techn ical 5 0 Ni n eteen th - c en ur u u s s on ru Of i r t y A b g D ec toi re des i gn i n a Regen c y room . ou r es es or n i u e S o In N ( c . . Y C t y W tp t A t q h p , , . ) PLATE V

e : e i s ru S i L S o n i c a rou ex u re - S ft A w d h g h w g typ l gh t t . Am en wedi s h e E xc s . Ri N ) : L ar e S a onn eri e ru on e of th e am o u s w h ght g v g , f s eri es i n th e ou r L e. ( rc i es P o o ra i u es Pari s v A h v h t g ph q , ) ' i s m o u e e c ar e e i e e to b e a i O f L ou i s X V I t o Geo Th q tt p t , b l v d g ft n V ern on a i t on i n th e an u e room ou n V ern on . ou L , b q t , M t ( M t d PL ATE VI

At left i s a s ec ti on of a h an d s om e E n gli s h n eedlework ru g . ( C

i a s i xteen - c en u r S an i s h S N Y . r or n i u e o . p t A t q h p , ) At ght th t y p i ou r es Hi s an i c S o c i e of m eri c a wreath m ot fs . ( C t y p ty A ) From E uropean Loom s

n ru f r r n skill of h er tapestry weavi g . The gs di fe f om the wall ha g in gs and furniture coverings because they are heavier an d some

r n r u u s e . what coa ser, maki g them mo e s itable for on the floor

s o s o fi n e h r w t ur Even , they are and delicate t at the e is al ays a s dy linin g of firm cloth sewed to the bac k an d the edges are carefully r turned unde . B oth vertical an d horizon tal looms are used for weavin g

u u u . r u u n r A b sson r gs The wa p , s ally cotto , is st etched the width

ru n . r r of the g, rather than the le gth The weave s sta t the work

on e r r en d. from side of the pattern , neve f om the The design is

fi n e or r or r hi woven with , col ed weft th eads of wool wo sted , w ch are so tight an d so closely packed that they completely cover

r the wa ps .

n n r This method of weavi g has never cha ged . Pe haps some refin emen ts in qu ality an d techn iqu e were made i n the thir teenth centur y when a few skilled designers were brou ght from

n r ru n n r r r Fla de s . Tapestry g weavi g ce te s developed in othe pa ts

n but r r n di f r of Fra ce, the e we e no regio al fe ences in color, design

an d of u or weave, all their prod cts have always been called “ ” u u u A b sson r gs . See Plate V .

D E S I G N

n n un r Designs cha ged with the cha ging times . For several h d ed

r n u s et n r r u an d years the F e ch co rt the fashio in d ess , a chitect re

r n i n r n b ut r u z r . deco ation not o ly F a ce , all th o gh the civili ed wo ld ’

r . r ur r u F om St Pete sb g to New Yo k, people aped the Lo is and

di r n d th r f e a e o . their la es , the Di ctorate Empi e Napoleon

Very early Aubu sson design s were un doubtedly all- over pat

rn f r il r o i i u m le eu r . te s small st ff flowe s , l ke the famo s fl tapest ies

B u u r r u eca se r gs we e pe ishable, we can j dge the older periods

n r n u r o ly f om the wall hangi gs that have s vived . “ ” u S un u u D ring the reign of the King , Lo is XIV, the grande r 5 1 The Rug and Carpet B ook

n r n u of his court was reflected i n all furn ishi g des ign . G eat aca th s

r r n i u u r c sc olls , osettes , horns of ple ty, shell mot fs , the s nb st whi h

’

ui all r n . was Lo s emblem , appear in the ca pet desig s

Th e u era r u r r an d Lo is XV b o ght less massive fo ms , more g ace

flow in the pattern .

u r n . With Lo is XVI , a classical estraint came into fashio Deli

r n r ll- n o . R n u a cacy was the key te iba ds , ga la ds , rns of flowe s , over ” r n t an d u n rum lattice wo k, dai y rosettes m sical i st ents charac t eri z r d e the ru gs of this pe io .

r s aw r The Di ectorate fewer flowe s , simpler classic patterns , an d probably very few rugs becau se it was a time of war an d

un r social est .

n r u re When Napoleo I became Empe or, the r gs of the time

fl ect ed r — S n x ru his favo ite motifs the phi , the d m , the sword, the d N ur w . i an bee, the letter , the la el reath Design was heav er

r n r u . bolder . La ge medallio s we e us al

Th r r r r r ese we e the g eat pe iods of F ench deco ation . In the ni neteen th cen tury the character of rug design s b ecarIw less dis

ti n ui s hed but 1 869 n n r g , in , a atio al school of deco ative arts was foun ded to main tain the artistic stan dards of Fran ce an d to

u r r n n d u u . a s pervise the p od cts of her famo s facto ies Si ce then ,

u r n u u u practically p to the p ese t day, A b sson r gs have been

i n u n s r made the a the tic de igns of her best pe iods .

The av nn n r S o eri e is a royal ru g . Stra ge that this most luxu iou s of all carpets shou ld take its n ame from an abandon ed soap “ ”

r . r n an d r nn r facto y The wo d savo means soap , the ea ly Savo e ies were woven in an old bu ildin g i n on e of the suburbs of Paris that

u u rti ik Aubu s had been sed to make this lowly ho sehold a cle . L e

s on nn r n a n , Savo e ie has become the accepted me for all the ha d

k r r n ou and n ow notted ca pets of F a ce, th gh they have been are

i n r made seve al places . 5 2 From E uropean Loom s

At i n n n n n ur un m an the beg i g of the seve teenth ce t y, a yo g “ ” r m ed Pierr e Dupon t claimed he had in ven ted pile ca pet . h r r n r ether or not he got his ideas f om O ie tal fab ics , he did v elop a loom an d tools which s o in terested King Henry IV

u r u n i t he s et him up in the palace of the Lo vre . The e D po t i so well that larger qu arters were n eeded an d th e Old s oap

r 2 5 ztory was taken ove abou t 1 6 . A ban was put on the importation of rugs from any other un tr r m ul nu ur an d y , which g eatly sti ated domestic ma fact e ;0 accou n ts for the fac t that no foreign in flu en ce is apparent

Fren ch carpet des ign . The Savonn erie factory flourished thr ou gh the reign s of Lou is

’

an d . II, XIV, XV, XVI , Napoleon s Empire In 1 82 5 the looms were moved to the famou s Gobelin factory r nn r r ere Savo e ies a e still made .

r u r s u n n . The weave is ve y like the T ki h, si g the Ghiordes k ot re great looms are vertical an d the warp is u s ually lin en . The e i s r rn r n p pile made of wo sted ya , fo med by as ma y as a dozen i r n d lk l n s o x ur r an . st a ds , that the te t e is ve y soft si y The pi e c r r un n n out r a ved a o d each motif, maki g it sta d in elief. The whole produ ction of the Savonn erie factory was contr olled

n n n n the reigni g ki g . O ly by his favor c oul d a yon e own on e

u r ru In 1 661 ui r r these s pe b gs . Lo s XIV o de ed no less than r r r r r n ety g eat ca pets for the Louv e . It was mo e tha twenty

ars r n u befo e the last o e was finished . Two large r gs made for Kin g of Siam brou ght the factory nin ety thou san d dollars

1 688 . r urn s nn r S O r Ve sailles was f i hed with Savo e ies . we e the )m s of the Fren c h Pope at Font ai n ebleau an d other palaces

n c over Fra e . See Plate V .

L u u n n n fi c n u ike the A b sso , the desig s of these mag i e t r gs fol d ve n f r u . B ut the fashio s o the times . The same motifs we e sed

e e u e e an d r Savonneri s , b ca se they were mad for palac s we e TheRug and C arpet B ook

r S rn n r rn an d Often of g eat ize, the o ame t was mo e o ate, massive i n larger scale .

C olor— nn r r n r an d r Savo e ie colo i g was ich st ong . Velvety black

r un r u u . n e r an d backg o ds we e s al Ma y shad s of ose gold , with

n s n d u r ur u a u . im acce ts of green , t q oi e bl e we e sed In the t e of

u r r r b ut t the Lo is XVI, the colo s we e mo e delicate , wi h Napole n era fi n d v an d n an d o ie we hea y reds gree s , blacks golds .

u u r u u u i n A b sson colors we e s ally somewhat softer, tho gh as

n o s n C r o . hi their desig s , they f llowed the fa hi eam , oyster w te ,

r n r c un r u . soft ose, or champag e colo ed ba kgro ds we e sed The

r r n an d u r m s shades of ose, g ee bl e we e often al ost pa tel , espe c i ally i n the later ru gs which have been woven i n imitation of

r if an u s colo s faded by time. It is doubtfu l y of wou ld have liked ’ the reds an d green s of Napoleon s day if we had seen them then n un i stead of a h dred years later .

M O Q U E T T E

“ The little people of Fran ce had n o part of these beautiful floor

ru s s t o ut s r r coveri n gs . They wove h mat p be ide thei beds or befo e

r their fi es . O n e type of c arpetin g was developed in Fran ce whi ch was

- n n u i woven like the Wilton on 2 7 i ch ha d looms . This pec l ar “ r el a u width was taken f om the old Flemish , a stand rd meas re

n r our rs . me t in ea ly times , as yard today ”

- - - French carpet by the yard was called moqu ette . Auth orities

ff u the of but u di er abo t origin the word and the weave, moq ette

’ veloute was i i ts out an d similar to English Wilton w th pile, ’ f moqu ette boucle was like the uncut pile o the B russels carpet . The most famous moquette carpet i n America is the on e whi ch

i n n was Lou is XVI sen t to George Wash gto . It made to fit the

r o banqu et room at Mount Vernon whe e it can still be seen t day . 5 4

The Rug and Carpet B ook

In the middle of the nin eteen th cen tur y s he s et up several

r - kn r rt facto ies to make hand otted ca pets for expo . The best

r x n u t n n u r n an d we e of e ceptio al q ali y, fi ely wove of s pe b woole

r rn r n r wo sted ya s . The designs we e take f om the ru gs of other — un r r n n n an d n . co t ies F a ce , E gla d Spai B efore the secon d World War German y had a thriving machi n e - made carpet in du stry an d made a large produ ction

x r Her rn r for e po t . mode designs a e not suited to American taste

n d r r n a few a e b ou ght i .

A U S T R I A

We kn ow n o more about the early rugs of Au stri a than thos e of

r n b ut n n the n i n n ur r Ge ma y, at the begin i g of netee th ce t y a ve y

r r n r nn t u r famous facto y was sta ted ea Vie a . For close o a h nd ed

r has i n n nu u r n ro and fifty yea s , it been almost co ti o s ope atio , p du cin g su ch a distin ctive hand - kn otted fabric that the word

u tr A s ian has been applied to a definite type of deep pile fabric, n r n o matter whe e or how it is wove .

Man y made - to - order carpets for the United States have come

r u f or r an d f om this A strian factory, especially hotels , theate s c lubs where a fabric that is du rable as well as han dsome is

u . req ired . See Plate XVII

C Z E C H O S L O VA K I A

This in du s triou s n ation i n the short period between thefirst and secon d World Wars achieved an en viable reputation i n the pro

n r du ction of both machi n e an d ha dmade ca pets .

B ecau se her han d - kn otted fabrics were less expen sive than

n r u n s he e r u the Savon e ie and the A stria , develop d a th iving b si

n u n ness in the U ited States , both in r gs desig ed here for special

m an d r - z r u on an s roo s in oom si e eprod cti s of French , Sp i h and

r n English fl oo cov eri gs . From E uropean Loom s

B E S S A R A B I A

twe P n an d B r r n The region be en ola d the lack Sea , bo de i g the

D n ei s t er R all B r . e r iver, is c ed essa abia P opled la gely by Molda

r us r i ur vians , it has belonged for va io pe iods of t me to T key,

n Ru ssia an d Ruma ia .

B essarabian ru gs are the best - kn own an d most outstanding examples of the tapestry type of hand - woven floor coverin gs

l n r or us made a l over C e tral Eu ope . The fl al motifs obvio ly bor

r r n are S i an d han dleu n rowed f om F a ce, impl fied with Orie tal

r r a u u or n balance and est aint . Often small bo q et si gle flower

r are r r is repeated all over the field . When the e bo de s they are

r un ar r u n u su ally plain and na row . B ackgro ds e f eq e tly blac k or

- — tete de n e re u r r . g , sometimes clear pastels s ch as co n colo Less

r u u u n u e formal and mo e rob st than the A b sso , these r gs hav

r great gaiety and cha m .

O T H E R C E N T R A L E U R O P E A N C O U N T R I E S

r B e F om the altic to the Mediterranean , people have mad flat

e r an d r wov n fab ics to warm their floors b ighten their homes .

B s r u r r n S Similar to the es a abian , the r gs f om the Uk ai e also how

the nfl u n r n n n i ff i e ce of F e ch styles , softe i g the st geometric

t of ri m C r n us forma ions p itive design . ha mi g flowers in cl ters or

e ul n i u rin in grac f repeat patter s appear in the r r gs . The colo g is

hi e u u u u sop sticat d and s btle, tho gh s ally gay . The rugs of the B altic coun tries are cruder i n plan and execu

wi r u co tion, th b ighter, more obvio s lor combinations .

e u n u n r n i s Th e Farth r so th the i fl e ce of O ie tal design apparent .

u a u on C u Y gosl v r gs bear a close relati ship to the a casian . Some of

are r r e them st iped , with geomet ic motifs woven into alternat

n n — ba ds . The a tiques have lovely c olors soft s ea greens and b u u n . l es , ma ves and pink brow s 5 7 The Rug and C arpet B ook

The rugs of the isolated mountain people are usually very i e w h u n u an d un li i s mpl , it m ch at ral wool comp cated mot fs that remin d you of our American Navajos . Non e of these native r ugs of C en tral Eur ope were well k nown

r n d r 1 1 n u . B a or plentif l etween Wo ld War I Wo ld War , Pola d r an d r an d Som c eated schools to revive the old arts c afts , e Ukrain ian rugs ( called Polish Kilirn s ) were made for exhibiti on an d x e port . Also in Greece an d the B alkans commercial Oriental rug weav

x i n in g h as been carried on to some e tent later years .

r r Italy was never a ru g weav ing cou nt y . Her weavers p o

du ced an d . tr r silks , velvets damasks Some tapes ies we e made

but h er fl oorcov eri n s r u m the there , most of g we e bro ght fro

r- r n un n n n ea by O ie t . Some of the mo tai people who eeded warm bed coverin gs an d floor mats produ ced ru gs not unlike the

n s u r a n . Spa i h Alp jar as , with combi ation of looped and flat pile

n u r an d A few k otted r gs we e made too , some simple flat weaves .

rn n ul r The patte s were stiff geometric forms , a g ar animals , bi ds

C r r rrm ar u o an d r . flowe s olo s we e mostly p y bl es , reds , and yell ws ,

r m with mu ch white or c ea wool .

Montgevn eu r ope

T H E S C A ND I N A V I A N C O U N T R I E S

e of th e r u e In spite of the cold climate , the p ople no thern co ntri s

r ri n an n s did very litt le weaving for fl oo c ov e gs . From cie t time

n n r an d u r they made wall ha gi gs , bed cove s c shions which we e

r s Th e r r a n u or u . called ya or flo s a. wo d y mea s ro gh ro gh hair Th ese small pieces were made with a flat weave or combinations

r os s a e t of flat an d kn otted fab ic . The fl was a tighter weav wi h

r l a Short e pi e . 5 8 From E uropean Loom s

r u ri in n ot r Whe e these techniq es o g ated is clear, p obably in

e n n n r Sw de or western Fi la d , f om which they spread to Norway

n d n r n ll a . a i De ma k They have a close relatio ship to folk weav ng, with designs ran gin g from sim ple stripes an d squ ares to gay an d

e r an d n . are elaborat flo al a imal patterns The motifs always flat,

z i conventionali ed and na ve .

n S u an d at . The r The wool was grow , p n dyed home colo s were

r ur th e clear and b ight . D ing the long winters women wove while

r r the men did their elaborate wood carving . Eve y gi l made a

r a o e t i s special y for her dowry, ft n with w n heart and initials

r difl ered n i in the patte n . Designs in every provi ce, somet mes in

r Wh n - eve y home . en machi e made fabrics became common ,

n r out but u e t hand weavi g p actically died , j st befor these na ive

u n ir a u u uni prod cts had e t ely disappeared , gro p of yo ng versity students in Sweden traveled throu gh the coun try collecting all the a u r a u fi n d Th e e u ntiq e y they co ld . oldest dated pi ce fo nd 1 705 was made in . Th ese were exhibited an d arou sed so mu ch in terest that in

1 874 r n n n the F ie ds of Ha dcraft I du stry was foun ded . This society sent copies of old designs and instru ctions for weaving

r re di s them to cente s all over Sweden . From he they were

u r e e old r a e are trib ted to the village s . Many of th s y patt rns now

fl r e n woven especially for oo cov ri gs .

u Modern design is very important in Sweden . A gro p of dis

ti n ui s hed a n ru g rtists have i terested themselves in g weaving, an d have produ ced fl oorcov erin gs which are one of th e finest

e n our 2 oth C en u . n xpressio s of t ry style Defi itely Swedish , they

Show their heritage from the an cient rya patterns and textures . A good man y of these Swedish rugs have been exhibited i n

n in r . tex the U ited States . Some have been available sto es Their t ure has had a marked influen ce in the developmen t of our i n

t r ti n - e e es g new machine made fabrics . See Plat V . 5 9 The Rug and C arpet B ook

B E L G I U M

’ Thou gh the people of Flan ders were the world s most skillf ul an d

u r r an d e n ot as n famo s weave s of tapest ies lac s , they are oted for

fl r r oo cov e i n s . r u the their g Probably some tapest y r gs , similar to

n u u n r e b u t a Fre ch A b sso , we e mad none rem in .

’ B elgium s chief contribu tion to the modern carpet in dustry

n B u a s e e e the is her i vention of the r ssels we ve, om time b for mid

f n n dle o the eightee th ce tury .

H O L L A N D

A thrivin g trade with the Orient from early tim es accounts for the large number of Oriental rugs that have always been u sed

n on e - o r un in Holla d . She has well kn wn facto y, fo ded in the late

n n - n t Th eightee th century to make ha d k ot ed r ugs . e fabric is

r n t u but l gth C n t ur s n n o st o g, with a pebbly tex re, e y de ig s had

f r a r great distinction . Most O them were bastard O iental p tte ns;

a n few showed French influe ce of the Second Empire .

ur in n n art r a All over E ope , as E gla d , the of needlewo k was

’ n u n large par t of every gentlewoma s decidedly limited ed catio .

n u a u r ll U do btedly good many r gs we e embroidered , as we as

n r u b ed curtains a d chair and table co ve s . Very few have s rvi ved

i n r e n on e ros o t ru . the yea s . I hav seen o ly French g p g Its age is

u r but n r e e i we nce tain , its design of repeati g ci cl s nclos ng flo rs

an d a is simple ch rming .

Movtg 9 \fv icra

In recen t years there has been quite a vogue in the Un ited S t ates

r T e r f or the n ati ve rugs of Mo occo . h y fit well into modern deco a

r u nd tion because of their inte esting text re a light color . 6 0

C H A P T E R F I V E

m er ica n

PR IMITIV E weavin g was developed by In dian tribes from Alaska

r n r to South America . In some egio s it eached a fine art in their

n d r n u basketry a cotton cloth . B ut p actically the o ly r gs of i m portan ce are those made by the Navajo people of our sou th western states . The Navajo In dians are banded together in to small nomadic r li C u u n c t ibes who , ke the nomads of the a cas s , wa der from pla e fi n d t ur r . to place to pas es for thei sheep Like them , too , they are

ru an d a . g weavers , each f mily always travels with its loom

Wh s r Ri o r in 1 5 40 en the Spaniard c ossed the G ande , they

r u r Th ri ult ur b o ght the fi st sheep into this coun try . e ag c al Indians of the Pu eblos did n ot have enou gh feed for sheep . The nomad

In n tu on the o e the dia s , who were habi ally m v , became shepherds . The first Navajo blankets were made to wear over the

r T an d hi ri shoulde s . hey were woven in simple black w te st pes of n r atur al colo ed wool .

Th e a e ia o ri an d ese Indians hav sp c l passi n for b ght red, traded anythin g they had for a bit of red baize from the cann y 6 2

The Rug and Carpet Book merchants of New York an d New En glan d an d the plar

u e e the So th began to mak money, they order d special

r from ab oad .

B ut the hard- working wives of the farmers and small

n fl orc eri n s u the men had to i vent their own o ov g . Tho gh an d wove all the material for the family clothes and b an d u un did tho sands of other tasks besides , they still fo d concoct something to make the floors of their small hous e an d bright . Rag rugs were probably the first fl oorcov eri n gs made

n C r n m American colo ies . e tai ly they were the most ple e r n ew r S arly times . The fi st settlers had no mate ials to I

s o - out ot rt wer their floors , scraps of worn cl h of every so s t aki n l cu t an d u i g y into strips , sewed together, wo nd balls to be woven into rugs .

i r r ll Somet mes the rags we e woolen, ve y occasiona y

r u u m s trun later yea s s ally cotton . The family loo was stron g linen or cotton warps and the long strips of rag woven over an d un der them and packed tightly to make s tan ti al r r r r u u rr w eve sible fab ic . The looms we e s ally na o

r To e e s tri ca pet was narrow . make big carpets , s v ral ; sewed together . l Another very early type was the patchwork rug . T made of a piece of heavy homespun woolen which was pr

r u cut frorr too da k to be sed for quilts . The design was of brighter colored cloth an d buttonholed on to the four These ru gs were n ot very du rable becau se they were nc

n heavy e ou gh for u s e on the floor .

r S Braided ru gs we e popular . These were made from

r r r n cloth b aided together, sometimes th ee st a ds , some

Th e complicated brai d of as many as twelve . e braids wer 6 4 Am eri can Heritage

n a u a tightly together, starti g at the center to m ke a ro nd or ov l

r f r r r mat . Sometimes straight st ips o b aid we e sewed pa allel to make an oblong mat which was fin ished with several rows of

u n braid aro nd the edge . The color scheme was plan ed so that

m r n n n l u the g was da k in the ce ter, cha gi g to ight on the o tside ,

r r ul r r of r o vice ve sa . Or the scheme wo d be seve al b aids da k a r lternating with seve al of light .

Ru n B of or gs were also k itted . alls cotton woolen rags were knitted with large needles in to strips about six inches wide . Th ese

i r u s tr ps were sewed together to make ru gs of va io s Sizes . Sometimes a rug was knitted wi th heavy yarn in which small s craps of bright colored cloth were cau ght up abou t every t wo “ ”

u . stitches . These were called scrappy r gs

t e ru u u as Then here wer crocheted gs , s ally made with bi cot

a ton stri ps an d a large hook . These were st rted from the center

n r a d we e made round or oval .

Our forebears even produced homemade chenille ru gs . Little

e u r u u bias pi ces of cloth were str ng th o gh the middle, p lled

u e e tightly together and twisted . These f zzy strings w r then

f dati n sewed firmly to a heavy cloth orm o .

r a u u an s There we e lso b tton r gs d tongue rug .

B u u e u n r on e- tton r gs wer made by c tti g three ci cles , half inch ,

n n - n r n o e i ch and one and on e half i ches ac oss . These were faste ed on e on top of the other with a bu ttonhole stitch . Th en each fat little button was placed tightly against its neighbor on a woolen

n backi g and buttonholed down .

Tongue ru gs wer e made by cutting small tongu e- shaped pieces and sewin g them onto a backing s o that each row over lapped the next . Our pion eer women seem never to have had a moment when ’ hr u th n n they weren t busy . T o gh e lo g wi ter evenings they 6 5 The Rug and Carpet B ook stitched patiently on their little mats by the poor li ght of home

an r n made candles d the flicke i g fire . They never wasted any t n an d u ou . thi g, made m ch of little If they needed a special color to make the design they had

n u r a of co cocted q ite pe fect, they painstakingly brewed pot dye an r r t d colo ed their sc aps of clo h .

u u r r For dyes they sed fr its , flowe s , vegetables , roots , ba ks and “ ” u u n e a few bo ghten materials s ch as cochi al from Mexico, and in digo .

Red— r n rr ok eb err root made from c a be ies , beets , p y , cochineal an d r n was a e madder root . A certain highly p ized pi k m d by

r r sc apin g du st from old soft b ick . — ’ ell r n - - h ow m n n S t . n of t e Y f o o io ski , Joh s wort , the bark

l u or r ff r r n . hickory, wa n t yellow oak t ee , or a bit of sa on f om I dia

Green— a of u e e a combination bl es and yellows , som tim s bl ck

r oak ba k .

B l — r ue r u or . wax my tle, la ksp r, indigo

Brown— u rn u r the b tte t or maple t ee bark .

B lack— r n the r r n a Ame ica s had what ea ly O ie tals lacked, good

r black vegetable dye that did n ot eat the fabric . It was made f om “ ” C n r Am r n r w a e t al e ica t ee called log ood , which the Spanish

r n d r a explo ers found a b ou ght to North Americ and Europe.

o fleb 14 m o $ 3 5

The most famous North Am erican fl oorc ov erin g is the hooked r in 1 S ur own u n u n r u n u g . We like to th k that it o iq e co t ib tio to

t r r c r . u r s a a pet history However, a tho ities y that he e we e hooked “ ” r n n an d b r ru fab ics made in a cie t E gypt, that a odded g was made i n the English Midlan ds by pu s hin g short bits of woolen

rn r r r n r r t r ya th ou gh a c oa se fab ic . A othe theo y is tha their o igin i s n n B u t ru r c n Sca di avian . the hooked g ea hed its highest tech ical h m a n e r ar a Par of t e a ou s s e ee o c e e 1 885 . e i s t f C w ll dl w k p t , d t d At l ft i n i r th ar i n s u m m er ou r es e ro the s ec t o wh c h c o ve ed e he th . ( C t y M t p olitan M u s eum of Art )

PL ATE VII

n x m ra o ra o ru ou r es e ro A fi e e a ple Of an elab o te fl l h o ked g . ( C t y M t p olitan M u s eu m o f Art ) i c a S ec ti on s of fou r typ our h ooked ru gs . ( C t

M ac y 8: C O . )

PL ATE V

B elow i s an antiqu e

i o . from N ew M ex c i M u s eu m of th e Am er Am eri can Heritage an d artistic development in this country and can rightly be called

m r A e ican . “ ” r - i n u r e D awn r gs , as they were fi st called , wer not made in

C in x s n n r olonial times . At least there are few e i te ce dati g f om

n n n ur ur much before the middle of the ni etee th ce t y . D ing the

f u a t C ivil War they reached their height o pop l ri y .

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D

Th e ru an d u hooked g was made , is still made , by p lling loops of cloth strips or heavy woolen yarn throu gh a coarse materi al with a hooked instrument . A few of the oldest pieces have a foundation of homespun u woolen or heavy unbleached cotton . Most r gs were made on burlap which is an ideal material because it is very strong and

e en u coars o gh to hook throu gh easily . There are many ru gs the size and shape of a discarded feed

a e r u u r . sack , for the vailabl mate ial s ally gove ned the project

un u u are . r u Oval, ro d , and half ro nd r gs common La ge r gs are

an d n e . e e a rar highly prized There w r a few oct gons , hexago s an d n u f or lo g r nners made halls or stairs .

e d n on ur e un The d sign is raw the b lap , th n this fo dation is

on a and stretched frame the hooking is started . If the cloth

i are n an d the are an d l str ps arrow loops low very c ose together,

u u u u a bea tif lly fine text re results . A m ch faster job can be done d an ar a t . if the loops are heavier, longer f ther par

cut a e u e i Sometimes the pile is to m k a softer s rfac , somet mes a t there is combination of cu and uncu t pile . Often the design is carved by clipping around each motif s o that it stands out from the background .

C u the u u onnoisse rs consider very closely hooked , nc t pile u o u e e r r gs the gems of their c llections , tho gh the laborat ca ved fl l orals are high y prized too . 6 7 The Rug and C arpet B ook

B y far the greatest n umber of hooked ru gs were an d are made C . a in anada and New England See Pl tes VII , VIII , XX .

D E S I G N

Designs ran ge from the simplest hit- or- m rs s pattern to a whole

n r n flower garde . He e is a list of ge eral types

- — Hi t or- m i s s u variegated scraps sed as they came, often with a black border .

Mos ai c— in one soft blending waves of color follow g another . Th e hooking is don e the way li nes are drawn on a topographical map .

In h r — c s ua e n us . u q ti y blocks of vario colors Sq ares , diamonds ,

r rr n n c osses , etc . , are developed by the a a geme t of color . — r Shell or ton ue o r n n u g deep ve lappi g scallops , like the to g e ru g design .

B as ket w a — n r n e ve i te laci g stripes . — L o cabi n r L - n g blocks made up of va icolored shaped ba ds .

Other — r eom etri cs . g sta s , circles , triangles , etc Nauti cal— along the seacoast the women hooked careful repli

’ of u u an d n r cas their h sbands pro d brigs clippers , or a chors , sta s an d r n u at waves . Sometimes the sailo s whiled away lo g ho rs sea

wn with hooked ru g projects of their o . Lands cape— the inlan d women produ ced pictures dear and f a

— and u e an d r a miliar to them hills trees , little white ho s s fa my rd scenes . Hi s tori cal great moments of history were sometimes recorded

u — u Am e in r gs and historical and patriotic emblems , s ch as the r ican eagle . Anim al— the household dog an d cat had his portrait hooked

n — r n often . All the barnyard a imals , too cows , ho ses , chicke s ,

u an d n r s aw . d cks lambs . I eve a pig ) 6 8

The Rug and C arpet B ook

m br iheveb or a y ra- oi nt 14 e o M p 3 3 5

Am eric an women of more mean s and leisure adapted the art of

fl oorcoverin s ur The or embroidered g from E ope . tent cross stitch was u sed to cover a heavy foun dation material with woolen

n n a u e yarn . The German settleme ts in Pe nsylv nia prod c d charm

u t r r ai u ing r gs of this type, and he e we e probably a cert n n mber

Am r th e made throughout the colonies . In the e ican Wing of Metropolitan Museum in New York are two very famou s needle

n u poi t r gs . On e was made by the youn g dau ghters of Judge Pliny Moore

fi n r C a n r . r rn e in hampl i , New Yo k The gi ls lea ed to do needlewo k

n n r s o in their co vent school in Mo t eal , they decided to make a

r th e r u ca pet for family pa lor . Wool for the yarn was grown , sp n an d un u dyed at home . The heavy canvas fo dation was bo ght in Mon treal an d the carpet was made in several strips an d sewed

u u an d are together . It is abo t eighteen feet sq are there more

n n d u u than a millio a a half stitches in it . This ambitio s nder 1 1 2 n u r n an d u 8 . taki g took fo r yea s to fi ish , was pro dly installed in

The design is an all - over diamond lattice of ivory bands with

r o n b own r ses on a greenish tan field . It was probably i spired by ’

n r Mrs . u th a Fre ch b ocade . Moore s grandda ghter wrote that e “ r x a o workers we e perple ed for border, dapted design from c tton han dkerchiefs stamped with border of shells that were the stock f o a peddler . Mu ch more beautiful and interesting in both color and pattern

C n 85 is the aswell carpet . ( See Plate VII . ) This was fi ished in 1 8

C as telt n r n ri h u r o . Zu a in , Ve mo t It was chain stitched by G e nsey

n who later married a man named C aswell . Her father was a spi

n r ni g wheel maker . All the material in the ca pet was grown and

- u n n v u a o . processed at home, incl di g the ha d wo en fo nd ti n fabric 7 0 Am eri can Heritage

The embroidery was don e in seven ty- s ix eighteen- in ch squ ares whic h were sewed together to make a rug twelve by thirteen

s ix n . An n n on on e fi re feet, i ches i de tation was left side for the

an d a r e place , sepa ate piece was made to plac there over the

ar u m he th in the s mmer ti e.

n - f r n Each of these seve ty six rectan gles has a dif e e t design .

r n u eat i n an d u an d Aside f om a fa tastic bl e , some k tte s p ppies , a

an d are r lover his lass , they all flowe s , leaves and ferns , with a few

r f . n r u an d in l bi ds The moti s are flat, i t icate and gracef l , a most

r c c an d r n un pe fe t s ale ha mo y with each other . The backgro d is

an d o r are i n n c r black the fl we s a wide ra ge of lovely olo s . Parts of this carpet have been reprodu ced so often i n pres en t day ru gs that the gen eral design is probably familiar to man y f o you .

C O L O R

f or r u an d r u e The dyes emb oidered r gs the ea ly hooked r gs wer , f o ur lr is . co se , the same as those a eady l ted There are so many blacks an d browns an d dark n eu tral shades

’ ’ in the old pieces becau se mu ch of the men s an d women s cloth i n n n R r r r . ed g which we t i to them was dyed da k , p actical colo s scraps were plen tif ul becau s e of the ubiqu itou s red flann el un d wear er .

The soft creams an d n ow yellowed whites wer e undyed m a

t eri al . r n an d u u r r G ee was less common , bl e q ite a e , perhaps

u i — — n beca se ind go the best blu e was not a commo dye .

has s n Time ofte ed an d mellowed all the old ru gs . At the base of r n r ou fi n d r thei pile, hidde f om the light, y will always b ighter

ar r color . They e mo e beautiful n ow than when th ey were n ew .

r x m an d No two batches of dye we e ever e actly the sa e, this u n n on r n ni te ti al va iatio of color gives added charm .

n - kn ru u n Ha d otted gs , s ch as were made in the Orie t, Spain , 7 1 The Rug and Carpet Book

Fran ce an d En gland were never produ ced to any exten t in the

n . i i u U ited States A few attempts to establ sh factories , ncl ding a

r n h R nu r n r b a c of the oyal Ma facto y of Wilto , failed . Ame ican labor costs have always been s o comparatively high that it is impossible to meet foreign competition on fabric s that requ ire s o mu ch time to make .

m - e ee a er ica n M acaw m l “ cov er i ngs

Man ufacturin g on a large scale has n ever been en couraged by

n n an u E gla d in y of her colonies . The fo ndation of her whole econ omy demands that the mother coun try fabricate the raw

r r r r mate ials which are p odu ced in her empi e . So the facto y

r r — B u n n made ca pets for Ame ican homes r ssels , Wilton , i grai , an d Axmin ster— were largely imported from England un til after

R u n the evol tio . Probably the first carpet factory of any importance in the

n r W r r u 1 79 1 U ited States was sta ted by illiam Pete Sp ag e in , in

r r u a n Philadelphia . When he ep od ced the co t of arms of the you g

u on e r n rep blic as of his ea ly designs , it won him fame . Alexa der Hamilton believed this new in du s try held s o much promise that

ut r Am r n r r he p the first protective ta iff in e ica histo y on ca pets . Philadelphia became the cen ter of qu ite a thriving fl oorcov

r r r r r erin g bu sin ess . Seve al small facto ies we e in ope ation as ea ly

C n l u 1 800 . the as The Lowell ompa y in Lowel , Massach setts , and

r C n C n u Hartfo d ompany in Thompso ville, on ectic t, were started 1 80 before 8 . Equipmen t for spinn in g an d looms for all the vari ou s types of carpet were copies an d improvemen ts of those developed i n

ur . r n r E ope They we e either operated by ha d , or by wate power which had been first harn essed to run machin ery by an English

R r r i n 1 771 . man, icha d A kwright, 7 2 Am eri can Heritage

The first steam power loom for carpet weavi n g was in ven ted

r i n 1 8 B 8 9 . by E astu s B . igelow It was made to weave the flat 1 4 n n . In 8 8 fabric called i grai or Scotch carpeting , he perfected

r r B ru an d an d un the fi st powe looms to weave ssels Wilton , fo ded

hi s C n n u t . B n own mill at li to , Massach set s igelow made ma y

n n r — f n n other i ven tio s to advan ce the in dust y fi ty i all . His pate t r r r n i n n n n an d rou ights we e g a ted to mills E gla d , Scotla d th gh out u r an d n uf t ur n u n z E ope, carpet ma ac i g was revol tio i ed all over the world .

ur It had taken a man ten to twelve ho s a day, with the help

f n r n n o B ru o . a boy, to weave seve ya ds of ssels a ha d loom Now

r u u ou t i n r fifty ya ds co ld be t rned the same time . The fab ic was

r r r an d ur mo e even and pe fect, with st aight selvages acc ately

n r matchi g epeats .

1 860 c nn the in In , Hal yon Ski er at Alexander Smith mill

n r r r u r r n Yo ke s , New Yo k , p od ced the fi st powe loom for machi e

n r ro r made Axm i ster ca pet . It was developed f m the F ench “ ” n n n r moquette loom . This machi e with a thousa d fi ge s made

s n i n u f r it possible to u e an u l mited mber o colo s .

An d n ow r e in modern times , elect ic power has r placed steam .

r an d r ou r With lowered labor costs , mo e mo e people c ld affo d

n r r an d n n u coveri gs for thei floo s , as the ation grew, the i d stry “ ” In 1 1 0 r . 8 r an d r r grew with it , ya ds of ca pet cove lid we e

n In 1 9 41 r r u i n . c n u p od ced the U ited States , a co di g to fig res com

S r n r U . C . 70 n piled by the Depa tme t of omme ce , millio yards

f a e- e r r m o m chin mad wool pile ca pet came f om A erican mills . C H A P T E R S I X

THE n fl oorcoveri n the of importa t g styles of whole world, almost

r an d u r are u s eve y time every co nt y, available to “ u n u are x n precio s few are a tiq es of the period , some e act ha d

’ of the ri n n um r are made replicas o gi als , by far the greatest be

n - r r n machi e made ep odu ctions a d adaptation s . Added to these historic styles are the myr iad new text ures and design s developed

our own in time .

9 \n t ique5

B u r are n ot ' u u n t ur r are eca se fab ics as d rable as f r i e , the e far

a u r r s an d fl oorc ov eri n n r are fewer ntiq e d ape ie gs tha the e chairs ,

n an d r u u beds a d tables . Wood gets more mo e bea tif l with age — u n . B ut if and us e. Woven fabrics do too p to a poi t they have

n ut n u s e r r out bee p to ormal over a pe iod of yea s , they wear and

ll an d u r u n . fa apart , m st be replaced with rep od ctio s For this “ ” n rr r r n n V u s e reaso , it is co ect f om the deco ati g poi t of iew to reproductions of period fl oorc ov erin gs with genuin e old fum i ur rr t u s e d rn an d n t e . It is also co ec to mo e weaves designs as lo g as they are in keepin g with the spiri t of the decorative scheme. 7 4 ’ In Today s Markets

u 1 5 40 n Zuri ah Makso d of Kashan wove the date i to his carpet .

C r u r r 1 85 n r u aswell ca ef lly emb oide ed 8 i to he s . It wo ld have been a great help to the Un ited States C ustoms an d t o the gen

r u r n e al p blic if eve y weaver had do e the same . The customs au thorities defin e an antiqu e as an object at least on e un r r l - n r - - u are h d ed yea s O d. One hu d ed year old r gs as scarce

r n B ut n n r n n as Napoleon b a dy . ma y gallo s of b a dy have bee “ ” and u a credu called Napoleon, many r gs have been foisted on louS u n u p blic as a tiq e .

’ Not that a rug that is fifty or sixty or seven ty years old isn t ’ x l as good . It s probably better, e cept in the eyes of a co lector,

u u u l i n t n an d r u u beca se it is s a ly bet er conditio , is mo e sef l as a

’ fl oorc v ri n ut u u n u r t n o e g . B yo sho ld k ow what yo e get i g and

’ ’ u n f r Y ou u n n u r c what yo re payi g o . sho ld t pay an a tiq e p i e for

ru i s a g that not an antique .

O R I E N TA L S

r n r n O ie tal ru gs over a hun dred years old are ra e a d expensive . They hardly brin g the fabulou s prices they did i n the early

’ l 9 oos n r an d u u , when a hobby for collecti g Pe sian T rkish r gs

th n r on e swept e U ited States . I have hea d the story of Ispahan

s for which a collector paid sixty thou san d dollars . It wa sold

r r u r some yea s later at au ction f o five h nd ed . B ut fi n e an tiqu es are still far out of reac h of the average

u r in u u b ut b dget . A ba ga may be picked p occasionally at a ction, ’ n un less you are an expert you ca t be sure of values .

' r O ri en tals un r a o nl made less than a h dred yea s g , even o y

ll r r are u u a u . twenty yea s ago , s y good b ys Twenty yea s is long

n u an d an d 1 2 5 e o gh to soften the color polish the pile, in 9 , the r n — s u Fere h an S ereb en d r n egio al patterns ch as the g , or Ki ma

— n were still woven exactly as they had bee for many generations . 7 5 The Rug and C arpet B ook

“ ” Rugs of this type are commonly called semi - antiqu e by deal ers u rn n r r s n u b e tho gh the gove me t fo bids adve ti i g them as s ch ,

u u u Th in u t an d ca se the term is ambig o s . ey increase bea y value as they grow older .

E U R O P E A N R U G S

n u n r n n n on e A ge i e F e ch , English or Spa ish ha dmade carpet of of u r i u u the famo s histo ical per ods is a mus e m piece . I do bt if

are i there any ava lable today . A charmin g En glish or C ontinental needlework piec e comes

r u n r u into the ma ket once in a bl e moon . Old eedlewo k r gs , like

ru nn u hooked gs , were pla ed and made by individ al women to

own i u their tastes . The design does not ndicate the age, beca se some in dustriou s nin eteenth cen tury needleworker may have

u u n ur u ou metic lo sly copied an eighteenth ce t y design , j st as y

n ew ru u n an might make a hooked g today, caref lly copyi g old on r e that you adm i ed . Aubussons an d Savonn eries too have con tinued to be woven in

r i ll im s the designs of the great French periods . It is p act ca y po

u u sible to judge their ages . From time to time a few A b ssons datin g from as early as the Second Empire of Napoleon 1 11 have been available . Practically no ru gs were woven in Spain for two hundred

r s a the n n r x are yea s . Needless to y , few remai i g ea lier e amples us ually not for sale . Anti qu e peasant ru gs of the variou s countri es have never a r an r x n r r u ppea ed to y g eat e te t in the Ame ican ma ket , tho gh

r n kr n there a e a few B essarabian a d U ai ian pieces available . were made for home u s e an d the few that have s urvived have been largely collected by private individu als or by nati on al

u m seums . 7 6

The Rug and Carpet Book

ru in u u n r u n They have even devised a flat g A b sso patte ns , by si g a type of fine chain stitch which completely covers the heavy

u r r n n fo ndation fab ic . ( This is a efi eme t of the chain stitch u sed

n to make the pattern o Indian Numdah ru gs . ) B ecause In dian labor is cheaper than labor in any European

un r n t u are n or American co t y, their k ot ed r gs amo g the least expensive handmade reproductions of period fl oorc ov eri n gs a vailable today .

In normal times we import a good man y hand- knotted rugs

C u u from zechoslovakia . The sketches for them are s ally drawn in this country— even cu stom - made f or you if you must have a

a r u cert in size, style, color or shape . P ices vary with the q ality

r r r t n n u r n . e r of the fab ic o de ed If knots are tied i to eve y sq a e i ch,

u n r - B ut r nat rally the cost is less tha if the e are sixty four . the e is an en ormous differen ce in th e appearance of you r carpet too only in a fine texture can you get deli cate modelin g an d detail and i subtle blend ng of color .

The famous Au str ian hand - knotted rugs are somewhat more e an d r n n . xpensive ( see Plate XVII ), a eal Fre ch Savon erie , made

i n of r . now in the Gobelin factory, is still the k g ca pets The yarn in most fl oorcoveri n g pile is made up of two or three strands

of . n u wool or worsted In a Savon erie , each t ft may have as many

n as a dozen separate strands of fine worsted yar .

r u o e - r f r a Spain p od ces s m hand knotted pile ca pets , and o time the Alpujarra peasan t ru gs were reprodu ced f or export ( but none have been imported in recent years because there has been no deman d for them ) . It makes no great difference in what coun try or i n what factory

n a handmade period reproduction is wove . The firms that import them to the Un ited States send the designs an d the fabric speci

fi cati on s r an d w r r r from he e , they ill place thei o der whe ever they can get good quality an d workm anship at the best price . 7 8 ’ In Today s Markets

The un iqu e flat weave of the Aubusson is still made largely in

' n u u r u C z echo Fra ce, tho gh some r gs have been p od ced in

. n an ar Slovakia Desig s of y of the French periods e available . Th ere is a s mall an d possibly growi n g rug in dustry i n South

r r an d r . Ame ica, whe e labor is cheap ca pet wool available

The North American techn iqu e of han d - hookin g yarn throu gh a heavy backin g material has recently been adapted to the repro

u n s r s s in d ctio of hi toric Eu opean de igns . Thi fabric is made a far

fl un r n — C n an d u r R as g asso tme t of places hi a P e to ico , well as

C n an d New n n ul a ada E gla d . After the loops have been p led

r u r an d v th o gh the back, the pile is shea ed sometimes car ed

r un s n an d a o d the de ign . If the hooki g is not close fine , the motifs lack detail an d the modelin g that comes from many gradation s

f r r o colo . The most exquis ite rugs of this type are made to o der

C n l n n r in a ada . The oops of yarn are S O close a d ti y the fab ic can

r r almost be mistaken for tapest y or n eedlewo k . A revi val of n ative han dcrafts has been sponsored by n ational

n z n n u r n n orga i atio s in ma y co nt ies , notably Sweden , Fi la d and

n r Pola d . In normal times these peasant rugs a e available for

x r n e po t in limited qua tities . Han dmade reprodu c tion s i n the Un ited States are for the most

m u n f ew part li ited to hooked ru gs and Navajo r gs . O ly a of the large number of Navajos being made today are in the best old

but r if i s designs and colors , these ea ly types may increase there

a n n e . growi g dema d for them . See Plat IX Hooked ru gs in all sizes and of good qu ality and color have

e C n . been made in rec nt years in hi a The designs , which are de

v elo ed u a e. p here , are mostly the pop l r floral typ A cheaper an d defin itely inferior rug was made before the war

R n n - u ar in Japan . ece tly a ha d hooking ind stry has been st ted in

x Me ico . S everal commercial firm s in the United States make hooked 7 9 The Rug and Carpet B ook

u but r t l o n u r C n r gs , it is for the most pa t s i l a h me i d st y in a ada an d n n - - - New E gla d . A good many run of the mill an d an oc ca

u u r r u fi n d n r sio al s pe b g their way i to the ma ket . Th ere is also a growi ng number of organiz ation s i n this coun

n r n a r i r n try spo so i g ev val of Ame ican handcrafts , otably in New

an d u t fi n England the So h . Some e hooked rugs in the old design s are un n made der their spo sorship .

M A C H I N E - M A D E R E P R O D U C T I O N S

O ne ou t u n n of a tho sa d women buys a handmade fl oorcov eri g .

B ut o u s u i for modern power lo ms , most of wo ld st ll be weaving

r r rag ca pets or pe haps gatherin g rushes to cover our floors .

un n r u e th e Fort ately, within limitations , machi es can rep od c

an r n carpets of y time and any country . Every big ca pet mill mai tains a staff of Skilled artists who translate the historic designs of r n n the wo ld i to loom patterns to be woven by machi ery . They are usu ally su ccessful in capturing the characteristic design and c r r olo s of the o iginal . Un fort un ately there is always of necessity a certain mechan ical perfection abou t them s o that the irregularities of the more

r n p imitive pieces can only be simulated . The color variatio s of

An d u r yarn dyed by hand in small qu antities is absent . the s pe b refin emen t of detail in a Persian great ru g or a French Savonn erie c an n x r u e n - ever be e actly rep od c d , for the fi est machine made fabric has only 1 2 7 tu fts to the square inch .

un r are u Unfort ately, too , the e bad designers and carpet man “ ” f ac tur ers a n s o ou ll fi n d who like to be little differe t, y wi bas tard carpets which are as hideou s as an Early American chair

u l with a Lo is XV eg . The reputable manufacturer tries to give the public good

To er n re authentic period des ign . a c tai extent the inc ased knowl 8 0

The Rug and Carpet B ook

n r n n ar these are i c easi gly ple tiful . They e the most su ccessful of

- r u x i all machine made pe iod designs , beca se the modern A m nster

s o x u n - ur r is similar in te t re to the ha d knotted E opean fab ics . In good qualities th e weave is fi n e an d the pile is luxuriou sly

r deep . The e is no limitation to the num ber of colors in an Ax

n s o u c an u s mi ster, the s btlest shading be sed in the Vines, scroll

r . X 11 an d and flowe s See Plates X , , XV.

The present demand for borderless ru gs an d carpet- by - the yard has necessitated rearran gin g many of the original E n g

r n u n n ot lish and F e ch designs , beca se ofte they were repeat i n f an d m r r r g moti s al ost always we e f amed by a bo der . This adaptation of historic furnishings to suit modern livin g is don e

u ur r l e in f rnit e and fab ic design as we l, and is a legitimat practice .

r r l u A few Victo ian fl o a s are available . These enormo s flower arrangemen ts in rich colors are faithfu l copies of the superb printed velvets of n in eteen th century En glan d and

r a. Ame ic See Plate XIII .

Some of these beautiful floral carpets - by - the - yar d are im

rt r un po ed from Scotlan d; s ome are made in ou own co try . C h enille rugs in period designs are practically always made

r are l u ur u a ru to o der . They idea ly s ited to this p pose beca se g

n can be made any length an d up to thirty feet in width . I divid ual es are u an d u d igns created to s it special rooms , the n mber of

n d u . out n a colors is nlimited Styles which are of fashio , con

u un u rr n r s seq ently not available in c e t stock ca pets , can alway

n be obtained in a special order che ille . See Plate X .

8 2 ’ In Today s Markets

C ’ l’ C Cvé ntietge en tu vpg ev e opm ents

Four tr emendou s developmen ts have all but revolutioni zed the

oorcoveri n s f ur m fl g o o own ti e .

PLAIN C ARPET

r n r Most impo tant is the adve t of plain carpet . St angely en u fl oorcov eri n u r u b e o gh , a g witho t a patte n was nheard of

1 9 00 r n r u n r ut n fore . The fi st o es we e r n e s woven only to p dow over figured carpets in chu rch ais les when the weather was bad an d u r u the feet of the pio s we e m ddy . Elsie de Wolfe was the darin g decorator who put the first

hi r — b e plain carpet into a house . The fas on g ew slowly in the

n n b ut 1 9 89 u a r r gi ni g, by it acco nted for ve y sizable propo tion

f all th e nu ur o yardage ma fact ed in America .

NE W WEAVES AND TEX TURE S

Secon d is the developmen t of all kinds of n ew weaves and tex

- r r n i i . tu es . See Plate IX and F o t s p ece Among the machine made fabrics are: Frieze carpets — made with tightly twisted yarn whi ch creates a ur pebbly s face . L ooped pi le carpets — i n which the tufts are not out after weav

i n . r g Some of these have low close loops , ve y similar to the old

B u but a . v o r ssels , in pl in colors Others ha e heavier, longer lo ps ,

i u e t u mak ng a ro gh r tex re. C om bi nati ons of cut and uncut pi le— i n which a patt ern is

e ff r mad by the di erence in text u e . Uncut pile of two different heights — the pattern is in relief a a a e a u g inst low r b ckgro nd . 8 8 The Rug and Carpet B ook

— - C om bi nati ons of fri eze and plai n yarn hit or- miss or forming

a design .

D ee s ha ile— of r ar p ggy p carpet made ve y heavy y n . — E flect of carvi ng achieved by leavin g out a lin e of t uf ts around the design motifs s o th at the adjoin ing t uf ts drop down

th es th ur a below e r t of e s f ce. Deep pile fabrics chemically treated to produce carpet with a s ilk s h n y ee .

All u are in r e a these fabrics , tho gh they solid colo s , hav play of light and shade across the surface whi ch makes them more

a of are r interesting than plain c rpet . Most them fai ly expensive, s o u tu v i n u i sim lated tex res ha e been developed cheaper q alit es .

e r on e are In thes , two or th ee closely related shades of color woven into the pile to im itate the effect of light on an irregular

r r surface. Sometimes combinations a e made of eal and simul ated

e t u S ee P e . t x re . lat XIV The typ e of fl oorcov eri ng des ign which has largely replaced the hooked pattern s and to a certain exten t plain carpet because f i t o s t . practicability, is the damask ype of pattern These flat u u e are r on e o nobtr siv designs developed in seve al shades of col r,

a r r i n u u i t es often with simulated ou gh textu e . Made vario s q al i

u f at or r ur to s it lean pocketbooks , they led all othe fig ed floor

r u an d cove ings in pop larity before the war, are still in great

demand .

MODERN

The third importan t developmen t is a n ew 2 oth C ent ury style “ ” of rn r design which is called Mode . It is still in the th oes of t grow h and change .

S the . Only time will stabilize this style , ift the good from bad

The w designs that are flat , simple, and well proportioned ill live “ ” n Th u en to form a other period . ose that have too m ch movem t, 8 4

The Rug and Carpet B ook

r r f s . e o un ho tage of ca pet wools In som them , the pile is p ched u u p thro gh the back with an electric needle . The loops are

c ut r un r ar r either o left cut . Othe s e made by stitching ows of

n a cotton fri ge onto a foundati on fabric . They h ve a very i nter s n s x u e ti g haggy te t re. C henille carpet is available in plain colors or m ay b e made to

in r order mode n designs .

e N n rtun a Mod rn avajo I dian rugs may also be found . Unfo tely

e i n n im n n bu t most of th m are stro g and l ited color combi atio s , recently a few with subtle pastel colors have appeared on the a S P m rket . ee late IX . Moroccan ru gs are excellen t in the modern room becau se their texture is in terestin g an d their natural wools are in soft

r s u x ur r ar a colo s . A few Swedi h r gs of modern te t e o design e lso imported . See Plates IX and XX . A rather interesting Peru vian ru g has been brought into this

' r c ount y . It is made of the native undyed wool of the V i cufra and

r a . e are the llama , in geomet ic designs similar to the N vajo Ther a r x lso some good flat woven fabrics f om Me ico . The Numdah ru g from In dia is a felted rather than a woven

ru . r o a wi a e g It is flat, with a design in colo ed wo l pplied th a co rs t Chain s itch . There are not many Ameri can m achi n e m ade flat weaves for

- n x n ru year round u s e. A good i e pensive cotto g with interesting

a n ua text ure is m de in a range of colors a d q lities . Another good an d durable flat weave is made of coarse linen

tex or . e a r e n u t flax It is availabl in fai ly wid selectio of q ali ies ,

an d tures colors . t Sum mer rugs are always flat weaves . They are designed o replace your pile fl oorcov erin gs if you like to make a chan ge in

are u u r and in the hot weather . They sed , too , in s mme cottages tropical climates where woolen fl oorc ov eri n gs will mildew and 8 6 ’ In Today s Markets

r ar ot . Made of all manner of fibers (which e listed in the chapter

r n r an d r on mate ials ), they have become i creasingly va ied inte

n n u esti g in their co str ction .

PRE SENT DAY ORIENTALS

The fourth developmen t— an d to me a s ad one— is the alm ost “ ” n h r n complete a ni ilation of the tru e Pe sian ru g . Moder Orientals

are n ot Persian any more than a han d - hooked New England

C n n in C . u floral made hi a is hinese Tr e they are k otted in Persia , “ but are r ru P r n they called Ame ican gs by e sia s , and that is

r what they a e. “

- - n u s o an d s o r r . n Desig n mber is d awn in New Yo k It is se t,

w u k t o together ith specifications for pile height, n mber of nots

S z u n P a r e are the inch , color, i e and q a tity , to ersi whe e ther still

are many weavers , and labor is cheap . The chemical dyes shipped

r n in too . If the impo ter wa ts a good closely woven fabric, he can

r h u . n a ru a e t e e get it If he wa ts g to sell at p ic , weav m st be

an d r u i t coarser the wool of poo er q al y. The in ferior ru gs arrive in New York with a dull shaggy pile an d n r o T are a n in a glari g b ick red col r. hey washed in stro g

r h n n chlo ine bath to soften t e color a d give the pile a high shi e . B ut the chemical is so stron g that practically all the color is

s o u n n n r . washed away, they m st be pai ted with a co ce t ated dye

Thi s appli ed color never penetrates to the roots of the pile . The

x u more e pensive r gs are made with better, faster dyes in more

u a i an d n e u e s btle colors . They are given l ghter wash ofte r q ir

or little no painting .

h Y ou n T e r ugs are graded an d named like oysters . ( k ow that a Blu e Point is a small oyster an d a C ape C od i s the mammoth “ d e n o r r . m o siz , matter whe e they g ow ) The cheapest grade of ” ilih n u r u em r a L a . O ient l is the The middle q ality is the Sa o k ,

h S ee P a e . e e na es a e no and the finest is t e Kashan . l t X Th s m h v 8 7 The Rug and C arpet B ook

r n on are all a i r bea i g their designs which practically l ke , or thei

h r r n n i . T e place of weav ng mode n Kirman has mo e disti ctio , thou gh it has little relationship to the an tiqu e ru gs of that sou th l l . but ern city It is chemica ly washed, light y, and the good

r vegetable dyes do not need to be replaced with applied colo . A few Persian rugs are still woven in their tr adition al region al

s n Ghorev an th e e the de ig s , notably the , Tabriz, the Her z and “ ” B r the ru the au s o ijar which deale s call iron g of East, bec se it is

ur d able .

u u are s o The r gs made to be sold in E rope not washed, if a ru u un r g of that type is bro ght into this co t y, it is called a

u r ur ru are r n E ropean Kashan o a E opean Kirman . These gs st o g ” r t o - t u i s o in color compa ed the semi an iq es , wh ch is why many people buy the on es that have been softened by a chemical short ut B ut i n n u c . a little t me will take care of that a d eve t ally they will acqu ire the unobtrus ive nat ural lu ster that an Orien tal

u e sho ld hav . American Oriental Reproductions made on machine looms are s o similar t o the modern Orientals made in Persia by hand that ’ n you can t tell the differen ce withou t close inspectio . They have the same American design s an d the same chemically produ ced

n T are r u an d a r n shi e . hey woven th o gh to the back have f i ge

n th ar On e ru made by a co tinuation of e w p threads . g has even

n been made with a k otted pile.

These machin e - made ru gs are not nearly as closely woven or n tri as n uali but h as i cate in design the best Kasha q ty, t ey are f ar les s expensive an d are probably better an d more durable th an

Lilih n the cheap a . Ru ssia has carefully con trolled the rug industries of the C au

s u an d u r s o n li n u C u ca s T kestan , that o ly a mited mber of a casian

are s l n an d B okhara ru gs are available . They ti l wove in the good traditi onal designs an d colored with vegetable dyes . 8 8

C H AP T E R S E V E N

C C ecgn icafities

THE r r r car ere word ca pet stems f om the Latin ve b p , meaning

u r an d s to pl ck or ca d , so is clo ely associated with wool . From

n e u n a n very ancie t times carpet has be n sed to mea wove fabric, u u f r o e u ure or r . s ally wool, which s ves as a covering for f rnit floo s The word rug is the Swedish rugg meanin g rough en tan gled

an d n n u i n hair, has come i to common E glish sage comparatively

u n fl r ri n modern ti mes . Today it us ally de otes a oo cov e g of

z an d a r definite si e shape , often with bo der, that does not com

l r n - p et ely cover a room from wall to wall . ( Ea ly machi e made “ u e ll e u n bordered r gs w re ca ed , for som nexplai able reason, art ” squares )

To a x ru and are n certain e tent g carpet i terchangeable today,

but a r rm . carpet is far b oader te , for carpet is the fabric itself Most rugs are made of carpet by carpet manufacturers on carpet

r ru — an d u r — a loom s . A Pe sian g is called also j st as co rectly Per sian carpet; in fact the only rugs that are not carpets are anim al

in an fl oorcoveri n . sk , felt base or y other g that is not woven Th e term broadloom is widely u sed as a syn on ym for plain

rr l carpet . This is in e or . In reality broad oom is any fabric woven 9 0 Out of the Fog on a as n u r n r broad or wide loom , disti g ished f om the old sta da d

- n r r r r twenty seven i ch width . The fi st b oad looms we e pe fected

1 9 n a n s abou t 00 . Not o ly wide se mless plai carpet b ut seamle s bordered rugs and carpets of many textur es and patterns are made on broad looms today .

e u i e e anpet o n m g S g s

n r r - e r Sta da d ca pet widths are twenty s ven inches , th ee, nine,

n d - n a . u a d twelve, fifteen eighteen feet Fo r and one half, six ,

an d f are b n n ten a hal foot widths availa le i a limited selectio .

h n n t T e widest che ille loom in the U ited States is thir y feet .

r n r Handmade ca pet c a b e made in any desi ed width . “ ” L okweav e is a broadloom fabric in which the pile tufts are woven throu gh to the back and anchored firmly into the

The cut warps and wefts with a plastic coating or sealer . edges

An ec c annot ravel s o no binding or selvage is n eeded . y two pi es of carpet can be butted together an d fasten ed s o secur ely with a strip of tape and mor e sealer that the sur face seam is practi cally in visible .

Standard machin e- made ru g sizes today are 27”x 5 6’ x 9 ’

” ” ’ 86 x 68 x 9 ” ” 86 x 72 x

’ ’ x 6 9 x

’ ’ x 9 x 1 2 x 9 ’ x 1 5 ’

Less common sizes are

9 1 The Rug and C arpet B ook

Rugs made by cuttin g off an d bin din g len gths from a roll of “ ” r ur an z an d carpet ( or oll goods ) can of co se be y si e shape. If on e dimen sion of the rug is not a stan dard carpet wi dth some waste is involved but this can often be minimiz ed by using

L okw a e v e.

n m u u and Ha d ade r gs are , of co rse, any and every size shape . There are inn umerable gr ades or qu alities or constr uction s of

fl oorcov eri n s x g . Each has been developed by e perts because it

a r u C n serves ce tain p rpose best . ost is by no means the o ly factor

r C i n in deciding how a ca pet shall be made. ertain types of back g

r i a an d an d e mate ial , k nds of wool , y rn weights twists pil heights

l — a or e wil wear best in certain places hotel corridor, an levator,

or r a . an d a p iv te home Years of research , wear tests practical experien ce have gone into these different con stru ctions an d eac h has its u s e. c a n.

r u ur r b ut Eve y man fact er has a name for each g ade, the ones bes t kn own to you are those applied to the fabrics sold for private

r are n n r an d homes . These g ade names ofte natio ally adve tised ,

r u su ally attached to the ru gs and ca pets you s ee in retail stores . Kn owing them will give you a basis for comparison S hoppin g an d assurance that you are gett ing a standard fabric made by a responsible manufacturer.

It has been a long- established practice to borrow or adapt

r n e u . O ie tal nam s for some domestic r gs The labels , however,

as r ll ou are I as well the p ices , will te y plainly that they made n the Un ited States by machine . ’ Occasionally a store will discard the manuf actur er s grade

n nam e an d u s e on e of its own choosi g .

n O n C arpet mills require a tremendou s capital in vestme t . e 9 2

The Rug and Carpet B ook

W I L T O N

t - r r T A cu pile ca pet woven on a Jacqua d loom . his loom has “ ” anywhere from two to six boxes ( or frames ) contai nin g spools of varicolored yarn all f eedm g s imu ltan eously into the fabric . The color which is requ ired to make the design is pulled up to

ur n n the s face, the selectio bei g governed by a series of pierced cards which work somewhat on the prrn crple of a player piano roll .

B R U S S E L S

" n i n m n b ut ile whi ch i s Wove the sa e way as the Wilto , the p ,

s rn r n t e B ru almo t always of worsted ya , emai s looped . Li tl ssels

r ca pet is made today .

V E L V E T

on n but Made a loom similar to the Wilto , the yarn is fed from

n r u r r a beam i stead Of f ames . No Jacq a d ca ds are n ecessary b e

u r n o r ca se the e is selection to be made , all the wool appea ing on

ur . s a the s face Mo t plain c rpet is the velvet weave. Patterned

are r n velvets also made . In the cheaper type the design is p i ted n r r o to the finished fab ic . In the better g ades the design is printed “ ” n o r n are dru r o t the yarn befo e it is wove . These m p ints and can be distin gu ished because the color is in the roots as well as

r f on the su face o the pile .

T A P E S T R Y

n Wove like the velvet b u t the pile is un cu t .

A X M I N S T E R

A c ut - pile fabric in whic h the most in tricate designs an d an unlimited n umber of colors are possible because each pile tuf t 9 4 Out of the Fog in the entire repeat of the pattern is taken from a separate len gth

. n u n are i n r r of yarn These i divid al le gths set , each its p ope

r n are an n place , on a se ies of lo g spools which attached to e dless chain above the loom an d which drop down at the proper time s o n a that the yarn can be inserted i to the f bric .

C H E N I L L E

r n r Two sepa ate looms are used to make che ille carpet . The fi st “ ” f ur n l r t n w weaves the , lo g caterpil a like s ra ds hich form the “ ” n pile . ( The word che ille is French for caterpillar . ) The second

n n r n f ur ur weaves the backi g, i corpo ati g the sec ely at the same

. ur n r r rr n time The pattern is set d i g the fi st p ocess , by the a a ge

r are r r n ment of the colo ed yarns which st etched pa allel, faste ed at certain in tervals wi th stron g c ross thr eads an d then c ut into

r An u r r n r . u a d u st ips y n mbe of colo s may be sed , , beca se the e is less differen tiation i n cost between large an d small yardages than

an u c u r r in y other weave , it is m h sed for special o de s .

F L A T W E A V E S A N D S U M M E R R U G S

These pileless fl oorcov eri n gs are made on looms which are simi

f r s u o n . rn lar to tho e sed weavi g cloth Ha ess looms , dobby looms an d u m an d s Jacq ard loo s are employed, the weave may be any thin g from a simple basket weave t o all mann er of more com

l - r s w . R u p icated herring bone , t ills , etc eve sible r gs with a pat

n tern are made on a two f ram e Jacquard loom . Many of the interestin g textures made today result from the u s e of a vari ety f n o yarns rather tha weaves .

e a v et ai n i n p G gs

The springy pads u s ed un der carpets and rugs are called lin ings . Their most im portant purpose is to in crease the lif e of your floor 9 5 The Rug and Carpet Book

r n r an d cove i g by decreasing the f iction between it the hard floor.

r n r i n n Mo e tha that , they add app eciably to the feel g of soft ess

r r i n l n n un . n u r n de foot They p ov de additio al i s atio , co se vi g heat an d u e r u of deadening so nd . They minimiz the i reg larities an u r neven wood o concrete floor .

of cow h u e The best carpet linings are made hair, w ich is d rabl

n of and very resilient, the seco d best combinations of hair and

d r n u e an a u a . a and u j t , the le st desi able of j te lo e The h ir j te is

u r n f n Th p nched or p essed i to both sides o a burlap fou dation . e “ ” waffle surface ( little rai sed squares on on e side ) is placed to

n a r u u r n the floor, creati g ce tain amo nt of s ction which p eve ts S lipping .

are u u r and i n a n Linings man fact ed sold v ryi g weights , the

r r weight in dicating the n umber of ou nc es per squ a e ya d . Stand ard weights f or prrv at e houses are :

a a n an d Up to cert in poi t , the thicker heavier the pad the m e b ut if 48 u are or service it will give, pads thicker than o nces u r r r sed , the e is danger of tea ing the carpet when moving la ge

u ur . B t u x n u a pieces of f rnit e ased on ac al e perie ce , the most pop l r

e u s e are th e 40 un 45 un e 48 un . w ights for home o ce , o c and o ce

Practically every all - hair or hair- and - jute lining made today is treated for resistance to moths and is So marked on the label .

Ru of ur are bber pads , made po ed latex, recommended where

n n l they mu st be moved frequ e tly . Felted li ings wi l tear with too

u n m ch handli g .

For us e u u h n of t ea e nder very small r gs , t in no skid pads r t d

- paper or linoleum like material are available .

r r u r box . It is a la ge deep f ame set on an easel and f ll of numbe ed

r n r rn se ves as a ha dle for a small pompon of colo ed ya . Imagine several thou san d of thes e pompon s— eac h o n e slightly differen t in to a softly shaded s ea of color

' The colorist 1 s a man of importan ce an dthis magic box IS his

- l n H W rn n 1 s v e . e tool . hen the loom patte is fi ished it g to him

r f or ui c i chooses the colo s the woven fabric from his q lls , sele t ng

n n . n n u o a d rejecti g till he has a perfect harmo y . The n mber each quill in dicates a cert ain dye formula which the head dyer at the mill will u s e to produ ce each exact and particular s hade needed to W e a eav the c rpet . ) ets of i n er es i n n ew ex u re m a e t t g t t , d on m o dern m ac hi n e ou r es B ar er B r os . L o s , n e es an d B i e o C t y k A g l , g l w Weavers ) PLATE IX 3 a m o er n N a a o ru i n s u e s a d v j g btl h des of yello w reen blu e g , md ei e b g . ( C ourtes y ars a i e C o . i c a o M h ll F ld , Ch g ) A c on r e i s y S ru es i n e E s a Gu w d h g d g d by l llb erg i s s h own at th e ourtes m eri c an - S e i N y A w d s h ews E xc h an ge ) A fi n e exam ple of a pres en t day Pers i an K es h an i s s ho wn at th e left . i i rn f r r ac C o . r t a m o e o a es i n e ( C ou tes y R . H . M y ) At gh s d l l d g d by r n r i a u B i e o ea ers th e am ou s F e c a s t R o u . our es f h t , l D fy ( C t y g l w W v ) PL ATE X

fi n f r x i r r n a C our es Tw o e lo al A m n s ter c a p ets a e s ho w b ove . ( t y

B i e o ea ers B e o are tw o s es of c u s om - m a e c en i e on e g l w W v ) l w tyl t d h ll , “ ” i i n n r rn o u r es o a ar e i s ra o a o e c a e m o e . t d t l , v d d ( C t y M h wk C p t M ll )

B oldly p attern ed O ri en tal u s ed effec ti vely i n a form al m o dern r

ou r es ac . ( C t y R . H . M y C o ) PLATE XII M ac hi ne- m ade A xm i n s ter of D i rec toi re d es i gn taken from an an m an u n ou rtes B . C o . A b u s s o . ( C y Alt ) C H A P T E R E I G H T

en ti f n vebien t ss a g g

M ater iafs

To r u fl oorc ov eri n u p operly perform its f nction a g m st, above all,

What u be con structed of durable materials . yo r carpet is made of is of more importance to you than the tec hnicali ti es of its weave .

W O O L

The most W idely used material in the floorcoverin gs of every era

r N0 o u a and eve y people has always been wool . ther nat r l fiber

r f or u n an d app oach it d rability, warmth, resilie ce resistance to soil .

u are nl Tho gh sheep raised all over the world, it is o y certain

r r r u e n u b eeds ea ed in rigoro s climates that have fle ces lo g, to gh an d r n u s n o sp i gy eno gh for u e u derfoot . American wo l is too soft and fi n e r a s o all u s e are im for ca pet we ving, of the wools we

r r r B au are com po ted f om other parts of the wo ld . ec se they not

eti tiv e our u t n u p with domestic prod ct, hey come i to this co ntry

- u r u u o v erin s . d ty f ee, nder bond to be sed only for floor o g The carpet wools used in machine manufacture today come

u - f u m C n n from s ch far l ng co ers of the globe as hi a, Scotla d, 9 9 The Rug and Carpet B ook

n u a i an d T e are f . e o I dia, So th Americ , Asia M nor Iceland h r ,

u nnu r u n co rse, i me able grades from each so rce , priced accordi g

u . are r n r n n wi n to q ality And there ce tai yea s whe , like vi tage es ,

of in l u u the wool is outstand g exce lence . This s ally happens when

e r u u u u n o W the sheep hav been th o gh an n s ally lo g, c ld inter . The yarn in your carpet is n ever made from the wool of just

n f o e o u . m ix u these co ntries It is always a blend, or , beca se each

ir n a an d type has certain des able a d necessary qu lities . Scotch

C n e an d ur di o hi es wool is very strong d able, In an wo l has great

u n an d e e resiliency, while So th American wool is lo g xtr mely

. m ix r a o n u n glossy The is prepa ed cc rdi g to form la , dependi g on l u an d of u r a i . the q a ity, weight type yarn req i ed for g ven fabric Naturally a larger percentage of th e best and most expensive

u u o n x r wools s ally g es into the best a d most e pensive fab ics . The wool goes throu gh an elaborate an d extensive clean ing

r as u t r r p ocess , for sometimes m ch as a hi d of its weight is g ease,

i an d e u a u a re d rt, foreign matt r . It m st be bsol tely cle n befo it can

o r be pr pe ly dyed .

ar — n o r There e two kinds of yarn worsted a d wo len . Wo sted

r r n n are u ya n is made f om o ly the lo gest fibers . They caref lly T combed till they all lie parallel, then twisted together . his process makes a very lu strou s yarn which is extr emely strong

r kn in p oportion to its thic ess . Woolen yarn is spun from all len gths of fibers which are thor ou ghly tumbled about every which way s o that they become

u a h somewhat felted before being twisted . The res lt is t ick, ur i t o f ry yarn w h less gl ss . Han dmade ru gs used to be made largely from wool grown in ’ n C n u n r r each weaver s vici ity . o seq e tly, the e was wide va iation

i P Ru n u u an d u . in their q ality d rabil ty ersia , ssia (which i cl des Turkestan an d the C au casus ) an d Spain produ ce some fi n e carpet wools . 1 0 0

The B ag and Carpet B ook

t u u b o Other syn hetic yarns may have f t re possi ilities . Nyl n is superbly resilient and dirt- resistant but its price today makes

i c r it proh bitive for floor ove ings .

F L A x L 1 N E N

Lin en warps are u sed in a few handmade fabrics becau se they are n n stronger than cotton a d do ot shrink . Flax is also u sed today by one domestic manuf acturer for an attractive an d durable flat weave .

s I L K

In rt r W r n if u u as C hi ce ain egions he e silk was ple t l, s ch na and in

n r oo C n ru r the eighbo h d of Kashan near the aspia Sea, gs we e occasion ally made with silk pile an d often with silk warps an d

u u u u lan ai s wefts . Silk pile was sed in the fab lo sly bea tiful Po e

b ut c u f or r r carpets , it is too deli ate to be really s itable floo cove

- r n u . ings . It is practically neve employed in machi e made r gs

’ c A M E L s H A 1 R

There is a type of camel in eastern Persia that grows long wool

k b ut like hair whi ch is fine for rug weaving . It is sil y and soft

u . r u u very d rable It was la gely sed, always in nat ral beige to

r u u B u n . b own colors , in the r gs of Hamadan , Mos l, and al chista

’ n n O n C amel s hair was also employed to some exte t in C hi a . mu ggy days these rugs will smell a little like our dearly beloved

’ ’ of the s o - a e a IS old camel s hair coat . Most c ll d camel s h ir today goat hair .

G o A T H AI R

n u u In Turkestan and Asia Mi or goat hair is sed in some r gs , usually in the natural brown color . 1 0 2 The E s s ential Ingredi ents

P A P E R

x n u ru are be u ar The least e pe sive s mmer gs called fi r r gs . They e

r l made of pape yarns in simple f at weaves .

n war cut n u u Si ce the off the East India j te s pply a paper yarn ,

r an d r n n n waterp oofed st e gthe ed by a chemical coati g, has also

u i n n r r n s o been sed backi gs for pile floo cove i gs . It has proved

r us e n n satisfacto y that its may be co ti ued .

S I S A L

Thou gh sisal is foun d i n s everal tropical coun tries the best qu al

r r ity comes f om Java . It is a tou gh hai y vegetable fiber with an

r u r n r att active sheen . S mmer ru gs made f om sisal are ma ufactu ed

u r r B u an d l in this co ntry and also impo ted f om elgi m Ho land .

R U S H

Ru u u u r n r ak sh r gs , or r sh sq a es which can be sew togethe to m e

u an z are r r r . r n r gs of y si e , made f om a t opical sea g ass Wate bei g

r rr its n atural habitat it is ideal for exposed porches o te aces . The

- n best ru sh fiber comes from Fren ch In do C hi a .

C O C O A F I B E R

The hairy fiber that c overs the cocon u t s hell is also u sed for um m u s er r gs . c o w H A I B

r an irn l r Indian druggets are felted hair from va iou s a s . P obably

r u li most of them are cattle or yak hai . The best q ality is the ght

n r r ru are s r u est, eve est colo . The da k gs le s desi able and sho ld be

n us e less expe sive . The chief of domestic cattle hair is for carpet l n n i i gs . C H A P T E R N I N E

Goon e i but n i floorcov r ngs are not cheap , it is fa tastically fool sh to b uy anything b ut good on es unless you are furn ishin g a tem

’ orar are on e p y place, or of those restless people who can t stand

n n r livi g with the same thi gs mo e than a few seasons .

’ In machin e - made rugs an d carpets the manuf actu rer s price to the retailer is based on his capital investm ent ( which in a

r u n n r r n l ca pet mill is enormo s ), desig i g and p epa i g the oom pat

the r n n and n tern, cost of the mate ials , washi g, dyei g spin ing

r and n n an d han those mate ials , weaving fi ishi g the fabric, the dl in lli n r an d a r a g charges . The se g, adve tising gener l ove he d

x n a e pe se is relatively sm ll . Most of these basic co sts are alm ost as great for a cheap rug

on n hi as they are for a good e. The mai factor w ch makes the diff eren ce in price is the amoun t an d qu ality of the materials

r a n c u sed . No woman would pay an expensive d essm ker to co oct

r e an d u i r - r d a d ess of che secloth, very few wo ld h e a high p ice upholsterer to cover a sofa with cheap shoddy fabric . It makes no more sense to pay a carpet manufact urer to desi gn and weave 1 0 4

The B ag and Carpet Book

an d the e ai ar ou the fabric, pric is pl nly m ked , y know exactly

ou . Y ou l r fi n d ou u what y are getting wil p obably , if y shop aro nd,

r u ll r that p ices are abo t the same in a the repu table sto es . Your eyes an d your fin gers are the bes t too ls i n ju dgin g qu al

n - xm n ity . Whether a machi e made fabric is a Wilton or an A i ster

n P us was is of o importance . eople ed to believe that a velvet

an d r u ir but of cheap gene ally ndes able, some the best and most

x n expen sive plain carpet made is the velvet weave . A mi ster looms are used for the fin est Orien tal reprodu ctions as well as

ru . o n are s for some shoddy cheap gs Go d Wilto s , as they alway

n ur b ut a wi l n ot ou have bee , very d able, cheap Wilton l give y

n 8 r r the service that a good velvet or Axmi ster will . 0 dis ega d weaves an d ju dge your fl oorcoverin g with your eyes and your

n r fi ge . Take the fabric in your hands and make sur e it is fi rm and at

P r an d h ow the the same time pliable . a t the pile notice closely t u are s et u r uf fts in each row, how m ch wool the e is in each t t an d how close the rows of tu fts are together . Look at the pile

r k r n a h height . A low close pile is mo e li ely to wea lo ger th n a hig

r on e b ut i n n r s n s ub spa se , ge e al both clo e ess of weave and a

n l r The ou s ta ti a pile height a e des irable. weight of the fabric sh ld

ou a o to tell y go d deal o . It is practically impossible for the layman to really ju dge the

u t of . u but n q ali y wool It sho ld be soft resilient, spri ging back

r has into place no matter h ow hard you p ess it down . See that it

r u ou a the nat u al luster that good wool sho ld have . Of c rse

r rn r a rn b ut n o wo sted ya has mo e sheen than woolen ya , wool

u r s r u . or r sho ld be ha h , b ittle, or d ll If the pile is part all ayon it

u i n On un an d u t of sho ld st ll be resilie t . the amo t q ali y the wool

u r n n o n an d u in yo r ca pet its perma e t good lo ks depe d , for q ality you mu st rely on the in tegrity of the manufacturer an d your dealer.

o ern xm i n s er ru s o n i n th e e ro o i an u s eu m of Art M d A t g h w M t p l t M . 3 e urn i i n r i n li i rd 1 9 4 . es s s e e es e Ho b Roo to b e s o Th f h g w d g d by t , ld i u n m er ar n vol m e by M o tgo y W d . PL ATE X IV ’ Axm i n s ter broadloom of s i m u lated textu re i n the au th or s m o dern i z ed

New Y or ro n s on e a ar m en 1 9 85 . k b w t p t t ,

The B ag and Carpet B ook

Just before the war a top quali ty modern washed Orien tal ( Kashan ) was retaili n g for aroun d five hun dred dollars in the

9 1 2 z of u t u th x si e , those the middle q ali y ( Saro ks ) in e neigh b orhood u u dr an d th e e of fo r h n ed dollars , ch apest grade ( Lil ihan s u u r an d B u e ) for abo t two h nd ed fifty dollars . eca s they have not been in as great demand the older unwashed ru gs are

s u are u u e u an d often le s expensive , tho gh they s ally bett r b ys , in

ru x r if e u u u . the opinion of most g e perts , v y m ch more bea t l It is practi cally im possible for a laym an to judge the valu e of

r an Oriental . Th e p ices may difl er amazingly in two rugs that

e as r eau and look as alik two peas to you o m e. The b ty elaborate ness of design and the richn ess an d harmon y of color are fai rly

h n r obvi ous . T e closeness of th e weave a d the gene al condition

r B ut u n u t of the piece a e not difficult to s ee . in j dgi g the q ali y of

— an d i r u the material both pile back ng th eads , the d rability of the

the an d r r of — of us are dyes , and age a ity the piece most swim

n e our we are e n mi g way ov r heads , and completely dep nde t on

n r the i teg ity of our dealer .

e fl oorcov eri n s too are i a r t o Other handmad g , , pr ced cco ding

ut h r h n their bea y , t eir ra ity, their age, t eir conditio , whether or are n — u r not they in fashion at the mome t, and partic la ly in the case of newly made pieces— how mu ch they cost to produ ce n Th u e r e s t r n a d import . e d ty on handmad ca p t ( other han O ie

r 0 tals ) which are not one hun dred yea s old is about 6 per cent .

- n ru e e ou ou A hand k otted g, designed sp cially for y in this c n

t o u be n w r try and made yo r order abroad , may a y here f om

- r twen ty fi ve to fifteen hun dred dollars a squ are yard . The p ice

n the s of u t depe ds on elaboratenes the design , the q ali y of the

r u u l x n materials (wo sted is s a ly more e pe sive than wool ), the

r pile height an d closeness of weave an d where the fab ic is made.

nn are the n i and ou can a th e Savo eries most expe s ve, y p y top price for one of these aristocrats . 1 0 8 B uy the Bes t Y ou C an Afford

B efore the war C z echoslovakian hand - tufts were not nearly

x n n r u w n - fi v e r as e pensive , ra gi g f om abo t t e ty dolla s for a fabric with ten kn ots to the squ are in ch to on e hu n dred dollars for on e

- ur r r r u with sixty fo . The Indian facto ies are p obably p od cing the

r u r best fab ic most economically today . A st ian and Spanish car pet is u su ally between C z ech an d French in price and quality .

The C n are i a hi ese fabrics , when they ava lable , come in wide

n r n ru s u ra ge, f om a very reaso able price for hooked g to abo t sixty- fi v e dollars a square yard for the finest high pile knotted

r fab ic .

American- made hooked fabrics in either modem or period design are of a very good quality an d correspondin gly expen

The 1 9 45 a un sive . average retail price in was ro d sixty dollars

r a squ a e yard . American and C anadian hooked ru gs of the traditi onal type

u t c x n e C in an d an d are abo t wi e as e pe siv as the h ese, the rare

a n r r r are h ndsome old o es of cou se a e ve y high . They priced

r n z n n n an d u acco di g to si e , co dition , the fi eness of hooki g bea ty

f an d r r n r n l r o design color . P ices a ge all the way f om seve do la s an d fifty cents for a small an d probably homely m at to several

thou san d dollars for a fi n e elaborate floral .

u n an n fl oorcov erin ari i In b yi g y ha dmade g, comp son shopp ng

i s u u e are u u . r ur diffic lt beca s most pieces niq e He e, too , yo eyes

n d n u u r z a your fi gers are n eeded . J dge for yo self whether the si e

n u B e u and the design a d color are right for yo . s re the piece is in good condition an d without too many repairs ( these show

r t e u e most clea ly on the back), and hat it lies flat on the floor, b ca s

it will wear out qu ickly in the baggy places . See that the edges

an d an u . are firm . Look for moths y damage they may have ca sed Feel the weight of the fabric an d determin e the closeness of

weave .

m ru u u u i n z Someti es a g that is n s al shape , si e or color can be 1 0 9

The Rug and C arpet B ook

r or r r u c an u Th ee mo e colo s sed together , j st like notes of ’

u r n or r . u m sic, make a ha mo y a disco d All nat re s color schemes

r r n u n a e ha mo io s . Some people have an in ate ability to combine different colors in varyi n g am oun ts s o th ey instin ctively achieve

- r harmony in man made objects . The est of u s can learn to do this by stu dyin g a color chart an d the simple basic rules of color

’ r r u r n n r r n theo y . Pe haps yo r ha mo ies wo t be as subtle o as o igi al ’ r s but l n r an d ou as an a ti t s , they wi l certai ly not be disco ds , y can play a color tune in your own hou se t o please yourself an d to give an immediate reaction of pleasure an d well - bein g to those who walk into it .

1 666 of n Sir Isaac Newton, in , first separated a ray light i to its compon en t parts by ben din g or refractin g it throu gh a glas s

r r n s aw an d p ism onto a white sc ee . The rays he called the

n d i ru r red r n o n u a v . spect m we e , o a ge, yell w, gree , bl e olet

are n r u ( Other rays , which too lo g or too sho t for the h man eye

s ee n r an d ut u s e ern s ci en to , have bee discove ed p to by mod ti s ts r n r r ra are of . The X ay, the violet ray, the i f a ed y all part light . ) The rainbow shows the s i x vis ible colors of the spectrum becau se it is light refr acted throu gh rain drops onto the oppos ite s k y . ’ n c S ir ewton s i t an d n Si e Isaac N t me, both ar ists scie tists have

x u s i f r made e ha t ve stu dies o color . Seve al systems of color har

n n but s mo y have bee developed , the simple t and still most

i r widely u sed is based on the spectrum of s x colo s . “ ” Red an d u are l e u in , yellow bl e ca l d the primaries beca se

n n r ar r r pigme ts (pai ts o dyes ) they e the th ee basic colo s . “ ” r n n an d are c n es u O a ge , gree violet called the se o dari beca se

r Red an d each of them is made by mixin g two of the prima ies .

d an d u B u re . yellow make orange . l e and make violet Yellow bl e Y our Indis pens able Y ards ti ck

Arran ge these six colors i n a circle and red will fall opposite

n u r n an d w s . gree , bl e opposite o a ge, yello oppo ite violet A com bination of any of thes e opposites will give you a color harmony

u r r ar r n beca se all th ee p imaries e rep ese ted .

n r 81 2 r George Field , an E glish chemist, w ote in 1 , The e can be no complete harmony of color in which any of the three pri

i u n an d n i maries , s mple or compo nded , is wa ted, the disti ct on of harmony depen ds upon a predomin an ce of on e an d a s ub ” n ordi ation of the other two in the composition . S t udy the colors anywhere out of doors in the country and

r r n B u u u redom i p ove for you self this stateme t . l e is s ally the p

n u s of r un nati g color, beca e the sky, the wate and the large amo t

n n d red ar u n u u . a e of bl e in the vario s gree s Yellow s bordi ate , but t are r n — i n an d in they bo h always p ese t the foliage grass , the

O n un brown s of the tree trunks an d the soil . a s less day in

u r r r n the so thweste n dese t, the color will be p edomi antly yellow, b ut there will always be subordin ate blues in the sage an d

n cact us a d reds in the earth . On a raft in the middle of the ocean there i s on ly blu e— an d a mon otony that drives men mad . — u xa u red- u n The act al color itself for e mple , bl e, bl e, or gree

u - hu bl e is called the e. The brightness or dulln ess of any hu e is called the chroma or

n . r an d r n are n b u t inte sity Olive g een lime g ee both yellow gree ,

n n r one has a low i te sity , the othe high .

n r n an hu The light ess or da k ess of y e is called the valu e . Pale

n an d r are red but on e u pi k ma oon both , is a very high val e, the other a very low .

n hu e bu t n n an d u u n r i n Not o ly , i te sity val e m st be co side ed

n planni g a color scheme . Full chroma or in ten sity is th e pur e vibran t color that you see in a u n hi rainbow . Obvio sly a room i w ch all the colors are as 1 1 8 The Rug and Carpet B ook

r ul un r m b ight as possible wo d be bearable, yet a oo with nothing but r r u u an d r r colo s of low ch oma wo ld be d ll d ea y .

u u l r r — n It is s al y a good plan to have the la gest a eas ceili g, — walls an d fl oor of low in tensity or a grayed hu e; the medium — — siz ed areas u pholstery and draperies of medium in ten sity; an d

n — u some of the small acce ts pict res , lamps , ash trays , vases , and

rn or — of hi to u l patte in the wallpaper, floor covering fabrics gh f l n n i te sity . Rooms which you only pass thr ou gh or occupy f or short

r an d i n n c an r r pe iods of time, like halls d i g rooms , have la ge a eas

ul i n n B r an d l n u of stim at ng i te se color . ed ooms ivi g rooms sho ld

r u n n u u u be mo e restf l , with i te se color sed j dicio sly .

u r r n hue x Val es ange f om the palest ti t, which is a mi ed with

s hue x white, to the deepe t shade, which is a mi ed with the oppo

r n r u n site color o with black . A co t ast of val es also prevents mo ot

n n tur s k o y in a room . B ecause it is a al to have the light y over

ur r i h e fl oorcov eri n o u s . T heads , most of p efer a l ght ceiling g

r can be lighter or darker than the walls . From a deco ative view

i i t b e u ou W bu t po nt can any val e y like, from hite to black,

u u on um e of u s beca se it m st be walked , by far the largest n b r r g an d r ar n ca pets e in the middle ra ges . Y ou may wan t your Whole room to be in tints rather than

r u an d bu t r shades of colo beca se it will seem larger lighter, the e

n n mu st always be some con trast of valu es to prevent mo oto y . The wood of your furn iture is u sually dark en ou gh to give you

u u n this emphasis , even tho gh yo r ceili g, walls and floor are all light .

C k u n ur olor, li e light itself, is el sive and cha geable . Every ho

r i u of the day it looks differen t . A t ficial ill mination often com

l l n r n li p ete y transforms it . Incandesce t or o di ary electric ght

uo n li makes all colors more yellow . The newer fl resce t ghting makes them more blu e . 1 1 4

The Rug and Carpet Book

C ur n are ul n n u r fl owi ved li es gracef , softe i g, frivolo s , f ee and and in composition have a complexity which str aight lin es not have . C ertain styles of architecture an d decoration have forms p

n n on r i domi a tly based the st aight line . These have simpl city

n . r u n r n n stre gth In othe s the c rved li e 1 8 p edomi a t . These

r u an d o r g acef l, gay ften elabo ate .

C u are r un fl oorcov erin u a rves mo e iversal in g , pholstery d r t a ur u r u om am en rape y designs h n in f nit e , beca se pattern is

t i r u a . B ut r r too : ra her than til ta i n deco ative fo ms in fabrics , , v widely . Th e form of a room itself an d of every object in it should b e

r n T th ha mo y . hey should bear a certain relation ship to each o “ r s a u s e u ur 3 It is too d astic to y , Always c rves with c ves ,

h r r n li n . t n u t st aight li es with straight es If every hi g had c rves ,

u n n s trai wo ld be too mu ch moveme t an d no stabili ty . If o ly g

n r e n r u un n n a li es we e pr se t, the e wo ld be an pleasa t stiff ess

f u u r n an d lack o grace . B t one or the other sho ld p edomi ate

c r refle ted th ou ghou t the room . Floorc ov erin g design s fall easily in to various form grou

r n t ur are on th e ur n . ur Most fo ms in a e based c ved li e So , nat a

u r n an d n li r ar r tic designs , s ch as the F e ch E g sh flo al c pet patte

are u of are almost en tir ely curved . They complex and f ll mo — ment modeled , not flat .

n z eom et Orien tal des igns are more static a d styli ed . The g

n r n rn wh types have many straight lin es . Eve the Pe sia patte s

r n i n u r are an d r r n 0 1 we e i sp red by at ral fo ms flat est ai ed, with trolled curves an d simplified forms .

n r n n r o Primitive desig s like the Ame ican I dia , the Mo oc

are a n r r li n the Swedish , based lmost e ti ely on st aight simple Modern pattern s like modern pain tin gs are an impression 1 1 6 Your Indi s pens able Y ards t i ck

ur s are r n r r nat e , never a slavi h copy of detail . They a f ee i te p eta

n t an d tio of what the eye takes in at a glance . B o h curved straight

l n are u b ut r s a e u . i es sed , the forms never complex and f s y

P n o u are rovincial desig s , like those in ho ked r gs , either geo metric— based gen erally on the straight lin e— or an attempt by

un u r r u n ur r are an d i the t to ed to p od ce at al fo ms . These flat stat c because the complexity of modeled curves was beyon d the ’ n u are i an d n desig er s ability . The res lts na ve forms li es which

m but t have char no sophisticated formali y .

r fl oorc ov eri n n Each fo m of g design has its place . It belo gs wi th architecture an d fu rn itur e which has a like sophistic ation

or i e r n u or na vet , static st e gth or fl id grace , simplicity elaborate ness . Because you have 1 8th C en tury En glish furn itur e it is not

r 1 C n ur n r necessa y to u s e a carpet with an 8th e t y E glish patte n .

n r n r n C n r s o hi s ti A desig which is F e ch, Pe sia , hi ese , or a fai ly p

cated ru us u u hooked g, is j t as s itable beca se they have a rela

i n s hi r a a t o . p of form A Navajo , a Swedish y or bold modern

n pattern would be wron g becau se the form has o ki nship .

h T e siz e of forms in relation to each other is called scale . Har mony of s c ale is as importan t i n a room as harmon y of color or

n u a n r u u form , not o ly beca se ti y chai looks ridic lo s beside a

u one bu t u the r u s e of tremendo s , beca se p oper scale can make

o low n the small ro m seem larger, the ceili g higher, the large hall

less barren .

Small- s cale patterns an d pieces of fu rniture in crease the apparen t siz e of the area they are i n ; furnit ure an d pattern s of

r u la ge scale do j st the opposite . 1 1 7 The Rug and C arpet B ook

Us u ally it is wise to choo se your furn it ure in the same gen eral

. B ut r t z r e an d scale a va ie y of si es in the fab ic , wallpap r floor c r n r r n ove i g designs is necessa y to c eate i terest . Too mu ch large pattern produ ces confusion ; too mu ch small

i s x n u s u pattern e tremely monoto o s ; o there m st be variation .

a u r A certain mo nt of plain a ea is needed, too, for contrast, an d n u an d n to prevent both co f sion mo otony. Variation of siz e is also u sed to create cen ters of interest an d

n u n z r r n to poi t p or mi imi e ce tain featu es of a room . If your ceili g

r r n i x m r n is p opo tio ately too h gh , for e ample, a bold i po ta t design in the carpet will focu s in terest on the floor an d distract atten tion r f u f om the height o yo r walls .

u r r d of i r i The scale sed in histo ic pe io s decorat on va ies w dely, from the en ormou s cupboards an d beds of the Ren aissan c e to

n i r n n n the ti y del cate chai s a d tables of Marie A toi ette . In most urn ur of r or rn f it e made today, whether histo ic mode design , the s cale has been somewhat redu ced to fit contemporary houses an d to su it our taste for spaciou s un crowded rooms . Floorcov eri n g design is u su ally medium to small scale for the

n n are u an d same reaso s . Small patter s restf l definitely make a

r r n v u i n n r room look la ge . I di id ality and d sti ctio ma k the bigger “ ” an d of ur patterns , they have a lot f nishing power for the other

n n wise mo oto ou s r oom .

C é eé tu r e

n r t exture. u u The Lati wo d for weave is Text re is that q ality ,

r n an d u s n u s on e appa e t to both sight to ch , that di ti g i hes material r a an d the u s e r e t o f om nother, of the word has been b oad ned

u e anim e an d i . cover every known s bstanc , both at inan mate

i s n f x u s n u There an i finity o te t re rangi g from smooth to ro gh,

to u to i e to s . glossy d ll, heavy light, soft to hard, frag l trong 1 1 8

The Rug and Carpet B ook

x u u t u n Te t re is j st as impor ant in plain carpet . F rnishi gs of the formal elaborate periods call for fin ely woven fabrics wi th

n Pr i n n r a velvety fi ish . ov cial interiors dema d coa se homespun

n s looki g weave . Perhaps it is a mark of cul t ur e to be able to look at thr ee chairs

n on e C r li R n s n an d and k ow that is ha les II , one late Ita an e ais a ce on e r r C n u r f um i ea ly Victo ian . ertai ly the st dy of histo ic ture an d n can an r s n b ut n orname t be eng o si g hobby, it is not esse tial

u u to the s ccessf l homemaker . “ ou r rs an d s a u If y can look at those th ee chai y to yo rself , The “ ” r u a n i fi st two go together beca se they have ki sh p of form , scale ” x ur n e ou n o and te t e which the third defi it ly has not, y need a r n ou ur r u us dvice f om a ybody . If y can t n away f om a l scio rosy floral carpet becau se you kn ow you already have en ou gh warm

u o of r u n color in yo r room , the f rm the patte n is too f ll of i tricate u ui u r r urn tur c rves to s t yo r ea ly Ame ican f i e , the scale is too “ ” u an d x ur s nearly the same as yo r wallpaper, the te t e is too dre sy,

i all you can throw th s book and the other books away.

l u an d i r an d a i r Skil f l imag native deco ators , women with fla

r n n r u us u for the o igi al, often desig ooms with n al combinations

ur u . ru of color, f nit re and accessories If these rooms are t ly liv

a a fi n d o u able, they can lways be an lyzed to a harm ny of the fo r

u e u i z basic q alities , ven tho gh their contents ha l from a do en

r r i different lan ds and times . If the rooms a e merely sta tl ng and “ ” i f r n a n n ot ur s d fe e t, they belong in show wi dow, in yo home

1 20 C H A P T E R E L E V E N

EVERY woman kn ows that style is far more important than fash

s i on . Fa hion is fleetin g an d should not be co n fused with soun d

- - . r u dr ou r style In terms of hai do , make p and ess , y have p obably

Y u kn an given it a lot of thou ght . o ow that a fashion c change

r t r or u n ove night, hat often it is not really att active f ndame tally

u n ou or r ur . so nd, not becomi g to y p actical for yo way of living Y ou are more con servative in choosin g a new wi nter coat than that litt le sprin g hat bec ause the coat wi ll have mu ch harder wear over a longer period of tim e an d wi ll have to look well wi th

u r r n of ur all the rest of yo r ward obe . Most impo ta t, a lot more yo

n n mo ey goes i to it . Fashion changes in architect ure an d in terior furn ishin gs are

r u n ru are in t but do not as f eq e t or as ab pt as they clo hes , they oc cur often en ou gh s o that you must an alyze them seriously

r ou n u befo e y make the major investme ts in yo r home . Y ou will probably s ee three or four complete fu rn ishin g fash

u i l z n ion cycles in yo r lifet me , as we l as do ens of mi or fads and

n u or n m rr u fa cies . If yo r mother gra d other was ma ied abo t the ur n t u and s n u r t n of the ce ry had a fa hio able ho se, it was p obably r e rr r an d esplend nt with shining brass beds , Mo is chai s golden

P r u ou r a oak . e haps yo r first bedroom set when y we e little girl

’

- bird s eye maple . 1 2 1 The Rug and Carpet Book

Fifteen years later the smart matron s refurnished with massive

r r r u r mission pieces . D ape ies were st iped , pholstery was leathe , an d the tan - taupe - brown family with burnt orange an d blu e h were t e colors . An other fifteen years brou ght u s to the rust an d green over

r C ur n t u e a. st ffed onc rent with these fashio s , and to a cer ain

x n oak n m e te t regional, were the early English di ing roo sets with

u an d n r Elizabethan b lges , the Spanish Mo te ey pieces and the

rn n u n va ished walnut with carvi g that was gl ed o . Floorc ov eri n g fashion s changed i n about 1 9 00 from pattern ed “ wall- to - wall carpet to real Orien tal ru gs an d machin e - made art ” u u r an d r o r u era sq ares with T kish Pe sian m tifs . The te rible ta pe

n n r r r came in a d lasted for more than ten lo g yea s . The e we e

C n u an d n s of n an d hi ese r gs domestic adaptatio them , Spa ish

o . tw on e r r Jac bean patterns In the late enties , la ge sto e carried

’ no less than a hundred thousan d dollars worth of Span ish hand uf u r a u t ted r gs in stoc k . Plain carpet became wi desp ead bo t

1 9 2 5 r . u u an d ur u u u . Pl m , da k bl e b g ndy s perseded ta pe With the influx of Early American maple furn itur e i n the

r oo ru — n ew an d e r middle thi ties came h ked gs old , copied in ve y

r r r dl fabric at eve y price . Plain carpet c olo s we e in the mid e

r n u an d r n n . a ges , with r st g ee leadi g the field Today the average bride is buyin g 1 8th C en tury En glish or

urn n an d u - - ll r i n r Modern f ishi gs , r gs or wall to wa ca pet a va iety

- - C x ur n n fl orals . o of te t es , self to e all over patterns , or E glish ol rs

n are n an d n in dema d even lighter, with ma y pastel tints the acce t on beige . Fashion changes c ome faster today than they did a generati on d he rn n s . n u an ago . T mode woma is re tless She wa ts a new ho se

- r a a new hair do . She gets ideas f om travel, the radio , the mag

n d th i n u ur r zi es an e mov es . Ma fact ers and retaile s foster change

n n . becau se it mea s bu siness . So fashion is increasingly fleeti g It 1 2 2

Fas hi on Is Fleeti ng has n n r n u ul never been the esse tial i g edie t of a bea tif , livable home .

n l n r n t or r ou That esse tia i g edie t is s yle , pe haps y may call it

in urn n n r taste . In the chang g parade of f ishi g fashio s , ce tain

n B ut t r n e era i n things have style; ma y have not . he e ev r was an which the discrim in atin g person coul d not fi n d some pieces of urn u e e fl oorc ov eri n s e f it r , som g and fabrics that wer right in

x ur . color, form , scale and te t e If you are the kind of person who likes and can aflord frequ en t

n n u u the ur n an d cha ges , by all mea s do yo r ho se in c re t fashion

n do it over when it begi s to look dated .

u m n h e f or n r If yo r major invest e ts av to last ma y yea s , play

C u u n an of th e r s afe. hoose a thentic f rnishi gs in y good histo ic

an th f r o periods d b uy e best you can a fo d . They may n t always

of b u t u be in the height fashion , they will never look q eer or “ ” u dated , and they will shabby gracef lly . Whether certain types of fl oorc ov eri n gs are in or out of

n r e t n ot . r r n fashio , some pe iods hav s yle, some have G eat G a d

’ mother s Victorian carpet with its lush li lies and roses on a black

Th an d r n u ground had style . e color was rich ha mo io s and the ’ n n r r r u design had good form a d bala ce . Mothe s d ea y ta pe Wil ton rug spattered with black an d blu e motif s whi ch were not

u C n u n — ii i ru n b ut tr ly hi ese , not tr ly Orie tal fact, not t ly anythi g

— n t s he a u bad ever did have s yle . If instead had chosen caref l

r u of a P r S ereben d or r n r hi rep od ction e sian a F e ch flo al, w ch

a i u a were also vailable at that t me, it wo ld still be cceptable

un n n an d today because it was f dame tally good desig goo d color . Some beau tiful modern ru gs are bein g made today; others

u n i r s in a f ew r tho gh in fashion at the mome t, w ll be eyeso e yea s t of di n e ime . It takes a person rare scernme t and tast to choose the bes t an d most dur able from any curren t v ogue becau s e your judgmen t is colored by the fact that it is a fashion; that other 1 2 3 ur text e .

1 2 4

The Rug and Carpet B ook r ll r u i u r emember, too, that a rea y good g or carpet w ll o twea

r n an d i u seve al shoddy o es will look better all the t me yo have it .

C r r an d x u r ou l n ot r hoose colo s , patte ns , te t es that y wi l g ow

r an d n z r lo ti ed of that will harmo i e with a va iety of co r schemes , s o ou n r r an d u t ur r when y cha ge wall colo s , drape ies , f rni e cove s

x n fl oorc v eri n ll n th e t u that e pe sive o g will sti fit i to pic re .

u If yo r pocketbook is lean buy on e good thin g at a time . Make a - r n n r long a ge plan a d furnish bit by bit as you can affo d it . In

ou i r u u u of the end y w ll have a home to be p o d of, not a ho sef l

n unk rnan r things fit o ly for the j in a few short yea s . ’ Don t b uy cheap version s of preten tiou s thin gs if your mean s

Th u n r n ru are limited . o gh a superb Orie tal or F e ch g may be

u r an d n n r n yo r d eam , it is in far better taste i fi itely mo e se sible to compromise with a well- designed machin e - made Axm inster or a good plain carpet than with a sleazy second - rate handm ade piece .

For perman en t homes wall - to - wall carpet is practical and has

n n r n r u n un ma y thi gs to ecomme d it . It abso bs a s rprisi g amo t

n an d u n r f of of both i side o tside oise , the e is an e fect greater

n u n ur n n ar c spacious ess and f r it e arra geme ts e mu h more flexible .

un r x n i s r The floor de neath need not be e pe sive pol hed ha dwood, an d the haz ards of slippin g an d falli n g are largely eli min ated .

x r n r - - r are From my e pe ie ce , ooms with wall to wall ca pet

r on e of u n — easier to take ca e of, too, for piece eq ipme t the

a uu — on e n hav v c m cleaner and operation , do the job , i stead of

n d l ing to both clean th e ru gs a mop and po ish the borders . The fact that they cann ot easily be tu rn ed abou t s o t raffic an d wear

’ ce a n but u ur isn t always in the same pla is disadva tage, f rnit e can be rearran ged from time to time to partially overcome this

r p oblem . If you prefer ru gs an d polished floors be su re you r ru g fits

u n your room . The space between it and the wall sho ld ever be 1 2 6 Guidepos ts for Y our Own Problem s

r n mo e than eighteen i ches , and in small rooms the narrower it is th e better.

I ou are u in r u on e — r n f y s g seve al r gs in room O ie tals , hooks or — any other type they shoul d be adequ ate in size an d number

’ ak u It s to m e the room look f rnished . better to have no rugs at

all th e s w r than po tage stamp variety . Al ays lay them pa allel

the to R urn ur to walls and each other . elate them to f it e group

an d n u c r or i n ings focal poi ts s h as the hea th, a doorway a w dow . Linin gs are essen tial if you expect your fl oorc ov eri n gs to

n an d s u u an d r wear lo g well . They al o make yo r r gs ca pets feel

r uxu u o an d u u n . n n un mo e l rio sly deep , s ft q iet der foot Li i gs der

wall - to - wall carpet should be trimmed an in ch an d a half to two

r s o r n u n inches f om the wall, that the ca pet will fit s gly agai st

r un u r r u n an d ul the baseboa d or der the q a te ro d , they sho d

n n n n d an ru exte d to withi an i ch a a half of each edge of y g . For

s n n n s t i small pieces the be t li i g is a no kid ype, wh ch helps to

n keep the rug from wrin kli n g a d slippin g .

Th e u r u u u u al w architect e of yo r ho se , of co rse, m st ays be con sidered i n choosin g you r fl oorc ov eri n gs as well as the rest

u rn s n h r n n are n n of your f i hi gs . Not t at F e ch desig s the o ly thi g

us e a r n c u or ru i n n n to in F e h ho se, hooked gs a New E gla d

r n li n an d cottage . Apply the basic p i ciples of color, e , scale tex

’ n t ure an d you wo t go wrong . “ ” A large formal house deman ds luxurious dressed - up textur es and elaborate formal patterns that would be as out of place in

r f s r u the c ottage as an evening dres s at b eak a t . The info mal ho se

r n u x u calls for simple pattern s an d un p ete tio s te t res .

r r r u are Whether it is fo mal or info mal, the ooms in a big ho se u sually spaciou s an d isolated en ou gh s o it is more in terestin g to

ri n s s t or u s e a variety of fl oorcove g . Acre of the same pat ern

B ut u color are mon oton ous in the extreme . in the small ho se it is often wise to us e the same carpet in two or three adjoining rooms 1 2 7 The Rug and Carpet Book or hr u u on e u u of us n r t o gho t floor, beca se an ill sion spacio ess , est

‘ fuln ess and harmon y res ults wi thout there bein g too mu ch of it

r to become ti esome . The same gen eral pri n ciples apply to fl oorcov eri n gs f or apart

n or bu t t n r are u u r me ts flats , apar me t dwelle s s ally less pe ma u n n r s o n wi e tly settled than home ow e s , choose thi gs which ll fit

n o n L okw a r e easily into ew surr un di gs . e v e ca pet is esp cially practical for you because it can b e cut and put together again

r n Ru a of if and . to fit rooms d fe e t size shape gs , too , are more

n u r - t - r x ri se sible b y than a egular wall o wall ca pet . The e te or

tur of th e n u n of r n e architec e apartme t b ildi g is no g eat importa c ,

u z n l an d - u e of u own tho gh the si e , orname tal detai expos r yo r

ur n rooms of co se must be co sidered .

ou are — u r or — Wherever y located co nt y, city small town there are clean in g problems to think about which will save you a lot

f u r r an d o o headaches . In the co ntry the e is ve y little smoke so t

u fl oorc ov eri n s bu t er a u to blacken yo r g , th e is lways d st, sand

n r a d m u d which is eternally bein g tracked in to the hou se . A ve y

r — u u n wi u an d r da k color bl e, pl m or eggpla t, ll show d st di t far

r n d s n d u t o . a a mo e than a medi m light color Smoke oot is black,

“ ” ‘ r r in r s o the e is little good clean di t the big met opolitan city,

r r r n r the e a medium to dark color i s mo e p actical . In certai la ge

un t u n r r i an d comm i ies tho gh , where smoke co t ol is p act ced, especially in warm climates where little fuel is burn ed for

n r u r c he heati g, a light colored ca pet is j st as p acti al as it is in t

un co try .

C a a r n s r a u limate is lso n impo ta t con ide ation . In cold co ntry nothm g IS as warm an d c omfortin g as a deep pile carpet un der

r foot . In the hot desert or tropical region s flat weaves a e cooler an d s n r an d u , e pecially whe it is ve y damp h mid , easier to keep r n In n f ee from mildew and subseque t rot . some sectio s it has been a time- honored custom to take up the heavy pile floor 1 2 8

The Rug and C arpet B ook

r t r weaves a e amazingly stu rdy . B u bewa e of that fatal combin a

— - n C r n n t tion looped pile a d cats . law sha pe i g is disas rous to even

r n r the most fi mly a cho ed loops . Adequ ate domestic help is rapidl y becomin g ju st a n ostalgic

r n n n n r d eam . Si ce the begi i g of the war you have p obably ’ rn ou dn n o r n lea ed, if y di t k w befo e, what it is to be not o ly wife,

u an d but n u n ho sekeeper mother, cook, cleaning woma , la dress , an d r n w W b ga de er as ell . hether or not good help will be availa le

ou n n ou again or whether y will ever wa t help agai , most of y have become mor e con s iderate an d have learn ed to temper your

un s r tastes with a so d do e of p acticability. Of all those decorators whose fi rm and un chan gin g ten et was “ ” N ev er u s e n t n but n - rds a y hi g plain carpet, o ly a few die ha

' r fl r ri n n d remain . The e is a good oo c ov e g for every taste a every

u r an d r n n an d p pose the deco ator with k owledge, traini g imagi nation u ses them all .

u ul an x r u own Above all, yo r home sho d be e p ession of yo r

r u c n u u r pe sonality . It sho ld be as be omi g to yo as yo r favo ite

r ur r . C n hat , as comfo table as yo oldest slippe s hoose o ly those

n ur thin gs that su it you r own needs an d your own tastes . The yo

u ou an d an ua i ts . ho se will be y , will have individ lity all own

1 8 0

Thi s large b rai ded ru g look s well c en tered on a b edro om fl o o

es B . m an t y Alt C o . ) PL ATE XVIII N u rs ery wi th w all - to - wall fl at woven c otton c arp et of i ’ ex ure . ou rtes R c s an a t t ( C y h , Atl t )

rom or H an - m a e ro i n c i a ru of th e e i m or e N d d p v l g , typ p t d f th S i m e m o ern b ed- s i i n ro ou m eri c a an d e en i n a s , S th A , w d , pl d tt g PL ATE X X C H A P T E R T H I R T E E N

0 0 11 !

THE r i u r n an d three p ev o s chapte s , two from the decorative a gle

r n r r ou i n f om the practical, cover the ge e al p oblems y face

n ll fl r n n n choosi g a your oo coveri gs . They apply to a y a d every

an d n ot r n o room need be epeated a gai . Analyze each r om in

r an d t u C u te ms of color, form , scale tex re . hoose yo r styles with

r m n disc i i ation and face your practical problems wi th good sen se . B ut becau se almost every room in your hou se serves a differen t

ur u u n u . p pose, a little m st be said abo t each of them i divid ally

res s i on s are so vitally importan t that your hall or foyer

u r n r n ou l r r is m ch mo e than ju st an e t y . U less y de ibe ately st ive for aloofn ess an d formality the person en terin g your home for the first time should have an immediate feelin g of warmth an d

There is often little furnit ure in a hall s o the walls an d floors

n C u r r are of even more than u sual importa ce . olor is yo r p ima y 1 3 1 The Rug and Carpet B ook

n c an u lls consideration a d your major tool . It be sed in ha in its ’ highest in ten s ity because you don t spen d en ou gh time there to

i r fi re n be made t red or restless by too much high ch oma . A e gine red carpet might grow pretty wearisome in the living room but ’ i t s u n r r often j st the right thi g in a hall . So avoid d ab cha acter

r in r u s e u s less colo s and, the small da k hall especially, light val e

on i oun of the walls , and , with n the b ds practicability , on the

or i ou and th e m e flo , to reflect what l ght y do have make roo s em more spacious . Large halls are often barren lookin g but bold defin ite pattern

s or r f u z n in wall or floor, both if ca e lly selected, have ama i g “ ” ’ u u n f urn i furnishing power . Even tho gh y o have t a stick of ture in the room it will not seem empty if ther e is en ou gh in ter

n esti g pattern . The hall fl oorcov eri n g mu st be practical as well as attr active

r r i for mu ch of the ou tdoor di t that is t acked n is deposited there .

’ C n u r r n hoose a color that wo t show every d sty o mu ddy footp i t .

’ C too u r n an d hoose , , a st rdy fab ic that wo t show excessive wear

n r n n trafli c . ru urn u shadi g f om co sta t Small gs can be t ed abo t ,

ou u s e r rr n s t u r but and if y seve al, rea a ged to di rib te the wea ,

n n r - - l they are ot as s af e a footin g as o e la ger ru g. Wall to wal carpet will make the odd- shaped cut up hall seem more un ified

u and spacio s .

r r The e are th ee major r easons why stairs shou ld be carpeted .

r n ut u The most obviou s reason is their appea a ce . B even tho gh you prefer the looks of an un carpeted stair the other two are s o

r r u n n impo tant you should give them se io s co sideration . Nothi g grows to be more ann oyi n g than the recu rr en t clatter of people runn n T lim i g up and down bare stairs . his noise is entirely e inated

r r r an d . by a ca pet . The thi d eason, the most vital of all , is safety Any in surance company will tell you that slippin g and falling downstairs is a common an d extremely seriou s occurrence an d 1 8 2

The Rug and Carpet Book

fi n d your little rug has left its post on guard du ty en tirely and

f w b all is hal ay down the .

u n r u o a a If si g b oadloom r gs in the living ro m , h ve nother one of r l n the same fab ic made to fit the ha l . Whe Orientals or any other in dividual han dmade rug is u sed try to get a rug the right

z in n x o a d tur . si e for the hall which is related c lor, form , scale te e

u b e a ru the If this sho ld impossible to find, plain g the color of

r u or u backg o nd , echoing one of the major shades in yo r

rn ru a a ou patte ed g, can lways be m de for y from broadloom

r ca pet .

u n ou u n a In the small ho se, eve th gh yo r hall is defi itely not

r u r n i s i n u pa t of yo livi g room , it often w se to avoid co f sion and

r achieve spaciousn ess by con tinuing the same ca pet anyway.

ain i n moom g g s

r r u ut The hea t of the house is u sually the living room . He e y o p

- ur r r u r n u yo best foot fo wa d , tho gh remembe i g that it sho ld be comfortable an d f un for your family as well as attractive to out

r im t r ur r f side s . Somet es his means comp omise with yo d eam o

r r bu t an d u fl oorcover the pe fect oom , the family comes first yo r n r i g mu st be practical as well as att active . In a large house the intimate family gathering place is u sually a small sittin g room or library ( there is a playroom for the chil dren ) an d you can go all out on as formal an d fragile a livi ng

( or drawin g) room carpet as your tastes dictate. Man y houses today are built withou t vestibules or central

n n r out r halls . The livi g room is e tered di ectly from of doo s and

ri n i n e n is a passage to all the other rooms . Floorcove gs thes livi g rooms must be the sturdiest of all bec ause they really do heavy

u . u u t n ot a s o d ty Us ally ho ses of this ype are form l, delicate perishable fabri cs are out of place anyway . 1 8 4 Your Problem s Room by Room

n r n on e r u t n In ma y small apa tme ts room does t iple d y as livi g,

an d n n r l - n ar bed di i g room . He e a figured or se f to e c p et of middle

u w i r u color val e is a ise cho ce , for the plain da k color that disg ises smoke an d soot will show every speck of lin t from the bed lin en an d r ru r m a i i n a eve y c mb f o the table, while pla n , light carpet

r t a n n g imy ci y is co sta t care .

- — Remember that wall to wall carpet will make the small

r i l u u r r cramped room seem la ger, w l p ll the irreg la ly shaped oom

t r r s u o or u r . P ain together, make the cl t e ed room mo e e tf l l flo r

r n are u an d un u an d n cove i gs q iet obtr sive, take ki dly to pat

rn r an d rn u r n te ed fab ics walls . Patte ed r gs or ca pets will ce ter

n r o an d n rr . i te est on the flo r, will give perso ality to the ba en room

B u u r r r n ri u eca se the floor is s ch a la ge a ea , its cove i g cont b tes

u u n immeas rably to the character of yo r livi g room .

ifti n moo m C ifir a v ie a n b 0 1 g g s, O s $ 5

n r u r ou u In ge e al , these rooms sho ld be t eated as y wo ld a small n r i r u u r u ur i fo mal liv ng oom , for they s ally se ve m ch the same p

If r r d e n r pose . the lib a y or en b lo gs prima ily to the man of the

u i r r - r fl oorc ov er ho se he w ll p obably p efer a warm , rich colo ed

i r n r an d . wi ing F ne O ie tals especially, th thei dignity composed

u bea ty, always seem at home in the library .

fi i n i ng mo o m s

r He e the fl oorc ov eri n g can be as gay an d dashi n g as you please . Most people u s e their din in g room su ch a small proportion of each day that the boldest pattern s an d most brillian t colors n ever

r ir r u n on g ow t esome . In fact they a e stim lati g to both c versation

s hi r s a r r o i s and appetite . P yc at ists y that wa m , b ight col r con duc i v e ou to heart y eating an d a good digestion . If y have ever 1 8 5 The Rug and C arpet B ook

un ur in ur n i u ll fo d yo self a resta a t w th plain cold bl e wa s , chances

’ are ou n u r y did t go back . Even tho gh the food was supe lative

r s o r n r the atmosphe e was dep essi g you wanted no mo e of it . With the chairs all alike an d comparatively few accessories

r li t an d rn n n r s o the e is tle variety of form patte in a di i g oom ,

fl oorc ov erin c an n r n r fi n e r n the g be the ce te of i te est . A O ie tal, a bold Victorian floral or a modern rug of defin ite pattern will hi give t s often rather n egative room r eal person ality .

r n r n r u s A p actical co side atio , too , ente s into the q e tion of

r r u in C u an ar n r u patte n ve s s pla . r mbs d spots e not ea ly as m ch

’ of r u u u n t o an eyeso e on a fig red floor . Nat rally yo don t wa t

r rm n n b u t ou n leave them the e pe a e tly, neither do y wa t to wield

u n r R er the vac um clea er after eve y meal . ememb that the table

’ occupies the cen ter of th e room s o don t choose a ru g in which the most beautiful an d interestin g part of the design will b e hidden . See Plate XVII .

B e ur if u n ru r n u c a r s e , too , si g a g, that it is la ge e o gh so the h i s ’ don t catch on the edges when a person seats himself an d moves

i s r n u c an r di u in to the table . Th s i impo ta t beca se it be a p o gio s

s n n r n nu i a ce a d is ha d o the ru g besides .

(B al s am ,

You r bedr oom is a very person al place an d on ly you should

l r an d u an d u decide whether it wi l be gay, b ight b sy, cool q iet ,

ou r wi u frilly an d femin ine or plain and s imple . If y sha e it th yo r husband it should not b e s o clu tt ered with ruffl es an d bi belots

l n that he feels like a bu l in a chi a shop .

n r u Most people wa t a bed oom that is , above all, restf l and

i a u u . n r r an d u u q iet This mea s colo s of low ch oma s ally l ght v l es ,

- - r wi with n ot too mu ch sharp con trast . Wall to wall ca pet th a deep pile is perfect because it absorbs noise and feels soft and 1 8 6

The B ug and Carpet B ook

u r n u wil n us a for la nde i g, while small r gs l go i to the ho ehold w sh i n n C u an n . d g machi e olors sho ld be light dai ty. See Plate XVIII .

’ T H E B o Y s R O O M

t u ul n u an d u S rdy, masc i e text res and fabrics l sty colors belong ’ un c n in a boy s room . Yo gsters like to be o sulted abou t what goes

r u n - n into their own private sanct ums . Pe haps yo r tee ager wa ts

fl r ri n all B ut if ou no oo cov e g at . he does want one it sh ld be of ’ adequ ate size an d weight s o that it won t always be sliding

r un r a o d the floor or in a heap in the co ner .

u - are Flat homesp n looking weaves fine . So are shaggy text ures and simple patterns of Swedish or Moroccan u r are n r gs o some of the new domestic carpets . Navajos ofte

r ideal in color and design b u t they are incorrigible skidde s . All small ru gs should be anchored wi th non skid linings ; even then

r fl r ri n s they a e less tidy than larger oo c ov e g .

’ T H E G r B L s R O O M

i r r n u A g rl, even mo e than her b other, has defi ite ideas abo t h i s t l what s e wants in her own domain . The w e mo her wi l let her

x r f B ut n r m n e press he sel . the pi k oo she wa ted at twelve may be a more sophi sticated coral an d white or yellow and t ur qu oise at

n . B ur r sixtee y that time the wallpaper, c tains and bedsp ead will n n bu t r n eed cha ging anyway , a good ca pet will still be looki g

l u i o a we l . So help her to choose one that will s rv ve several ren v tion s and be just as lovely a background for on e scheme as

n r or e r a other . A wa m beige dov gray carpet, a dainty flo al pat tern wi th a variety of shades or a varicolored rag carpet is a sensible choice .

1 8 8 Your Problem s Room by Room

f a n bm otgev s a c orn

u u ul Old people need the stim lation of cheerf l color . They sho d be warm an d comfortable an d are u sually happiest surroun ded “ ” r by familiar things that a e homey rather than smart . Even more than th e children their tastes and personalities should fi n d

x wn r dm r n e pression in their o rooms . So if G an other b i gs her favorite Orien tal rug when s he comes to live at your hou se let

u s e u the of the o a a her it, even tho gh fashion m ment b ns bold

C r aucasian from the small bed oom . If you are buying a new fl oorc overin g for her room let her

s h e n an d help to choose it, and remember that eeds the warmth

' — - safety of a wall- to wall carpet or room size rug more than any one else i n the family .

est

u ou m us t If yo r pocketbook says y skimp somewhere , this is the

n place to do it . Se sible people long ago gave up the idea that the best room i n the house— the best beds an d the best furn ish “ ” — n u r r in gs went to the compa y . G est oom ca pets give little

r comfo t or pleasur e to you or your family . They need not be of superlative qu ality becau se in most homes they get compara

l r ti v e . ou c an us e y little wear Here y the p essed felt, the flimsy flat cott on weaves or the novelty scatter rugs that give a room

an d f ur u are t ur color make it look nished , tho gh they not s dy

n u r e o gh for eve yday us e.

ur ou afl ord b u fl oorcov eri n s Of co se if y can it y good g , for in

u r t i r g est ooms hey w ll p obably last your lifetime .

urn s n u r u Whether the f i hi gs can be of s pe lative q ality or not ,

th a this may be e room where your imagin tion takes a real flin g . 1 8 9 The Rug and Carpet B ook dubiou s abou t livin g with day in and day out b ut have always

tr wanted to y .

r oom s

Ru an d are — in t gs carpets not really necessary fact , hey are often

u n r ik i rm a n isa ce in a play oom . If you l e them for the r wa th and furnishing power us e gay colors an d interestin g text ures . Flat

ri u r u weaves of va o s fibe s , ro gh shaggy piles , peasant, Navajo

’ or e a Indian Numdah rugs are suitable . It s nic to have soft deep

in n n n rug front of the fireplace for floor sitti ng . Si ce da ci g ’ youngsters ( an d oldsters too ) object to fl oorcov eri n gs that can t

’ be easily whisked don t us e rugs that extend under u ur f rnit e .

1 4 0

The Rug and C arpet B ook ri ec es — r n u u n pe haps a few disti g ished hooked r gs , modern ha d ufts a u u , Swedish , Morocc n and Mexican r gs , maybe a co ple of f and C n e u r n old n . rench hi se r gs , ce tai ly some Persia s They v s n r a n ill al o have samples of ma y special fab ics , from Savo reri e to n ll s o ou u n domestic che i es , that y can choose yo r desig ,

n n r o lor a d fabric a d have your r ug made to o der . They will r a - r e ave wide range of machine made ca p t samples , both pat

m an d i n r hi r the ou e ed pla , f om w ch to o der if carpet y choose

3 r r a not in their stock . They may not have a B essa abian o Sp nish u but i ll g they w know where to get it or have it made. A few stores do a lar ge en ou gh volum e of business s o that m uf ur r s r e an act e s make pecial weaves , colo s and patt rns ex lus i vel h a a i y for them . No ot er store in their immedi te rea w ll ra r u ve these pa tic lar items .

r an d u - hm m a e Other la ge, most medi m sized establis ents y hav ew if an u u u i n b ut e to y n s al pieces stock, they hav access whole alers and importers of all types an d can always get a selection nf ru gs or imported carpet samples from which you can make o ur — f u — a choice . Most of them do and all o them sho ld carry ri de variety of machine - made samples from which orders are

as il nu ur unl out y placed . Any ma fact er, ess he is temporarily

if r a e. stock, can deliver special o ders in very short tim

The u a of small dealer nat rally, has limited selection mer

h n di s r a e. rt t a s t o ou o Whether is the ype that ppeal y not, it

e res ents r p what the majo ity of his cu stomers want . Like the

i er r r r gg sto es , however, he can always place special o de s with

u u u a e of t least one man fact rer, and sho ld carry good s lection

a mples .

nu tu r m u one or Some ma fac re s li it their o tlets to , two, a few

r s i n un n in z . ou . e o e each comm ity, depe d g on its si So y will ften fi n d differen t fl oorcov eri n gs i n different stores an d you 1 4 2 N ow Y ou Go Shoppi ng

n u ou n may have to do some shoppi g to get j st what y want, eve

u tho gh it is not un iqu e or unusual .

- The established in terior decorator usually buys through job

r r r ll all be s who have a va iety of resou ces . Practica y the floor

r n r r ar r r cove i gs bou ght th ough a deco ator e special o de s .

Mail - order houses have an adequ ate selection of the more

u fl oorc ov eri n s u and pop lar types of g , both in their catalog es

r r in thei retail sto es .

r n u on fl oorcoveri n is Some deale s ha dle j st e type of g . This

r n P t z n m an especially tru e of deale s in Orie tals . a roni e o ly the

a - i u s u n n an d with well establ shed b sine s , a rep tatio for i tegrity

n r c ru c an ou plai ly ma ked pri es on his gs . The good dealer give y n u c u a ali i n un s cru i val able help be a se he is speci st his field , the

ulous ou h n b ut p dealer will give y not i g a fleecing.

r r n n n In most sto es you will find expe ie ced a d helpful salesme . Just beware of the man who tries to high pressure you into b uy i n 9 1 2 n ou g a x that happe s to be in stock , when y have come

n n r n a 9 1 2 for somethi g else e ti ely . Selli g x off the pile is the

n n n n r r easiest ki d of tra saction for him , e taili g no special o de s to

rkr or nu ur an d the wo oom the ma fact er, no delays no danger of mistakes (which he is probably just stupid en ou gh to make ) .

n h The good salesman, on the other ha d , realizes t at he is building up a followi n g for him self an d for his store if he gets

ou ou n u y exactly what y wa t, even tho gh the transaction entails

r r u mo e t o ble for him . Sometimes it alm ost seems as thou gh there were a di abolical conspiracy between manufacturers and retailers t o produ ce an d

n 9 1 2 u u r r sell o ly x r gs . In the days when most r gs we e borde ed ,

z n u n n at each si e had to be i divid ally desig ed , made i to a loom p “ ”

rn s et an d n 9 1 2 z 1 6 ru . n te , , wove . A x was the si e of gs Si ce it

r r u z . fitted the ave age oom , it was the most pop lar si e As it was 1 4 8 The Rug and Carpet B ook made in greater quantity it cost less to produ ce s o its price cou ld

r r C an t . u be app eciably lowe ed onseq ently, the price of y o her

ru n r was u r size g, smaller or eve la ger, greater per sq are ya d of fabric and a woman had to pay a pen alty for buying more yardage . — — Even the woman who n eeded and wan ted a larger size could s ee n in n u n u f s o s h e no se se payi g s ch a treme do s di ference , too , bou ght the 9 x 1 2 .

r The cat began chasin g its tail like mad . Some sto es stocked

’ 1 2 r x u e u only 9 x s . Most sto es advertised them e cl sively b ca se

in n r their price was s o entic g . Many women began to thi k the e

n z was o other si e . u Happily this sit uation is on the road to correction . Most r gs

rn r s . are today, whether patte ed or plain, are bo derle s They made from continuou s r olls of carpet which can be c u t to an y

T u 9 1 2 r i n size . ho gh the x will p obably still be the best sell g

’ i ts nu ur ou t size, ma fact er s price is no longer of line with those “ ” r o of other standa d sizes . St res that stock roll goods , which

cut r i n they to o der their own workrooms , sell carpet on a straight

h f r i n u e . e sq ar yard basis Wit the pric di fe entiat on go e, more women will b uy ru gs to fit their rooms . Another situ ation which may have irked you was the lack of

n n available fl oorcov eri n gs not of the li vi g room type. Dai ty pattern s and colors suitable for bedrooms were especially hard

h e B t e . T to find . u here women hav only themselves to blame time - hon ored but mistaken practice of contin u ally buyin g a

fl oorc ov eri n an d l new g for the living room , fi ling the rest of the hou se wi th han d - me - downs is s o widespread that the most charmin g bedroom rugs sold rn infin itesim al num bers an d man u f acturers practi cally stopped making them .

’ Don t be gu ilty of this s ad practi ce for more ti mes than not

the v n r ru nl r in . old li i g oom g is not o y shabby, it is w ong color 1 4 4

The Rug and Carpet B ook ference between mixing prin t colors an d dyein g special batches

a r n t r n of y rn in pe haps twe y shades is colossal . Most ca pet ma u

t ur of u n s Wh n fac e is necessity a vol me busi e s . e you tie up a great loom for several days in order to have a few yards of carpet made

x ur you mu st e pect to pay for it . Yo best bet is to have your special design either produ ced in cheni lle or in a han dmade fabric

r r o dered f om abroad .

A small- town store or a small store in a big town will probably

x r n of r o a not be e pe ienced in ha dling this type o der, so g to well

i r a r t establ shed decorator o la ge me ropolitan dealer .

C s ur n res u r — or arpet for hotel , resta a ts , sto , cl bs , theat es for any place where there is enou gh yardage to make economical

— i n weaving possible is somet mes desig ed and woven to order . “ ” There are also special con tract designs an d fabri cs which can ’ th uf n r ou be made if e order is s ficie tly la ge . That s why y often

r r s ee ca pets in public places that a e not available in open stock .

ou an n ur s all If y are making importa t p cha e, by means have

r n ou u a selection of rugs or ca pet samples se t t to your house. St dy them with your other f urnishings an d in both day an d artificial

T i s u an e a t u e a e s ur light . his ins r c gainst has y j dgm nt in li n roundings . Never b uy merchandise that does not carry a plainly marked

an d a e on u price tag, get definite estimat the finished job, incl d

in in g the l ing .

If you are b uyin g a large m g or wall - t o- wall carpet let your

r n dealer do the measurin g f or it . He has t ai ed men who are n ot

an d u n l t likely to make errors , if they sho ld the respo sibi i y is their own .

1 4 6 C HA P T E R FI F T E E N

FLOORCOVERINGS are planned an d con stru cted to serve their

u r d . u a e on an f nction Like yo r shoes , they made to be walked to

fl r ov rin . oo c e s ill resist soil and wear Good g , wisely chosen, w

e an a un i un r s tak lmost bel evable amo t of ha d daily u e. Give ’ t em n e e but e i h se sible, reasonabl car , don t coddl them . All d rt

u l ll e o t s o a . will com , will a most spots

u n e a to Yo r cleani g problem is simpl nowadays , thanks m inly

a t o — u th t great boon womank in d the vacu m cleaner . The man

’ who invented it isn t in the history books beside Eli Whi tney and C yrus Mc C orm i ck and the other famou s men who inven ted

r n b ut the labo savi g devices for the males of the species , women of this century should put him in a special ni che in their own hall f o fame. — Th e vacuum cleaner was developed in stages fi rs t the big ’ machine on a wagon that used to roar ou tside grandmother s u e e a a ho s twic year, then central plant with piping system in ofli ce bu and the a e u ildings , finally compact little port bl nits

h a u r acuu t t most ho sewives own today . The e are many good v ms

’ on n u to the market . It s important to have o e with enou gh s ction ’

u out u a ur . It s p ll the dirt of the pile , not j st cle n the s face also important to have some attachment that can really get i nto the

er and u corn s nder thi ngs . The Rug and Carpet B ook g assi ng

u an d l uf Most new r gs carpets wi l shed a fl fy fu zz . Woolen pile

a u r wi y rn is made p of my iads of fibers t sted loosely together . Wherever a cut is made there are bound to be a few very shor t b n Mul n its that lose their moori gs . tiply o e cut by the thou sands that there are in your carp et and you will understan d

r uz r i s nfi n r whe e that f z comes f om . It only an i itesimal f action of the wool in the fabric because most of th e fibers are long e u u u no gh to be ca ght sec rely. A worsted pile does practically no shedding becaus e the fibers are lon ger and are combed strai ght s o that they are cau ght more evenly in the twist of the yarn .

I an u l f an ri The t is inherent q a ity o y wool pile fab c to shed . bes t an d most expensive carpet made will probably shed harder an d longer than a cheap on e because it has more and thicker

ut c ends . Y ou can hasten the sheddin g process by sweepin g it every

a an d uum n r u n . As as day with stiff broom , vac i g f eq e tly soon all the loose bits come out the shedding will stop .

3 11 3 861 3

e un rtun r ou e Shading is anoth r and, fo ately, more permanent t bl

in - e you may have with your carpets . In pla colored velv t fabrics it is especially noticeable. Every pile fabric is woven with all the upright tufts slantin g s i on e r r t or a l ghtly in di ec tion . If a da k s reak spot develops in doorway or in fron t of a chair it is becau se th e pile there has “ ” been pu shed by many feet until it has been turned an s et again st the direction of the rest . 1 4 8

The Rug and Carpet B ook

r h n . M t e u a ou e e an d small cho e ake it part of semia n l h s cl aning, while the ru g is rolled up be sure to vacuum the li nin g and spray

ur a or b e ur ab u it to disco age any fle s moths that might l king o t .

u a - - r e or a ru cut u ar Of co rse, wall to wall ca p t, g to fit an irreg l ’ a v e e be u e a ut out s e akin room, c n t ry w ll t rn d bo with om m g r ove .

f f n n S pecia e ea i g

How often you send your fl oorcoveri ngs to the professional

or in m ou n l cleaner, have him to do the for y , depe ds on how soi ed

i s ou t they look . Somet mes they soil o evenly y hink they have ’ or e but n n to the faded chang d color, do t go marchi g down man who sold them t o you in high du dgeon until you have tried a ’ C r to r real cleaning . hances a e that s all they need resto e the

r w Y ou can do a e o iginal color and make them look like ne . pr tty

u a a thoro gh job yourself if you feel up to m jor chore. The s afest an d easiest way is to us e on e of the new absorbent

ar e n ui powders which e slightly damp and sm ll like cleani g fl d . Sprinkle this powder generous ly on not more than 8 squ are feet f if u o u e at . a the s rfac one time Work it into the pile with st f br sh ,

h r a u th then move on to t e next a e ntil e whole job is done . Let

u . uu r u it stand for an ho r or two Then vac m tho o ghly, moving ll Th e u are u ua e e . the machine very slowly . e r s lts s lly xce nt A good surface brightener is warm water to which a little

r a a e a ea m or alcohol o ammonia has been dded . D mp n cl n broo

h Th ar cloth an d wipe lengthwise with t e nap of the pile. ere e

e s s a a e t oo. Make a dr s u s of sev ral soaples hampoos v ilabl , y d ns e t all them and scrub on with a brush . Directio com wi h these s preparation .

u u e the ur e but J st plain soap s ds will bright n s fac like magic, y ou must rin se out every bit of the soap or your rug wi ll soil 1 5 0 Good Groom i ng

t e t a e e. M e a u u s s fas r h n b for ak dry, fl ffy s d of mild oap flakes

n d r n d a a i . a t wa m water, apply w th a clean cloth Do small sec ion at a n d r h n e a a . n tim , wo k lways wit the pile A big war ing sig

u on u h i n lm im os goes p this method , beca se t at r nsi g job is a ost p s u a r u ible witho t simply so king the fabric way th o gh to the back, an d here you begin to run in to the dan ger of mildew and rot

u dr i n a s n beca se the y g t kes o lo g. Good profession al cleaners are equipped for rinsing and dryin g

r but fl oorcov erin s prope ly, all woolen g will shrink somewhat . “ ” e r n nk nim If they are held to siz while d yi g the shri age is mi ized .

s ou n It is well to pecify this when y send them out . An inexpe sive

9 x 1 2 n ru i hr n u as n n le Axmi ster g w ll s i k as m ch ni e i ches in ngth ,

r a as u but all s hr n e e better fab ics not ne rly m ch , they will i k, sp c i ally if they are not handled properly “ e e ur ru or v I m a N ver b at yo gs shake them iolently . t y loosen

but wi r n r the dirt, it ll also weaken the back by b eaki g the fibe s

n Axrnin s t er an d r r in the backi g yarns . s O ientals a e especially

n t ul r u rese f of this o gh treatment . Th e same methods of cleanin g gener ally apply to all soft u e fl oorcoveri n s are or all a s rfac g , whether they wool, part r yon,

C o n or t . e t a hi n co ton otton,m r than any hi g else, needs real was g . ’ It s risky to us e anythin g but clean ing powder or dry cleanin g

r of ar fluid on f ieze yarns . Some them e treated so that they c an b e

a but e ur w shed, in others water takes their tightly twist d c ls ’ right out and you can t imagin e thehorrible result! Or perhaps ’ ou u ou r u r an d e y can , if yo ve ever had y r hair f eshly c led be n

n r ou u cau ght in a pour i g ain . If y know that yo r carpet is a

r e r e an i . t eat d f iez , clean it by y of the methods l sted

M O T H S

B e sure to get into all the dark corners and under th e radiators ’

a e a n . uum us e a ff at le st onc mo th If the vac won t fit, sti whisk 1 5 1 The Rug and Carpet B ook

o l e the n br om . That wi y nemy, moth , loves nothi g better than a warm dark spot wher e he can feed un disturbed on your best

r Y ou u . a woolen fab ic j st have to move the heavy davenport, th t

- u e an d n . o e low sl ng bookcas even the piano occasio ally, too M r

on e u u t o a o e than good ho sekeeper has fo nd, her horror, wh l

n n a un th e regime t of moths havi g merry picnic der sofa.

u ou l the a an d et If that sho ld ever happen to y , ca l cle ner g ’ s u t t your carpet out of the hou se as fast as pos ible . B i s m u ch

r u n m an d better to p event s ch a catastrophe, so dig i to the co ers ’ u u u e an d l e u ue nder the f rnit r , don t forget that ittl sed g st room

n occasio ally .

u a i t - r fin Added ins r nce s a mo h p oo g or insecticide spray . A

r n ll really good big sp ay gun is a wise investme t . Keep it fi ed an d

n ri all t o a t t in a ha dy place . Then it is no t ck at shoot li le spray

r m r u ou r into the da k co e s after you have vac umed . If y a e

n u or u closi g the ho se , any rooms in the ho se, spray well , then

r n u u - roofi n can sp i kle moth flakes abo t . G aranteed moth p g be

n u do e by yo r cleaner .

The n ew all- purpose sprays containin g abou t 5 96 or

. . u r t of a the D D T . bombs , bid fair to s pe sede all o her types spr y.

i r ou u s e . . . or an r r n n u If y D D T y p epa ation co tai ng it, be s e to

l n n fo low the directio s give .

F L E A S

I rr a s urm ner have a real ho or of fleas , dating from that gh stly

r when we we e literally driven ou t of our house by them . Dog fleas we have always had with us because we have always had

an d n o ou a u e a . e dogs , matter what y do bo t it, dogs hav fle s Th y are fat an d brown an d usu ally stick to their canin e hosts . When

n n n u o e e h u tiny black o es bega leapi g abo t, in my inn c nc I t o ght t re un th e ro n n bu t e e hey we the yo g of b w o es , when they b cam 1 5 2

The Rug and Carpet B ook

W A T E R - C O L O R P A I N T

An n s n i n r out r y pai t that is olve t wate will come with wate , or

u a mild s ds .

G R E A S E

An r u n r n oil is y g easy s bsta ce, f om cheese to sewing machi e ,

n n in u u Th ru solve t in clea g fl id or warm soap s ds . e g cleaning

r e the urf ed powde is good too , specially if whole s ace is soil ,

u n ot u a o e beca se it does leave s ch n tic able ring .

S U G A R

n a u d n k . r e Jam , ca dy, or s gary ri k will make a stic y spot Sc ap or u ou c an us e u and r e soak p what y , then mild soap s ds ins

l c we l in lear water .

C L E A N S P O T S

u ru all the o ou a e h If yo r g is grimy over, sp t y h v cleaned wit

u or u ou t a e u cleaning fl id s ds is going to stick like sor th mb ,

r a ul e ou e which may, and pe h ps sho d, inspir y to clean the whol

’

n . ou r a e thi g If y haven t time or ene gy at the moment, littl

r n s abso be t powder sprinkled about will soften the edges . Alway

r R f d r u an d u ou . e i y the spot as tho o ghly q ickly as y can ais it,

ai r u s o the a l too. possible, to let the get nder it b ck wi l dry a epa i rg

r n n u v The e is no great mystery about me di g a rug . It is j st ery

r n n e s ew and heavy wo k . With stro g fi gers , som ability to ,

n ou ut n . n un patie ce , y can p on a new bindi g If the notio s co ter ’ of your departmen t store doesn t have carpet bin din g in the color

ou n u ru ou . y eed , yo r g dealer can get it for y Lay it on top of the 1 5 4 Good Groom i ng

i n ru an d u p le, keepi g the edge of the g the o tside edge of the

n n r c . bindi g eve . Whip them together with an ove c ast stit h Then pull the bindin g over the outside edge as tightly as you

can s w th e e b . , and it onto ack

r u or at O iental r gs often need overcasting along the sides , the

n r th r r o a e ds to p event e f inge f om raveling . Use w olen yarn in

ru r r un th e matching color . Keep your hooked gs repai ed a o d w R in . . u edges , too ips braided or rag r gs are easily fixed Al ays

r r r rri ed strong heavy th ead . A special ca pet th ead is ca by

r u n ot in . most sto es , tho gh it is always available every color Loose tufts or loops shoul d be carefully cli pped off at the pile height . Never pull them out . “ ” Remember that a stitch in time was n ever tru er than in ru g mending . Valu able Orientals an d other han dm ade rugs shou ld be re

a l u paired by experts . These men are tr ined to do a ski lf l job t d the . o a u an which is well worth price Go rep table firm , get an

estimate before the work is done .

n g ma a i ng

Wall- to - wall carpet or borderless rugs c an always be cut down

cu t r to smaller siz es or shapes . The edges mu st be ca efully

n r k n u ot . L o weav e r i bo nd so that they will avel ca pet, which the tuf ts are sealed to the back and whi ch can be put together again

e s o r e e with tap that the seam is p actically invisible, is sp cially ’

a to a . i t s a u dapted m king over If big job , probably yo r carpet

m an u i t but ou can do u e . u e sho ld do , y it yo rs lf J st r member ’ ’ e ou e u e u e on e a e befor y start that if it isn t don well yo v r in d c rp t , im an d and that it takes strength and t e skill .

Always out carpet with the pile face down . Use a sharp razor ’ u C t blade if y ou haven t a reg lar carpet cutting tool . u just 1 5 5 t u — a r hro gh the back the pile will t ke ca e of itself . Measure care

’ u a n cut e a d . f lly, long a straight dge, don t wobble

c i 113

hi a th x n an d T s is always job for e e pert . It is do e often very s uc f ll “ ” c es s u . wi ou i e on th e y , too He ll tell y what color w ll tak

r f u ar o r n o . o e p ese t color yo r c pet If it is badly sp tted fad d, it

b e e av e— o or um r u e will have to a v ry he y shad br wn pl , da k bl or green .

Pr ou are out u n but obably y worn by j st readi g this chapter, remember that'not all of these major or minor catastrophes are “ ” u and o i ou . e u go ng to happen to y Th y are listed j st in case, y an d u fl oorcoveri n s no u l e yo r g will, do bt, dwell amicab y togeth r

1 5 6

am rot ers 47 48 us ri an ru s an d c ar e s 5 6 a ai Ad b h , , A t g p t , ; v l h an ru s 85 a e o a 78 ri ce 1 09 Afg g , bl t d y, ; p , u arra ru s 48 44 5 8 a ai a le xm in s er ru s an d c ar e s : an Alp j g , , ; v l b A t g p t h d oda 78 m ade 46 49 5 0 72 m ac i n e t y, , , , , ; h ’ m eri can ra s m en s oo era i e m ade 82 9 8 o er oom f or 5 5 A C ft C p t v , , ; p w l , , oun ci 85 78 u a i t of 1 06 C l , ; q l y , Am eri can fl oorcov erin gs : avail able

oda 77 79 80- 86 88 i s or ac in m a eri a 9 2 1 01 1 02 t y, , , , ; h t y , B k g t l , , , ;

62 - 78 ri ces 1 05 1 09 s ee als o u a i of 1 07 s ee als o ea er ; p , , ; q l ty , ; S l

Mac i ne- m ade fl oorcov eri n s a u ru s 88 h g , B k g ,

Han d- m ade fl oorcov erin s a an ru s 5 8 g B lk g , Am eri can In di an ru s 5 62 - 63 a i c ru s 5 7 g , , ; B lt g , “ ” a ai a e oda 77 79 86 orm a e a an e s 62 - 68 v l bl t y, , , ; f B y t bl k t , ’ of des i n 1 1 6 in o s room s eam 9 4 g , ; b y , B ,

1 88 in a room s 1 40 e room fl oorcov erin s 1 86- 1 40 ; pl y , B d g , , “ ” m eri c an Ori en a ru s s ee O ri 1 44 - 1 45 A t l g ,

en a ru s m ac in e- m a e ada a e i an ru s and c ar e s 60 t l g , h d pt B lg g p t , ti on s er am a ru s 80 B g g , m m oni a 1 5 0 es s ara i an ru s 5 7 an i ue a ai A , B b g , ; t q , v l n im a c ar e s 8 a e o a 76 ere to b u 1 41 A l p t , bl t d y , ; wh y , n im a s in ru s s ee Fu r ru s 1 42 A l k g , g ar m en s 1 2 8 1 85 s ee als o i e erm ei er eri o 5 5 Ap t t , , ; B d p d ,

Hou s es i e o E ras tus B . 78 B g l w, , rc i ec ure 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 2 1 i ar ru s 2 8 m o em 88 A h t t , , , , , B j g , ; d ,

1 2 7 1 2 8 in din 1 07 1 5 4 - 1 5 5 , B g, ,

r e i car e m os u e of 5 1 1 1 6 o ara ru s 84 - 85 m odern a ai A d b l p t, q , , , B kh g , ; , v l r ri i c ar 72 a e oda 88 s ee als o urk es t an A kw ght, R h d , bl t y, T , “ Art uares 1 2 2 de n i i on 9 0 ur om an Sq , ; fi t , T k u us s on ru s 5 0- 5 2 5 4 a ai a e or ered ru s 82 9 0 A b g , , ; v l bl B d g , , ’ o a 76 78 79 in uen c e on o s room s 1 88 t d y, , , ; fl B y , — oo e ru es i n 69 rai ed ru s 64 65 m ac i n e- m a e h k d g d g , ; B d g , ; h d , ren c ru s an d car e s 81 re ai rs 1 5 5 F h g p t ; p ,

uc i on s 1 45 roa oom s 9 0 - 9 1 A t , B d l , 1 5 9 In

roa oom c ar e e n i on 9 0- 9 1 B dl p t, d fi ti , ;

s ee als o a - to - a c ar e ”W ll w ll p t rodded ru s s ee Hoo ed ru s B g , k g

ru s s e s car e s 8 1 h an d- oom e B l p t , ; l d , 48 - 49 60 78 o er oom f or 78 , , ; p w l , ;

m ac ine- m a e c ns tru c i on 9 4 h d o t , B ur a 67 9 6 l p , , u on ru s 65 77 B tt g , ,

’ am e s ai r 1 5 2 8 - 2 4 88 89 1 02 C l h , , , , , an a i an fl oorcov erin s s ee C d g , Hooked rugs

are of fl oorc ov erin s 1 47- 1 5 6 i n C g , ; aca i on ou s es 1 2 9 v t h , C ar ere 9 0 p , ar e de ni i on 9 0 C p t, fi t , as m ere ru s s ee oum a C h g , S k

as e c ar e 70 - 71 C w ll p t , ar in 1 4 in es e 89 oo e C v g , ; Ch , ; h k d

ru s 67 m o ern 84- 85 g , ; d ,

aucas i an ru s 8 1 - 88 a ai a e to C g , ; v l bl

da 88 m ac in e- m a e a a a y , ; h d d pt i on s 8 1 t ,

entra E uro ean coun ri es 5 5 - 5 8 C l p t , ec s 9 7 Ch k , em i c a trea e ru s an d car e s Ch lly t d g p t ,

86 84 85 - 4 , , , 87 88 , 1 9 Chenille ru gs and carp ets : adapta i on s of i s ori c es i n s 82 c on t h t d g , ; s ruc i on 9 5 E ar m eri can 65 t t , ; ly A , ;

f or s ec i a or ers 1 45 - 1 46 in v en p l d , ; i on 49 oom i d s 9 1 m o ern t , ; l w th , ; d , 85 86 ri ce 1 05 , ; p , i c i ru s 88 Ch h g ,

ines e ru s an d car e s 5 86- 40 Ch g p t , , , 1 2 2 a ai a e oda 89 m a ; v l bl t y, ; c in e- m a e a a ation s 81 1 2 2 h d d pt , , ; m odern ri ce 85 1 09 re roduc , p , , ; p i ons of oo e ru s 79 81 t h k d g , , ; ere t o b u 1 41 - 1 42 wh y, h r C os oes I. , 7 eaners ro es s i ona 1 5 0 1 5 1 Cl , p f l , , ,

1 5 2 f or om e u s e 1 5 0- 1 5 1 1 5 8 ; h , , 1 5 4

eani n fl oorcov eri n s 1 2 6 1 2 8 Cl g g , , ,

2 - 1 80 1 4 - 1 1 9 , 7 5 4

im a e 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 Cl t , ocoa re 1 08 C fib ,

Index

rench B u s and C ar et s C ont m I ort u i es s ee U S . u s om s F g p ( ) p d t , C t 1 42 s ee als o u u s s on a on Im or ers 1 42 ; A b , S v p t , n eri e Indi an m eri can s ee m eri can In , A , A

Fri ez e c ar e 88 84 1 2 9 - 1 80 i an p t, , , ; d

c eani n 1 5 1 In i an ru s and c ar e s 2 6- 2 7 l g , d g p t , ;

Fur c en i e 9 5 a ai a e oda 2 7 77 - 78 ri ces , h ll , v l bl t y, , ; p , Fur ru s 6 9 0 in e room s 1 87 1 09 g , , ; b d ,

In o- ers i an ru s 2 6- 2 7 d P g , Gam e room s s ee a room s In rain c ar e s 49 cons ruc i on , Pl y g p t , ; t t , Gar en c ar e s 7 - 8 9 8 o er oom f or 78 d p t , ; p w l , Germ an ru s and car e s 5 5 - 5 6 Ink s o s 1 5 8 g p t , p t , G i ordes kno s ee n o s Ins u ati on 9 6 h t, K t l , G i ordes ru s 2 9 In eri or dec ora i on s ee Hou s es h g , t t , Ghorev an ru s m o em 88 In eri or ec ora ors 1 2 0 1 80 1 48 g , d , t d t , , , , ’ Gir s room s 1 88 1 45 - 1 46 l , ’ Goa s air 1 5 88 89 1 02 Irani an s ee ers i an t h , , , , , P

Grade n am es 9 2 1 05 - 1 06 Is a an ru s 9 75 , , p h g , ,

Gra es 9 2 1 05 - 1 06 I a i an ru s 5 8 d , , t l g , Greas e s o s 1 5 4 p t , Gree ru s 5 8 ac uar os e Mari e 49 k g , J q d , J ph , Guen e ru s 82 ac u ar : c ar s 9 4 ram e 9 4 j g , J q d d , ; f , ;

Gu es room s 1 89 - 1 40 oom 49 9 4 9 5 ea es 9 4 s ee t , l , , , ; w v , ; als o rus s e s il on B l , W t Hair 87 88 9 0 1 02 1 08 a an es e ru s and c ar e s 79 , , , , , J p g p t , Hai r i n in s s ee Lin in s o ers 1 48 l g , g J bb ,

Ha s 1 8 1 - 1 84 u e 49 9 6 1 01 1 08 1 07 ll , J t , , , , ,

Ham adan ru s 2 8 - 2 4 g , Han d oom s s ee oom s an a i s an ru s 82 l , L h d K b t g ,

Han - m ade fl oorcov errn s : a ail ara a ru s 88 d g v K b gh g ,

a e oda 75 - 89 i s or i n c u as an ru s 1 0 1 1 1 5 2 2 E uro , ; , g , , , , ; bl t y h t y l d K h ” in des i n s m a eri a s ea es an d ean 88 m o ern 87- 88 ri ces g g , t l , w v p , ; d , ; p , d es 6- 72 im or du i es 1 07 1 08 y , ; p t t , , 1 08 ri ces 1 07 - 1 1 0 u a it az a ru s 82 ; p , ; q l y, K k g , 1 08 1 09 re airs 1 5 5 s o i n es an ru s s ee as an ru s , ; p , ; h pp g K h g , K h g f or 1 4 1 - 1 48 1 45 s i z es and Khorras an ru s 2 8 , , ; g , i s 2 5 9 1 9 2 i im s ers i an 2 5 w dth , , , K l , P , Harn es s oom s 9 5 i im s o i s s ee U rain i an ru s l , K l , P l h , k g “ Herez ru s 2 4 m odem 88 irm an ru s 2 2 75 E uro ean g , ; , K g , , ; p , Hom es s ee Hous es 88 m o em 88 , ; d , Hoo ed ru s 66 69 a ai a e t o ni ed ru s 65 k g , ; v l bl K tt g , da 77 79 - 80 81 85 as i on no s : Ghi or es 1 6 2 8 - 2 4 2 8- 80 y , , , , ; f h K t d , , , , f or 81 1 2 2 orm of des i n 1 1 7 82 5 8 e n a or ers i an 1 6 2 1 , , ; f g , ; , ; S h P , , in e room s 1 87 ri c e 1 09 re 2 4 2 8 84 86 89 an i s 1 6 48 b d , ; p , ; , , , , ; Sp h, , air s 1 5 5 s iz e an d ac i n 1 2 7 u a ru s 2 9 p , ; pl g , ; K l g ,

ere to bu 1 4 1 - 1 42 urdi s an ru s 2 4 wh y, K t g , Hous es i n re a i on to fl oorc ov erin s , l t g ,

8 - 5 1 1 1 - 1 40 adi ru s 2 9 , L k g , Hun in car e s s ee An im a c ar e s a ex s ee u er t g p t , l p t L t , R bb 1 6 2 1 05 1 48 - 1 44 s t in 1 44 - i rari es 1 3 5 , ; , 1 45 ; L b , yl g i tin 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 s ee als o Mi s L gh g , ll

- ri - - Lili h an ru s 87 88 ri ces 1 08 Ma e a s , 9 9 1 03 i nes e 88 89 g , ; p , t l ; Ch , ;

E ar m eri can 64 - 67 in en s ee ax , , 70; L , Fl ly A - 1 08 1 2 7 renc 5 1 5 8 Ori n a in i n s c ar e 9 5 9 6 , ; e , 8 9 1 5 L g , p t, , , , F h , t l , , , 1 88 1 88 1 46 care of 1 5 0 2 8 82 84 ua i of 1 05 - 1 07 , , ; , , , ; q l ty , , i in room s 1 1 1 - 1 80 1 88 - 1 85 1 08; ani s 48 L v g , , , Sp h , 1 44- 1 45 Meas uri n f or fl oorcov eri n s 1 46 g g , am a oo 86 Me a i on c ar e s 9 Ll w l , d ll p t , L okweav e car e 9 1 - 9 2 1 07 1 2 8 Mes e ru s 2 4 p t, , , , h d g , 1 5 5 Mexi can ru s m o em 79 86 g , d , , ; Loom a ern 80 9 7- 9 8 ere to bu 1 4 1 - 1 42 p tt , , wh y , oom s an : u u s s on 5 1 rus Mil s car e : E ar m eri can 72 L , h d A b , ; B l , p t ly A , s e s or ac u ard 48 49 78 E ar 78 E n i s and co c 46 48 l J q , , , ly ; gl h S t h , , m eri can 64 72 E ar E n i s h 49 m o ern 9 1 - 9 8 s ee als o A , , ; ly gl , ; d , ;

48 - 5 0 m o ue e 5 4 Ori en a M anu acturers ; q tt , ; t l , f

1 5 - 1 6 a onn eri e 5 8 Mi x s ee oo en s ; S v , , W l bl d

oom s o er 9 8 xm in s er 5 5 M o ern fl oorcov erin s 4 - 5 5 6 5 9 L , p w , ; A t , , d g , , , , 78 9 4 - 9 5 rus s e s 78 9 4 88 - 87 1 2 2 1 2 8 - 1 2 4 1 86 orm , ; B l , , ; , , , ; f

c eni e 9 5 o 9 5 arnes s of des i n 84 - 85 1 1 6- 1 1 7 s ee h ll , ; d bby , ; h , g , , ; 9 5 in rain 73 9 3 in en i on of als o en i e cen tur ex ure ; g , , ; v t , Tw t th y , T t 49 78 ac u ar 9 4 9 5 e n ar Moore car e 70 , J q d , , ; R y d p t ,

f or n o ar e 5 5 t a oors 4 1 - 42 48 ros . e c M 5 0 B k tt d p t , ; p , , ,

es r 9 4 e 4 i on 78 - , ; e 9 , , Mo u e e car e 5 4 5 5 t y v lv t, ; W lt q tt p t,

9 4 Moroc can ru s 60- 61 f orm of de g , ; ’ oo - i a es 1 8 9 4 L e e e , 8 , 8 , ; s i n 1 1 6 i n o s room s 1 88 p d p l w v g , ; b y , ; rac i ca it of 1 2 9 - 1 80 86 6 als o , ; m o em 86 ere to b u 1 41 p t l y d , ; wh y , Hooked rugs 1 42 oos e u s 1 5 5 L t ft , Morri s i li am 49 - 5 0 , W l , Loui s X IV eri o 5 1 - 5 2 5 8 p d, , Mos u ru s 2 4 l g , oui s X V eri od 5 2 5 8 L p , , M ot s and m o roo n 9 6 1 09 h th p fi g, , , X ri Loui s V I e o , 47 , 5 8 , 5 4 p d 1 0 1 1 - 1 2 5 , 5 5

Moun V ern on 49 5 4 - 5 5 t , , Mac in e- m a e fl oorcoverin s : 1 81 0 h d g Mude ar 42 j , 1 9 89 ro u c i on 78 i s or p d t , ; h t y,

Am eri can 49 72 - 78 E n i s 48 , , ; gl h , i Na o eon c eri o , 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 8, 5 4 49 u in ua i 1 04 - 1 07 m a p l p d ; g g q , ; j d l ty Na a o ru s s ee m eri can In i an g , A teri als f or 9 9 - 1 08 Ori en a v j d , ; t l Nee e oin or n ee e or fl oor ada ati ons 88 ri ces 1 04 - 1 06 dl p t dl w k pt , ; p , ; c o eri n s s ee E m roi ered oor re ro u c i on s of i s ori c s t es v g , b d fl p d t h t yl , cov errn s 80 - 82 s iz es 9 1 - 9 2 ec ni ca i i es g ; , ; t h l t Ne on S ir Is aac 1 1 2 of 9 0- 9 8 en i e - cen u r de wt , , , ; Tw t th t y Noi s e a s or i on 1 2 6 in e room s velo m ents 88 - 87 b pt , ; b d , , p , ir - - 1 86 on s a s 1 82 Made to or er a ri cs s ee eci a ; , d f b , Sp l t Nor ri can ru s s ee Moroccan orders th Af g , Ma s ou of as an 1 1 1 6 75 t u s k d K h , , , Manu ac urers 80 - 81 9 2 9 8 9 7 Num da ru s 78 86 i n a room s f t , , , , , h g , , ; pl y , 1 06 ou e s 1 42 - 1 48 ricin 1 40 ; tl t , ; p g, 1 6 8 Index

Nurs eri es 1 87- 1 88 1 84 in our ou s e 1 2 6 1 2 9 1 80 , ; y h , , , , N on 1 02 1 85 yl , as i c c oa i n s ee ea er Pl t t g , S l ’ O eo e s room s 1 89 a room s 1 40 ld p pl , Pl y , Ori en a ru s an d c ar e s 6- 40 41 o i s h i im s s ee Ukrain i an ru s t l g p t , , , P l K l , g

42 45 5 7 5 8 a ai a e o a Polonai s e or o i s c ar e s 9 - 1 0 , , , ; v l bl t d y, P l h p t , 75 - 76 77 - 78 87 - 89 c as s i ca i on o er oom s s ee oom s o er , , ; l fi t P w l , L , p w

of 2 5 as i on c an es 1 2 2 - 1 2 8 ra er ru s : ers i an 2 4 - 2 5 ur , ; f h h g , ; P y g P , ; T k orm of es i n 9 7 1 1 6 i m or i s h 2 8 - 80 f d g , , ; p t , uti es 1 07 u d in u a it 1 08 res s ed e ru s 1 89 d , ; j g g q l y , ; P f lt g ,

- m ac in e m ade a a a i on s 81 ri ce 4 75 78 1 04 - 1 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 h d pt t , , P , , , , , ,

88 ri c s 75 1 07 - 1 r ir 1 48 - ; e , , 08 e a s 1 46 es im a es 1 46 in re a p ; p , ; t t , ; l 1 5 5 s i z e an d aci n 1 2 7 in tion to o er urni s in s 1 2 5 ; pl g, ; th f h g , ;

inin room s 1 86 in a s an d on on ran e an ni n 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 d g , ; h ll l g g pl g , s air s 1 88 - 1 84 in i rari es 1 85 uer o i can ru s an d car e s 79 t , ; l b , ; P t R g p t , , ere to b u 1 41 - 1 48 85 wh y , Ous a ru s 2 8 80 h k g , , u a i i es s ee Gra es Q l t , d

u a i 4 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 1 04 - 1 1 0 1 44 a s s ee in in s Q l ty , , , , P d , L g 1 45 u d i n an - m ade a ri c ; s , ain s o s 1 5 8 - 1 5 4 j g g h d f b P t p t , 1 08- 1 09 ; u d in m ac in e- m a e a er 9 6 1 01 1 08 1 07 ru s 1 08 j g g h d P p , , , , ; g , a ri c s 1 05 - 1 07 a c or ru s 64 77 f b , P t hw k g , , ui b ox 9 7 - 9 8 Q , a ern 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 85 i n din i n ll P tt , , , ; g ' room s 1 86 in a s an d on s airs , ; h ll t , Ra ru s an d car e s 64 in b ed g g p t , ; 1 82 - 1 88 rac i c a i of 1 2 9 s ee ; p t l ty , ; room s 1 87 1 88 m ac i n e- m a e , , ; h d , als o Des i n s orm g , 81 re airs 1 5 5 on s ai rs 1 88 F ; p , ; t , e in ru s 40 P k g , a on 1 0 1 u d in u a i t 1 06 R y , ; j g g q l y,

- ers i an ar en s 6 7 1 2 1 8 4 . - , , , , 7 em a in c ar e s 1 88 1 5 5 1 5 6 P g d R k g p t , , ers i an n o s s ee n o s en ard ro ers 5 5 P k t , K t R b th ,

ers i an ru s 5 6- 2 5 n - , , ; a i u e an d e ai rs 1 5 4 1 5 5 P g t q R p , “ s em i - an ti u e es 7 - 1 1 2 1 e roduc i ons of i s ori c s es 77 q typ , , R p t h t tyl , 2 5 a ai a e o a 75 - 76 77 - 78 82 ; an - m a e 2 7 5 2 5 6 5 9 ; v l bl t d y , , , h d d , , , , ,

- 87 - 89 c as s i c a i on 2 5 c o or 1 8 77 80; m ac i n e- m a e 80- 82 ; l fi t ; ; l , h d , , — 2 - 1 4 es i n 7 1 1 1 2 - 1 3 1 7 - 2 5 1 2 1 2 8 ; d g , , , ; es earc 9 2 Great Ru gs of th e Sixteen th and R h , e ers i e ru s 9 5 e en een c en ur i es 7 - 1 2 77 g , S v t th t , , ; R v bl o oo ds 9 2 1 44 u d in u a i 1 08 m achi n e ll g , , j g g q l ty , ; R u er 9 6 m ade ada a i on s 80 81 88 R bb , pt t , , , ” Ru de ni i on 9 0 1 2 2 - 1 2 8 m a eri a s 1 5 m o ern g, fi t , ; t l , ; d , Ru , 9 0 87 - 89 ri c e 7 1 0 1 1 75 1 07 gg ; p , , , , , B u s h 1 08 1 08 re air s 1 5 5 s iz es 2 5 , ; p , ; , ; R a 5 8 - 5 9 1 1 7 s ee als o i y , , ; ed s ea e 1 5 - 1 6 Sw h w v , ru s eru i an ru s m odern 86 g P v g , ,

e s 1 2 9 - 1 80 1 5 8 P t , , af e 1 2 6 1 82 - 1 88 1 87 1 89 S ty , , , , ain car e 8 , 8 84 9 0 1 1 5 1 2 0 a es 1 05 Pl p t , , , , , S l , 1 2 2 1 2 8 1 4 , , 8; in a ar m en s a es m en 1 48 p t t , S l ,

1 85 ; in a s an d on s airs 1 88 am ar and ru s 85 - 86 89 h ll t , S k g , , 1 6 4

Index

Texture C ont as a e ru s 1 2 9 1 5 1 f or nurs ( ) W h bl g , , ; 84 85 u s e i n edroom s 1 87 eri es 1 87- 1 88 s ee als o o on , ; b , , , ; C tt 1 88 us e i n a s 1 88 1 84 u s e in fl oorcov erin s ; h ll , , ; g ous es 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 9 1 8 1 us e as e c ar e s ee em i c a h , , , , ; W h d p t, Ch lly i n a room s 1 40 rea e car e pl y , t t d p t hr ea car e 1 5 5 as i n on Geor e 49 5 4 9 7 T d , p t, W h gt , g , , , i en s in ru s 40 ear es s 9 2 T t g , W t t , on ue ru s 65 ea es an : m eri can In i an T g g , W v , h d A d , rade nam es 9 2 1 05 62 - 68 aucas i an 8 1 - 88 en ra T , , ; C , ; C t l ur es an ru s 88 - 85 a ai a e t o E uro ean 5 6- 5 8 hin es e 86- 89 T k t g , ; v l bl p , ; C , ; da 88 s ee als o ur om an B ok E ar m eri can 64 - 65 66- 67 y , ; T k , ly A , , ; ara E n i s 45 46 48 - 5 0 ren c h gl h, , , ; F h, ur e c ar e s 2 7 80 45 s ee 5 0 - 5 1 5 8 5 4 - 5 5 In di an 2 6- 2 7 T k y p t , , , ; , , ; , ; als o ur i s ru s an d car e s u in u ali 1 04 - 1 1 0 Nor k g g g q , ; T h” p t j d ty th ur e or 45 46 ri can 61 ers i an 8 1 0 1 1 1 5 T k y w k , , Af , ; P , , , , urki s ru s an d c ar e s 2 7 - 8 1 44 1 6 am ar an 86 S can din a T h g p t , , , ; S k d , ;

45 a ai a e o a 89 i an 5 8 - 60 ani s 1 6 48 - 44 ; v l bl t d y, v , ; Sp h , , ;

ur om an ru s m ac in e- m a e ur i s 2 7 - 80 ur om an 84- 85 T k g , h d T k h, ; T k , ;

a a a i ons 81 s ee als o ur es enti e - cen ur t es 84 - 89 d pt t , ; T k Tw th t y yp , t an o ara ea es m ac ine- m a e: xm ins er , B kh W v , h d A t ,

en i e - cen ur ru s and car e s 9 4 - 9 5 rus s e s 9 4 c enil e 9 5 Tw t th t y g p t , ; B l , ; h l , ; 77 - 89 s ee als o Mo ern fl oorcov in rai n 9 8 n o t e ea e 5 5 ; d g , ; k t d w v , ; erin s Ori en a e 88 a es r 9 4 g t l typ , ; t p t y , ; ent - s e en - inc car e 48 5 4 en i e - cent ur t es 84 - 89 Tw y v h p t, , , Tw t th y yp , ; 9 1 e e 9 4 i on 9 4 s ee als o v lv t , ; W lt , ; Flat weaves Ukraini an ru s 5 7 5 8 a ai a e to o es a ers 1 42 g , , v l bl Wh l l , da 76 79 i e oom s See roa oom s y , , W d l , B d l 75 1 07 1 08 i s s ee i zes an d i s US . us om s C t , , , W dth , S w dth il on car e s : an - oom e 48 W t p t h d l d , V acuum c eaner 1 2 6 1 47 1 48 1 49 49 72 m ac in e- m ade 9 4 o er l , , , , , , ; h , ; p w 1 5 0 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 5 8 oom f or 78 u a i of 1 06 , , , l , ; q l ty , V as e car e s 9 i om as 46 p t , W tty , Th , V e e ru s an d car e s : cons truc oo 9 0 u a i 1 04 - 1 06 1 08 lv t g p t W l , ; q l ty, , ; ti on 9 4 rin e 9 4 ua i of s adin 1 48 1 49 s ed i n 1 48 , ; p t d , ; q l ty , h g , , ; h d g , ; 1 06 s hrin a e 1 5 1 s ources en s k g , ; , bl d , Vi c ori an ru s an d car e s 47 5 0 arn s 9 2 9 9 - 1 01 t g p t , , , y , , 1 2 8 oo e ru s 67 in i ni n oo u s e in : Arn eri can In i an 62 ; h k d g , ; d g W l , d , room s 1 86 m ac i ne- m a e a a E ar m eri can 64 65 67 70 , ; h d d p ly A , , , , t ati ons 82 renc 5 1 5 8 Germ an 5 6 , F h , , ; , , Vi cun a oo 86 Nor Af ri can 61 o er Ori en w l , th , th

a s 2 8 82 84 88 - 89 ers i an t l , , , , ; P a f e s ur ace 9 6 8 1 1 1 4 1 5 can in a i an 5 9 W f l f , , , , ; S d v , ,

a - to- a car e 1 2 6 1 2 7 an i s 48 W ll w ll p t, , Sp h , as i on in 1 2 2 i n e room s 1 86 ors e arn 5 1 5 8 1 00 1 06 1 48 f h , ; b d , W t d y , , , , , 1 87 1 89 in li in room s an d , ; v g b alls 1 82 1 88 1 85 m akin o er Y arn s ee oo ors e arn , , , ; g v , , W l, W t d y 1 5 0 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 m eas urin f or 1 46 Y u o- a i an ru s 5 7 , ; g , g Sl v g , 1 6 6