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GIS, Maps and Spatial Analyses in Urban Planning / Planning Project Anto Aasa GIS, Maps and Spatial Analyses in Urban Planning / Planning Project Anto Aasa LOOM.02.331 / LTOM.02.010 http://aasa.ut.ee/GisMaps/ Power of visualization: What is it? • Economic spaces in Europe • (chorems based approach, Brunet) Europe economy 1646 General: • The aim of the course is to introduce the aspects and output of spatial analysis in urban planning (data, software, GIS, maps, visualization). • Apr 2 – Apr 13 2018 • Lectures, • Practical Sessions, • Home work (Lectures, literature, essay, practical work) http://aasa.ut.ee/GisMaps/ Schedule for all: Type Date Time Content lecture Apr 02 14…16 Intro: Spatial planning and maps & visual language practical session Apr 04 12…14 Software for spatial analysis & Why R? practical session Apr 04 14…16 Mapping with R (base map, dots, lines, polygons, heat map) practical session Apr 06 10…12 Mapping with R: polygons, heat map lecture Apr 09 14…16 Geospatial analysis in spatial planning practical session Apr 11 12…14 Geocoding, spatial interpolation practical session Apr 11 14…16 Mapping with R: thematic maps praktical session Apr 13 10…12 Mapping with R: interactivity Additional lecture and practical sessions for LTOM.02.010: Type Date Time Content lecture May 14 14…16 Analysis of spatial planning maps practical session May 16 12…14 Map-making practical session May 16 14…16 Map-making practical session May 18 10…12 Map-making Literature • Giacometti et al (2015) Land-based spatial planning and the added value of cross-border cooperation • UN (2008) Spatial Planning. Key Instrument for Development and Effective Governance with Special Reference to Countries in Transition. • DÜHR (2007) The Visual Language of Spatial Planning. Exploring cartographic representations for spatial planning in Europe. Chapters 1 – 2. (link) • WANG (2014) A GIS-Based Approach in Support of Spatial Planning for Renewable Energy: A Case Study of Fukushima, Japan Practical work Essay • Comparison of spatial planning maps and web applications in 3 different places: • Hong-Kong http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/index.html • London http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/wps/portal/portalhome • L.A. http://planning.lacounty.gov/znet • Text length: min 2 pages. Deadline is 27/04/2018. • Please analyse, what are the differences / similarities in: • main problems and topics, • spatial planning maps, • Internet-GIS usability, • limiting factors (space, water, soil, population density) for certain areas? • … Thematic map: Land use in Tartu • Please download geolayers (.shp) of OpenStreetMap (OSM) from link and design a spatial planning map of land use and functions in city of Tartu (general map or thematic map). • Layers: • City border, • Railways, • Roads (streets), • Waterways, • Buildings, • Landuse, • Natural areas. Final assessment • Listed thematic maps • Essay Software • R (https://cran.r-project.org/) • R-Studio (https://www.rstudio.com/products/RStudio/ ) Skills? • Data processing & analysis • MS Excel, MS Access, mySQL, PostgreSQL, Python, R, … • GIS & vizualisation • ESRI ArcMap, MapInfo, Q-GIS, Microstation, R, Illustrator Tableau, Leaflet… • Visualizations, thematic maps • Creating & interpretation of spatial planning maps & visualizations What is spatial planning? • Methods used by the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales. Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include: • land use, • urban, • regional, • transport and • environmental planning. Other related areas are also important, including economic and community planning. Spatial planning • Science • Administrative technique • Long-term strategy • communication Spatial planning takes place on: • local, • regional, • national and • international levels. Hierarchy of Spatial Planning vision cadastre Influencial ideas • Le Corbusier Charles-Édouard Jeanneret • The 1930s • to reform the polluted industrial city by building “towers in a park” where workers might live high above the streets, surrounded by green space and far from their factories. • Ville Radieuse (The Radiant City) Pruitt–Igoe: large urban housing project in 1954 in the U.S. city of St. Louis, Missouri. 1972 Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City 1903 The Street Grid The Megaregion • Scale of communities or cities is not enough! • The “megaregion” concept isn’t new, though. • 1961 Jean Gottman: „Megalopolis“ • Northeastern megaregion from Washington, D.C., to Boston. The Transect • tool to divide landscapes into multiple uses Andres Duany The Setback Principle • skyscrapers in the early 20th century • New zoning laws in New York City in 1916 required buildings to grow narrower the taller they got, so that daylight would still reach the streets below From New York's 1916 Zoning Resolution The Setback Principle The Nolli Map established the now common practice of portraying entire cities from above without a single focal point. The resulting image highlights the shape of the city’s street network and its development patterns. 1748 Psychogeography • “Situationist” artists and architects from the 1950s • to capture the city as it was experienced by actual people • emphasis in planning on bottom-up citizen Kevin Lynch, "The Image of the City" (1960) experience and input Cognitive mapping (The Image of the City ) http://zjportfolio1995.blogspot.com.ee/2016/06/theories-of-architecture-urbanism.html The Hockey Stick • Micheal Mann • temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere • link between “smart growth” and climate change. 1998? Developments– from zoning to form based approach • Very strict regulation: Construction conditions, limits, building types. • Goal: pedestrian friendly urban space • Importance of physical environment, urban form • Place with identity • Defining volumes • Area, volume, shape • Defining functions • Business, leisure, dwelling, transport…. • Restrictions Some visual examples of spatial planning GIS vs CAD geographic information system Computer-aided design ESRI ArcMap Microstation MapInfo ... QGIS ... Zone map Pille Metspalu County level general plan Pille Metspalu General plan of Harku municipality, Estonia, 2009 Pille Metspalu, Hendrikson&Ko Pille Metspalu Planned 1st calss highway segment between Jõhvi and Narva Corridor of highway trass (650 m) Road protection zone (150 m) Buffer zone (250 m) Highway © Pille Metspalu Growth of the importance of regional planning– Planning of line objects and objects with a significant spatial influence © Pille Metspalu Predefined examples © Pille Metspalu What happens if... © Pille Metspalu © Pille Metspalu © Pille Metspalu © Pille Metspalu © Pille Metspalu © Pille Metspalu Scenarios Private Crowded Green vs Built-up Quiet Noisy Map making technique? Art? Thematic maps Choice of the location of waste management centre, part of the Kõlleste municipality general plan. Darker – more points (better place) Choice of the location of wastemanagement centre, part of the Kõlleste municipality general plan. © Pille Metspalu Skills What is important? Negotiations Theory Legislation Communication Visualization Scientific research Data wrangling GIS Manija thematic plan © Pille Metspalu •Maa-ala Vana-Ahtmest loodes ja idas. •Tabori asumi põhjaküljel tööstuspargiga piirnevad alad. © Pille Metspalu Accessibility to the residental areas © Pille Metspalu Accessibility of the public transportation Models GIS functions • Mapping and visualization; • administration of geographical information; • data collecting and updating; • geographical analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) • Mutually related complex of software and data • Watching geographical information, • Administration of geographical information, • Analysis of spatial relationships and patterns, • Modelling of spatial processes. GIS • Hardware • Software • Database • Geographical space • Theme (attributes) • Operations • Human resource GIS in spatial planning GIS as Planning Decision databases Support systems Public Participation and Modelling & Information Simulation Access Activities History of GIS • First person who placed different layers on top of each other? Cholera deaths in London John Snow 1854 Area of use • Land survey, cartography • Logistics • Aviation • Real estate • Military forces • Trade • Local authority • Science • Infrastructure management • … • Spatial planning Important factors for spatial analysis • Location data • Attribute data 66 Spatial databases & GIS • Location: spatial vs descriptive? • N 48° 21’ 17’’ E 11° 47’ 15’’ • Germany, Munich airport • Relations between objects • Distances • Patterns 67 • Everything, what happens in real world has geographical coordinates • X • Y • Z • time • (also in virtual space) Location • Map and database must be in same projection (coordinate system) and datum • Datum – model of the earth • Projection – curved surface to flat plane 69 • Earth is not ideal sphere but geoid (potato-shaped) • Earth model: ellipsoid • Map projection – method of representing the surface of Earth on a plane • All map projections distort the surface in some fashion • Error minimization Distortions http://blog.perrygeo.net/2005/12/11/tissot-indicatrix-examining-the-distortion-of-2d-maps/ • area, • direction, • scale, • distance. 71 Representation of spatial data • Real world is too complex • Simplified models • Maps • Cartography http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum_f.html Modelling the real world • Discrete objects • Continuous fields Visualization of invisible objects / phenomenas (Augmented, Mixed Reality) Model accuracy Up to date? Point Vector Line Polygon
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