DOCSLIB.ORG

P Age 525 ISSN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
P Age 525 ISSN ISSN- O: 2458 - 868X, ISSN –P: 2458 - 8687 International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR) IJMSIR : A Medical Publication Hub Available Online at: www.ijmsir.com Volume – 2, Issue –5, September- October - 2017, Page No. : 525 - 532 A Survey of Knowledge of Antiseptic and Disinfectant Use Among Interns in a Tertiary Care Hospital. 1Dr Adit Atul Deshmukh, Junior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, B.J. Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune 2Dr Sangeeta Sanjay Dabhade, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, B.J. Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune 3Dr Balasaheb Baburao Ghongane, Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, B.J. Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune Correspondence Author: Dr Sangeeta Sanjay Dabhade, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, B.J. Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune. Acknowledgements – Dr Smita Anand Tiwari (Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, B.J. Government Medical College and Sassoon general Hospital, Pune) for her great help in the collection of data. Conflicts of Interest: Nil. Sources of Funding – None Abstract (minimum) of the interns knew about the agents used for Objective - To find the knowledge of the interns about the fumigation of Operation theatres. The maximum score use of antiseptics and disinfectants. was 75% which was scored by two interns. Methods - This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study Conclusion – Medical interns is a stratum of Health care was conducted in a tertiary-care government hospital workers which has a direct contact with patients during among medial interns. Questionnaire consisted of 20 their daily job. That’s why unless proper precautions are multiple choice single response type questions and it taken; there are high chances of the causation and spread evaluated the domains like definitions, knowledge about of Hospital-acquired infections among the hospitalized the uses, time required by the antiseptics to kill the germs, patients by these interns. To avoid this, the interns should special precautions while handling antiseptics and have a proper knowledge of the infection control disinfectants, and storage conditions. These 20 questions practices. Our study, therefore, emphasizes the need of were scored and expressed in grading from excellent to conducting frequent training programmes, workshops and unsatisfactory. courses to equip the interns with the knowledge and Results – A total of 215 interns were included in the awareness about the Hospital-acquired infections and ways study. None of the interns could score more than 75% to prevent them. marks (“Excellent”). 26.0%, 69.8% and 4.2% interns Keywords: Knowledge, Antiseptics; Disinfectants, scored the grades “Good”, “Satisfactory” and Interns. “Unsatisfactory”, respectively. The questions which were Section 1: Introduction answered correctly by 97.7% (maximum) of interns There is an impending fear that the world is nearing the checked the basic knowledge of definitions of the words end of “antibiotic era” due to the growing concern of 525 Antiseptic and Disinfectant. However only 4.2% resistant pathogens. Hence, there is an emphasized need of Page Corresponding Author: Dr Sangeeta Sanjay Dabhade, Volume - 2 Issue - 5, Page No. 525 - 532 Dr Adit Atul Deshmukh, et al. International Journal of Medical Sciences and Innovative Research (IJMSIR) infection control practices among health-care workers; Concentration and quantity of disinfectant, Contact time along with search for newer molecules. Hospitals are the and temperature, etc.[6] potential source of the risk of acquiring an infection Among the different healthcare workers, medical interns during the healthcare delivery. Hospital-acquired form a stratum which is directly in contact with the infections (HAIs) are associated with increased patients during their duties. Therefore they are likely to attributable mortality, length of stay in the hospital, and transfer the infections from one patient to the other. So, healthcare costs incurred by patients and healthcare for implementation of all the preventive measures to facilities. Hospital-acquired infections are a growing decrease the risk of infection hazards and maintain safety problem at every level of the healthcare system. World of the patients, adequate knowledge of the interns about Health Organization (WHO) estimated that it affects infection control measures and policies are essential.[7] hundreds of millions of people worldwide and it is a major Section 2: Purpose of the Study global issue for patient safety.[1] In India, the rate of HAIs Medical Interns have a direct contact with the patients is 41% according to one study.[2] during their duty. And because of this, there are high An estimated 20% to 40% of HAIs have been attributed to chances of spread of Nosocomial infections among cross infection via the hands of health care personnel. hospitalized patients by the interns. Disinfection and Contamination of the hands of health care workers could Sterilization measures help to reduce the nosocomial in turn result from either direct patient contact or infection rate. indirectly from touching contaminated environmental Therefore this study was planned to assess the knowledge surfaces.[3] Disinfection and sterilization are essential for of use of antiseptics and disinfectants among the medical medical and surgical instruments to ensure that they do interns of a tertiary care government hospital. not cause such HAIs. Section 3: Objective - To find the knowledge of the Antiseptics and Disinfectants are the chemical agents used interns about the use of antiseptics and disinfectants. for the control of microorganisms in the skin or other Section 4: Materials and Methods – living tissue, without appreciably affecting them This is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. It was (Antiseptic) or for the destruction of microorganisms in conducted in a tertiary-care government hospital. Prior inanimate objects (Disinfectant). They are a crucial part of approval from Institutional Ethics Committee was taken. infection control practices.[4] Initially a pilot study was conducted among 10 interns and Antiseptics and Disinfectants are commonly used in depending on the performance of the interns in this study hospitals. Various types of antiseptics and disinfectants the questionnaire was validated after alteration in some of used in hospitals are phenol, glutaraldehyde, the questions. The main study was conducted using this formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, Benzalkonium validated questionnaire. A total of 215 interns were chloride, povidone iodine etc.[5] included in the study. Written informed consent was Effectiveness of Disinfectant depends on many factors obtained from the interns who were willing to participate. like Type of contaminating microorganism, Degree of The questionnaire was given to all 215 interns after taking contamination, Chemical nature of disinfectant, their consent as all were willing to participate. The questionnaire consisted of 17 Multiple Choice Questions 526 526 526 526 526 Page Page Page © 2016 IJMSIR, All Rights Reserved PagePage Dr Adit Atul Deshmukh, et al. International Journal of Medical Sciences and Innovative Research (IJMSIR) (MCQs) having four options for each question, 2 True and 60.5% interns had the knowledge that Glutaraldehyde is a False type questions and 1 question having 5 options with high level disinfectant (Question 17). How many grams of only one correct answer to be marked. Saniquad is present in how many millilitres of water in 2% Questions covered various aspects like Definitions, uses of w/v solution of Benzalkonium Chloride (i.e Saniquad) was various compounds like Phenol, Potassium permanganate, known to 59.5% interns (Question 10). 50.7% interns had Iodophores, Cresol, Chlorosan solution. Some questions the knowledge regarding the agent used for checked the knowledge of interns about the compounds decontamination after spillage of body fluids like blood like Chloroxylenol, Glutaraldehyde, about the time (Question 16). Uses of Cresol (Question 7) were known to required for alcohol based swabs and alcohol based hand 49.3% interns. 44.2% and 38.1% interns had the correct wash to kill the microbes. knowledge about the uses of Potassium Permanganate and Knowledge about the agents used for fumigation of Iodophores, respectively (Questions 5 and 6). Some Operation theatres and for post-fumigation neutralization important aspects about the use of Glutaraldehyde, such as was assessed by two questions. Other questions tested the what should be done before using Glutaraldehyde knowledge about some important aspects like (Question 14), special precautions to be taken while Concentration of agents, Decontamination of body fluids, handling Glutaraldehyde (Question 18) and the duration Levels of disinfectants, agents requiring protection from within which the Activated solution of Glutaraldehyde Sunlight. One question was based on the Hand hygiene should be used (Question 20) were known to 10.7%, methods applicable in different situations. 43.3% and 39.1% interns, respectively. 39.1% interns Each correct answer was given one mark and wrong were aware about the type of hand hygiene method to be answer or un- attempted question received zero marks. used in different situations (Question 9). The same Marks obtained by each intern were calculated along with percentage of interns had knowledge about the percentage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparison of Effectiveness Disinfection of 2%
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science (J Dentomaxillofac Sci ) December 2018, Volume 3, Number 3: 169-171 P-ISSN.2503-0817, E-ISSN.2503-0825 Comparison of effectiveness disinfection of 2% Original Research glutaraldehyde and 4.8% chloroxylenol on tooth extraction instruments in the Department of Oral CrossMark http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v3i2.794 Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of North Sumatera Month: December Ahyar Riza,* Isnandar, Indra B. Siregar, Bernard Volume No.: 3 Abstract Objective: To compare disinfecting effectiveness of 2% glutaraldehyde while the control group was treated with 4.8% chloroxylenol. Each Issue: 2 and 4.8% chloroxylenol on tooth extraction instruments at the instrument was pre-cleaned using a brush, water and soap for both Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of North groups underwent the disinfection process. Sumatera. Results: The results were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney Material and Methods: This was an experimental study with post- Test. The comparison between glutaraldehyde and chloroxylenol First page No.: 147 test only control group design approach. Purposive technique is showed a significant difference to the total bacteria count on applied to collect samples which are lower molar extraction forceps. In instrument after disinfection (p=0.014 < 0.05). this study, sample were divided into 2 groups and each consisting of 18 Conclusion: 2% glutaraldehyde was more effective than 4.8% P-ISSN.2503-0817 instruments. The treatment group was treated with 2% glutaraldehyde chloroxylenol at disinfecting lower molar extraction forceps. Keyword: Disinfection, Glutaraldehyde, Chloroxylenol, Forceps E-ISSN.2503-0825 Cite this Article: Riza A, Siregar IB, Isnandar, Bernard.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Povidone Iodine and Chloroxylenol As Scrubbing Solution
    British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1(2): 93-95, 2010 ISSN: 2044-2467 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010 Submitted date: May 20, 2010 Accepted date: August 21, 2010 Published date: November 15, 2010 Comparative Analysis of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Povidone Iodine and Chloroxylenol as Scrubbing Solution 1A.S. Yakubu, 1A.A. Abubakar, 2M.D. Salihu, 1A. Jibril and 1I. Isah 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Theriogenology 2Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Abstract: The study was carried out to determine the efficacy of stock concentration of the commonly used disinfectant as scrub solution for surgical site in goats. The evaluation of efficacy and safety of commercially available disinfectant and antiseptic (0.3% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.4% Chloroxylenol and 4% Povidone iodine) as scrub solution for surgical site, using stock concentration was assessed in thirty (30) Red Sokoto goats undergoing non elective surgical procedures at Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Zonal Veterinary Clinic, Sokoto. Colony counting was used to quantify skin bacteria Colony Forming Unit (CFU) at surgical site before and after skin preparation. Reduction of CFU before and after preparation was significant with all the three disinfectants compared (p<0.05) and the result shows that Povidone iodine and Chloroxylenol to be less effecacious than Chlorhexidine gluconate when mean colony forming unit after two minute of preparing the surgical sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Disinfection of Tonometers a Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology
    Ophthalmic Technology Assessment Disinfection of Tonometers A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology Anna K. Junk, MD,1 Philip P. Chen, MD,2 Shan C. Lin, MD,3 Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi, MD,4 Sunita Radhakrishnan, MD,5 Kuldev Singh, MD, MPH,6 Teresa C. Chen, MD7 Objective: To examine the efficacy of various disinfection methods for reusable tonometer prisms in eye care and to highlight how disinfectants can damage tonometer tips and cause subsequent patient harm. Methods: Literature searches were conducted last in October 2016 in the PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases for original research investigations. Reviews, non-English language articles, nonophthalmology articles, surveys, and case reports were excluded. Results: The searches initially yielded 64 unique citations. After exclusion criteria were applied, 10 labo- ratory studies remained for this review. Nine of the 10 studies used tonometer prisms and 1 used steel discs. The infectious agents covered in this assessment include adenovirus 8 and 19, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus, enterovirus 70, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. All 4 studies of adenovirus 8 concluded that after sodium hypochlorite (dilute bleach) disinfection, the virus was undetectable, but only 2 of the 4 studies found that 70% isopropyl alcohol (e.g., alcohol wipes or soaks) eradicated all viable virus. All 3 HSV studies concluded that both sodium hypochlorite and 70% isopropyl alcohol eliminated HSV. Ethanol, 70% isopropyl alcohol, dilute bleach, and mechanical cleaning all lack the ability to remove cellular debris completely, which is necessary to prevent prion transmission. Therefore, single-use tonometer tips or disposable tonometer covers should be considered when treating patients with suspected prion disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Background: N-(3-Chloroallyl)Hexaminium Chloride
    • NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF SAFETY AND TOXICITY INFORMATION N-(3-CHLOROALLYL)HEXAMINIUM CHLORIDE CAS Number 4080-31-3 July 16, 1991 Submitted to: NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM Submitted by: Arthur D. Little, Inc. Chemical Evaluation Committee Draft Report • • TABLE OF CONTENTS Page L NOMINATION HISTORY AND REVIEW .................... 1 II. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ....................... 3 III. PRODUCTION/USE ................................... 5 IV. EXPOSURE/REGULATORY STATUS...................... .10 V. TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS ........................... .11 VI. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS ..................48 VII. REFERENCES ..................................... : . ......... 49 APPENDIX I, ON-LINE DATA BASES SEARCHED ............ .53 APPENDIX II, SAFETY INFORMATION.................... .54 1 ,, .• • • OVERVJEWl Nomination History: N-(3-Chloroallyl)hexaminium chloride was originally nominated for carcinogenicity testing by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1980 with moderate priority. In March 1980, the Chemical Evaluation Committee (CEC) recommended carcinogenicity testing. Due to budgetary cutbacks in 1982, this compound was reevaluated and recommended for in vitro cytogenetics and chemical disposition testing by the CEC, and was selected for chemical disposition testing by the Executive Committee. The renomination of this chemical in 1984 by the NCI was based on potentialfor significant human exposure and concern that it may be carcinogenic due to structural considerations. This recent nomination was
    [Show full text]
  • Disinfection and Sterilization
    Disinfection and Sterilization William A. Rutala, Ph.D., M.P.H. University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care System and UNC at Chapel Hill, NC Disinfection and Sterilization z HICPAC Guideline z Provide overview of disinfection and sterilization principles z Emerging pathogens and prions z Current Research Clostridium difficile Ophthalmic equipment (applanation tonometers) Infrared coagulation Microfiber mops Computer keyboards QUAT absorption Failure to follow disinfection/sterilization principles and patient exposures 1 disinfectionandsterilization.org Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities WA Rutala, DJ Weber, and HICPAC, “In press” z Overview Last CDC guideline in 1985 274 pages (>130 pages preamble, 21 pages recommendations, glossary of terms, tables/figures, >1000 references) Evidence-based guideline Cleared by HICPAC February 2003 Reviewed by OMB Publication in December 2006 2 Efficacy of Disinfection/Sterilization Influencing Factors Cleaning of the object Organic and inorganic load present Type and level of microbial contamination Concentration of and exposure time to disinfectant/sterilant Nature of the object Temperature and relative humidity 3 Disinfection and Sterilization EH Spaulding believed that how an object will be disinfected depended on the object’s intended use. CRITICAL - objects which enter normally sterile tissue or the vascular system or through which blood flows should be sterile. SEMICRITICAL - objects that touch mucous membranes or skin that is not intact require a disinfection process (high-level disinfection [HLD]) that kills all microorganisms but high numbers of bacterial spores. NONCRITICAL -objects that touch only intact skin require low-level disinfection. 4 Processing “Critical” Patient Care Objects Classification: Critical objects enter normally sterile tissue or vascular system, or through which blood flows.
    [Show full text]
  • Disinfectant and Antiseptics Pdf
    Disinfectant and antiseptics pdf Continue Antiseptics and disinfectants are very similar in that they are both used to kill microorganisms. They differ from each other, albeit in the composition of them, as well as their use. Antiseptics are used on living organisms, such as human skin, to kill any microorganisms living on the surface of the body. Disinfectants are used on non-living things such as countertops and handrails to kill microorganisms living on this inanimate surface. Antiseptics tend to have a lower concentration of a particular biocide, which is used in this product to clean the surface than that of a disinfectant. Since disinfectants are not intended for use on living tissues, but rather inanimate surfaces, they can use a higher concentration of biocide in the product, since there is no skin or tissue to worry about irritants. Antiseptics require a lower concentration of biocides, as too high concentrations of some biocides can cause a large amount of skin irritation. Some examples of antiseptics are mouthwash or hand sanitizer, both of which are safe for contact with your skin and also capable of being extremely effective in killing large numbers of microorganisms. Alcohol, bleach and formaldehyde are examples of various types of disinfectants used to kill microorganisms on the surface of any non-living objects. It is important that people know the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants, as they are both used for similar things, but in different ways. The use of disinfectant as an antiseptic is likely to irritate this tissue. In addition, the use of antiseptic as a disinfectant may result in less sufficient work to clean this surface due to the lower concentration of the biocide.
    [Show full text]
  • August 14, 2019 Docket Nos. FDA-1975-N-0012
    DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD 20993 August 14, 2019 Docket Nos. FDA-1975-N-0012; FDA-2015-N-0101; and FDA-2016-N-0124 American Cleaning Institute Attention: Richard Sedlak Executive Vice President, Technical and International Affairs 1331 L Street, NW, Suite 650 Washington, DC 20005 Re: Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, Chloroxylenol, Ethanol, and Povidone- Iodine Dear Mr. Sedlak: This letter responds to American Cleaning Institute’s (ACI’s) March 12, 2019 request: (1) for a renewal of the extension of the deferral from final rulemaking under the OTC Drug Review on benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chloroxylenol, ethanol, and povidone-iodine for use in nonprescription (often referred to as over-the-counter or OTC) consumer antiseptic wash, health care antiseptic, and consumer antiseptic rub drug products. In March 2016, FDA issued letters granting requests to defer three active ingredients—benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and chloroxylenol—from inclusion in the final rulemaking for the December 2013 proposed rule for OTC consumer antiseptic washes (78 FR 76444). Similarly, in January 2017, FDA issued letters granting requests to defer six active ingredients—benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chloroxylenol, ethanol, povidone-iodine, and isopropyl alcohol—from inclusion in the final rulemaking for the May 2015 proposed rule for OTC health care antiseptics (80 FR 25166). In October 2017, FDA issued letters granting requests to defer three
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Health Criteria 242
    INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY Environmental Health Criteria 242 DERMAL EXPOSURE IOMC INTER-ORGANIZATION PROGRAMME FOR THE SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS A cooperative agreement among FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980. The overall objec- tives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequi- site for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase international coordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organizations are: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Dermal exposure. (Environmental health criteria ; 242) 1.Hazardous Substances - poisoning.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Antibiotic Resistance Effects of Biocides
    Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks SCENIHR Assessment of the Antibiotic Resistance Effects of Biocides The SCENIHR adopted this opinion at the 28th plenary on 19 January 2009 after public consultation. 1 Antibiotic Resistance Effects of Biocides About the Scientific Committees Three independent non-food Scientific Committees provide the Commission with the scientific advice it needs when preparing policy and proposals relating to consumer safety, public health and the environment. The Committees also draw the Commission's attention to the new or emerging problems which may pose an actual or potential threat. They are: the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP), the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) and the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), and are made up of external experts. In addition, the Commission relies upon the work of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA), the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). SCENIHR Questions concerning emerging or newly-identified risks and on broad, complex or multi- disciplinary issues requiring a comprehensive assessment of risks to consumer safety or public health and related issues not covered by other Community risk-assessment bodies. In particular, the Committee addresses questions related to potential risks associated with interaction of risk factors, synergic effects, cumulative effects, antimicrobial resistance, new technologies such as nanotechnologies, medical devices, tissue engineering, blood products, fertility reduction, cancer of endocrine organs, physical hazards such as noise and electromagnetic fields and methodologies for assessing new risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance
    CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Jan. 1999, p. 147–179 Vol. 12, No. 1 0893-8512/99/$04.0010 Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance 1 2 GERALD MCDONNELL * AND A. DENVER RUSSELL STERIS Corporation, St. Louis Operations, St. Louis, Missouri 63166,1 and Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF1 3XF, United Kingdom2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................148 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................................148 MECHANISMS OF ACTION ...................................................................................................................................148 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................148 General Methodology .............................................................................................................................................148 Alcohols ....................................................................................................................................................................151 Aldehydes .................................................................................................................................................................151
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroxylenol UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C
    United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA 738-R-94-032 Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances September 1994 Agency (7508W) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Chloroxylenol UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES CERTIFIED MAIL Dear Registrant: I am pleased to announce that the Environmental Protection Agency has completed its reregistration eligibility review and decisions on the pesticide chemical case chloroxylenol which includes the active ingredients chloroxylenol. The enclosed Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) contains the Agency's evaluation of the data base of these chemicals, its conclusions of the potential human health and environmental risks of the current product uses, and its decisions and conditions under which these uses and products will be eligible for reregistration. The RED includes the data and labeling requirements for products for reregistration. To assist you with a proper response, read the enclosed document entitled "Summary of Instructions for Responding to the RED". This summary also refers to other enclosed documents which include further instructions. You must follow all instructions and submit complete and timely responses. The first set of required responses are due 90 days from the date of this letter. The second set of required responses are due 8 months from the date of this letter. Complete and timely responses will avoid the Agency taking the enforcement action of suspension against your products. If you have questions on the product specific data requirements or wish to meet with the Agency, please contact the Special Review and Reregistration Division representative Yvonne Brown at (703) 308-8073. Sincerely yours, Peter Caulkins, Acting Director Special Review and Reregistration Division Enclosures SUMMARY OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR RESPONDING TO THE REREGISTRATION ELIGIBILITY DECISION (RED) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations of the Effect of Some Antibacterial Agents on a Bacteriophage
    1. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECT OF SOME ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON A BACTERIOPHAGE. A THESIS submitted by WILLIAM ROBERT LAING BROWN for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. School of Pharmacy, University of London. April 1962. 2. ABSTRACT. The effects on coliphage T6r of 11 commonly used chemical antibacterial agents have been examined. The effect of the agents on the multiplication of the phage was shown by their effect on the mass lysis of fluid cultures of the host by the phage. Only aminacrine hydrochloride and sodium lauryl sulphate showed significant inhibition of the growth of the phage at concentrations below those inhibiting the host. For the examination of the effect of the agents on free phage particles, a method of assessment giving precise inactivation time estimates has been applied and two methods of interpreting the results have been compared. Large differences have been shown in the effectiveness of different antibacterial agents in inactivating the free phage. The effect on the inactivation time of changes in concentration of the antibacterial agent has been examined for five of the agents and the regression between log inactivation time and log concentration has been shown to be linear. The dilution coefficients for these agents fell into two distinct groups, those for ohioramine T and formaldehyde (about 2 and 3 respectively) being very much smaller than those for crystal violet, cetrimide and phenol (about 11,13 and 15 respectively). It has been postulated that this difference in dilution coefficients indicates different mechanisms of inactivation between the two groups and the possible nature of the mechanisms has been discussed.
    [Show full text]