I Boipatong I ELKE Regdenkende Suid-Afrikaner Het Meegevoel Met Die Naasbestaandes Van Die Boipatong-Slagoffers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

I Boipatong I ELKE Regdenkende Suid-Afrikaner Het Meegevoel Met Die Naasbestaandes Van Die Boipatong-Slagoffers Transvaler, Woensdag 1 Julie 1992 Bring die kommissias SOVEEL mense se hulle is gedreig — selfs met vuurwapens - om die begrafnis van die Boipatong-slagofTers by te woon dat die ANC-alliansie dit nie eens kan probeer ontken nie. Gedurende die goed beplande hist^'ie is minstens een mens vermoor en ander aangerand. Stewige getuienis bestaan ook dat fotograwe en verslaggewers gedreig en aangerand is en mense in die skare met vuurwapens in die lug geskiet het. Daarvoor moet die ANC en sy vennote die aanspreeklikheid aanvaar - net soos hulle daarop aandring dat die regering die aanspreeklikheid vir die optrede van elke polisieman, soldaat en amptenaar aanvaar. Mnr Nelson Mandela en sy mede-leiers het kiaarblyklik geen beheer oor ’n groot aantal mense wat as hul volgelinge beskou word nie. Agter hulle is ’n horde wat net so min begrip en agting vir mnr Mandela-hulle het as vir die regering se pogings om ’n vreedsame skikking te bereik. Die gruwelike intimidasie van onwillige stakers is op sigself ’n onderwerp waarmee ’n intemasionale kommissie van ondersoek lank en vrugbaar besig gehou kan word; wat nog te se die moord, aanrandings en wangedrag by ’n begrafnis. Terwyl die alliansie nou so op intemasionale kommissie?5 aandring, kan ’n paar gerus genooi word oiii di6 sake te ondersoek. • Miskien kan mnr Mandela-hulie self aan so ’n kommissie probeer verduidelik hoe die aanvalle op nuusmense met die ANC se beskouing van persvryheid versoen word. Wat met die afgelope weke se stakings, betogings, begrafnis, skellery en naakte haatstoking bereik gaan word, is dat selfs die liberaalste blankes nader aan die AWB en fanatieke regse organisasies gedwing sal word. Mnr Jay Naidoo werf op sy eentjie meer j potensiele AWB-lede as mnr Eugene Terre’Blanche en sy hele bestuur. Hy sal seker die eerste mens wees wat ’n kommissie vra wanneer hy uit di6 oord ’n antwoord op sy oorlogsverklarings kry. WIND NOU J I j >'/^^ Opswepery se gevolge maak seer • Nog ’n man is Die ANC moes hom gister gisteraand vermoor — di6 skerp teen die Politieke redaksie keer aan die Wes-Rand — halssnoermoord op ’n DIE opsweep van gemoedere n& die slagting kort nadat pres De Klerk man, vermoedelik ’n in Boipatong begin die ANC-alliansie nou ’n beroep op alle Suid- ondersteuner van soos ’n boemerang tref. Afrikaners gedoen het om Inkatha, gedurende die geweld te laat vaar. begrafnis van die I ^ ganisasies in en naby die groep is in die slagoffers uitspreek. verleentheid gestel deur aanvalle op Die ANC verkwalik Inkatha vir die moord op Hy moes ook, soos die nuusmense, ’n moord en uitlatinge by die die man in Bekkersdal, Black Sash en ander begrafnis en nuwe geweld. naby Randfontein. Azapo organisasies, sy afkeer Pres F W de Klerk het reeds daarop gewys se hy was ’n lid van die van die aanvalle op joemaliste uitspreek. dat 16 mense — hoofsaaklik ondersteuners Azanian Students M ovement. /an Inkatha — vand esweek in Natal Ontevredenheid neem ook Mnr De Klerk se as vermoor is. toe oor die duisende konfrontasie, rassehaat mense wat hul werk en geweld nie gestuit weens stakings in die word nie, sal dit tot ’n sogenaam de massa- tragedie lei. Die regering optrede teen die regering sal ferm en verloor,1: ■ . verantwoordelik optree Die afstel van Kameroen om dit te verhinder. se sokkertoer en die • Die polisie hou reeds ; moontlike onttrefeking I oor uiedie 80ovj inwonersmwuiicia vanvan . ,,"i van diecue SAd a span aanami dieme ■■ die KwaMadala-hostel in . , Olimpiese Spele raak ook Boipatong v ir ^ ,^ ’J~- ^ ’n turksvy vir die ANC- ondervraging aannddie^^, alliansie. Dit kan hom moord opj42 inwoners vah_j;^baie aansien in en buite die dorp. • Suid-Afrika kos. J i f ,I # A p p l o u s ^ 2 ; 5 ° ) j ^ . (Cj 2 _ to' <h->: ‘bury’ FW FORTY thousand blacks packed into the Independent Correspondent JOHN CARLIN shabby little soccer finds the thousands who packed into a stadium at Boipatong shabby football stadium to mourn the on Monday to bury 37 victims of Boipatong in unlorgiving mood of the 49 innocents massacred two weeks |b y the army and let loose on der” . ago allegedly by lithe black communities. Leaders of the Pan- Inkatha supporters. ” Naidoo warned of a na­ Africanist Congress and . Enraged by reports that tional strike unless the Gov­ Azapo, radical organisa­ police delivered the Inkatha ernment altered course. tions that have scorned the ‘killers’ to the township, He said: “Cosatu is not ANC for negotiating with what bound the crowd and making an idle threat. We the Government, shared the the speakers, politicians are mobilising for the type podium with the likes of and churchmen of all per­ of mass action that will Ramaphosa. suasions, was the desire to bring this country to a They echoed the cries of bury the Government of standstill. The issue is sim­ rage against “De Klerk and State President FW de ple: We want majority rule his killers” and called for -JtPerk. now !” Boipatong to unify all lib­ jTThespectacleof the rows To chants of “De Klerk eration movements behind of coffins, and of ihe be­ . must go! De Klerk must the call for democracy. reaved families, solemnly go!” he stepped back from It was left to Archbishop apart, somehow, from the the microphone for Desmond Tutu, speaking political proceedings, in- Chris Hani, general secre- * last, to attempt to defuse a . spired pity and grief. taiy of the South African palpable anti- white centi- Communist Party. ment among parts of the f Condolences Hani called the Govern­ audience, which runs coun­ ' f Speaker after speaker ment vampires and mer­ ter to the ANC bedrock offered condolences to the chants of death, and said c o n c e p t o f mourners, but more as an their hands were “dripping "nonracialism” . afterthought, it seemed. with blood” . ■f. It was the denunciations Mr Cyril Ramaphosa, Murderers of the .- “murderous De the ANC’s secretary-gen- But the archbishop, like Klerk regime” , the meta­ eral, who is normally other church leaders who phorical call to arms for statesmanlike, led the spoke before him, de­ “the final battle” against crowd in the chant “Down manded that De Klerk ar­ apartheid, the chant “Down with De Klerk! Down!” . rest the B oipatong m urder­ th De Klerk! Down!” , Announcing that South ers, admit international the clamour for the interna­ Africa had reached “disas­ ^monitors to supervise the tional com m unity to use its ter point” , he said talks security forces and hold clout to help bring down the with the Government had elections for a democrati­ Government, that rang brought nothing so far, cally elected constituent through with real convic­ “just misery” . ’ assembly. tion, that ignited the pas­ De Klerk was useless and He, too, however, could sions, of the crowd. incom petent, he said, a fact not resist a dig at his white = ;“Enough” , the banners revealed, he claimed, by his compatriots. “For most read, “is enough!” admission to Mr Nelson white people the killings of St The day’s most militant Mandela in a private meet­ Boipatong were just statis­ speaker, Mr Jay Naidoo, ing last month that he had tics until I said: What about general secretary of the i “no power over the police­ Barcelona?” Congress of South African : m en” . It was the threat of pull­ Trade Unions, received the 11 De Klerk and his Minis­ ing out of the Olympic loudest cheers. ter of Police, Mr Hemus ’*>. The Inkatha “vigilan­ Kriel, had to go, for the Games, he said, that stirred tes” , he declared, had been ANC would “no longer white consciences, not the 1 armed by De Klerk, trained tolerate the politics o f mur­ killing of black children. uaim rewris to the Boipatong-, By KENOSI MODISANE CALM returned to 75 hostel Boipatong and Vaal town­ ships yesterday as thou­ sands heeded the stayaway people held ! call made at Monday's i mass funeral for the town- SEVENTY-FIVE more inmates of KwaMadala Hostel j ship’s massacre victims, have been arrested in connection with the Boipatongj j Neighbouring towns massacre. | Vereeniging and South African Police commissioner General Johan van j Vanderbijlpark and facto- der Merwe yesterday said the breakthrough came after I ries bordering Boipatong many hours of intensive investigation into the massacre on were hardest hit by the June 17. stayaway. The investigation had been greatly assisted by the Streets in the two towns “whole-hearted co-operation of the KwaMadala hostel were deserted at lunchtime leadership,” Van der Merwe said. yesterday with only a few Van der Merwe said “no evidence can be found to blacks in sight. substantiate the allegations" that police were involved, Thousands of people which were viewed in a “very serious light” . gathered at Boipatong Sta­ He once again made an “urgent appeal ’ ’ to anyone with dium, which has become information to make it available to the police. - Sapa. the central point for com­ munication between lead­ ers, workers and the resi­ dents. A boycott co-ordinating committee was still locked in a meeting to draw up strategies at the time of go­ ing to Press. The committee com­ prises leaders of the ANC, PAC, Azapo, the civic as­ sociations and trade unions. Meanwhile, the ANC yesterday condemned the | necklacing of a man during the funeral for the Boipatong victims on Mon­ day. OAU talks tough 7 on SA violence By BARNEY MTHOMBOTHI Sowetan Africa News Service J b l o e e d n IHM*- DAKAR (Senegal) - Ele- action to put an end lo the viote nee. nents within the security The draft resolutions were pre­ .'orces, in collusion with pared by African foreign ministers Inkatha supporters, are last week and were '"leased to the mainly to blame for the wave media last night.
Recommended publications
  • South·Africa in Transition
    POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South ·Africa in Transition Report on Violence in South Africa by an American Friends Service Committee Study Team November 1992 The American Friends Service Committee's concern over Southern Africa has grown out of over 60 years of relationships since the first visit by a representative of the organization. In 1982 the AFSC Board of Directors approved the release of a full length book, Challenge and Hope, as a statement of its views on South Africa. Since 1977 the AFSC has had a national Southern Africa educational program in its Peace Education Division. AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE 1501 Cherry Street Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 241-7000 AFSC REGIONAL OFFICES: Southeastern Region, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, 92 Piedmont Avenue, NE; Middle Atlantic Region, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, 4806 York Road; New England Region, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, 2161 Massachusetts Avenue; Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois 60605, 59 E. Van Buren Street, Suite 1400; North Central Region, Des Moines, Iowa 50312, 4211 Grand Avenue; New York Metropolitan Region, New York, New York 10003, 15 Rutherford Place; Pacific Southwest Region, Pasadena, California 91103, 980 N. Fair Oaks Avenue; Pacific Mountain Region, San Francisco, California 94121,2160 Lake Street; Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington 98105, 814 N.E. 40th Street. CONTENTS II THE AFSC DELEGATION 1 PREFACE III POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South Africa in Transition 1 THE BASIC VIOLENCE 2 ANALYZING THE VIOLENCE 5 THE HIDDEN HAND 7 RETALIATION 9 POLICE INVESTIGATIONS 11 LESSONS FROM THE BOIPATONG MASSACRE 12 HOMELAND VIOLENCE IN CISKEI AND KWAZULU 13 HOMELAND LEADERS BUTHELEZI AND GQOZO 16 CONCLUSION 19 RECOMMENDATIONS 20 ACRONYMS 21 TEAM INTERVIEWS AND MEETINGS 22 THE AFSC DELEGATION TO SOUTH AFRICA The American Friends Service Committee's Board of Directors approved a proposal in June 1992 for a delegation to visit South Africa to study the escalating violence there.
    [Show full text]
  • National Senior Certificate Grade 12
    This memorandum consists of 32 pages. NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 HISTORY P2 EXEMPLAR 2014 MEMORANDUM MARKS: 150 This memorandum consists of 20 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over History/P2 2 DBE/2014 NSC – Grade 12 Exemplar – Memorandum 1. SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS 1.1 The following cognitive levels were used to develop source-based questions: COGNITIVE WEIGHTING OF HISTORICAL SKILLS LEVELS QUESTIONS Extract evidence from sources Selection and organisation of relevant 30% LEVEL 1 information from sources (15) Define historical concepts/terms Interpretation of evidence from sources 40% LEVEL 2 Explain information gathered from sources (20) Analyse evidence from sources Interpret and evaluate evidence from sources Engage with sources to determine its usefulness, reliability, bias and limitations 30% LEVEL 3 Compare and contrast interpretations and (15) perspectives presented in sources and draw independent conclusions 1.2 The information below indicates how source-based questions are assessed: In the marking of source-based questions, credit needs to be given to any other valid and relevant viewpoints, arguments, evidence or examples. In the allocation of marks, emphasis should be placed on how the requirements of the question have been addressed. In the marking guideline, the requirements of the question (skills that need to be addressed) as well as the level of the question are indicated in italics. 2. ESSAY QUESTIONS 2.1 The essay questions require candidates to: Be able to structure their argument in a logical and coherent manner. They need to select, organise and connect the relevant information so that they are able to present a reasonable sequence of facts or an effective argument to answer the question posed.
    [Show full text]
  • RELIGIOUS ACTION NETWORK for Justice and Peace in Southern Africa
    RELIGIOUS ACTION NETWORK for justice and peace in southern Africa a project of the American Committee on Africa ONE MORE MASSACRE by Aleah Bacquie "It seemed so absolutely unnecessary. If this is a taste of things to come, then God help us all." -John Hall, Chairperson Peace Committee God help us all indeed. Soldiers firing on unarmed peaceful demonstrators with no warning whatsoever is nothing new under the South African sun. (It was only last month that I wrote to you about the Boipatong Massacre.) Now, twenty-eight more are dead, 200 more wounded. The only fresh, but twisted slant comes from the "Gorbachevian" De Kierk, escort of the "New South Africa". You know the appalling statistics by now, nearly 8,000 people dead due to political violence since the "reformist" De Klerk began his bloody reign of terror, with tens of thousands more wounded, driven from their homes, gripped by hopelessness and fear. Complete denial of any South African governmental responsibility was expected, even though the soldiers who fired were under the command of a South African Defense Force Brigadier on loan to the "bantustan" Ciskei government. The South African government has long contended that the Black "bantustans" are independent governments, although they are not recognized by any other government, including the U.S. However, with hard evidence of government complicity mounting, De Klerk tried a new tactic, blaming the victim. He somehow mustered the gall to assert that the massacre of ANC supporters is the fault of the ANC! According to this disturbed logic, those Blacks who dared to exercise their right of peaceful assembly and protest are to blame because they should have known that Pretoria's puppet, Oupa Gqozo, would fire on the marchers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dead Zone
    FEATURE / THE DEAD ZONE In Susan Sontag’s seminal book, On Photography, Sontag writes that the “industrialisation of camera technology only carried out a promise inherent in photography from its very beginning: to democratise all experiences by translating them into images.” Since the The Dead Zone dawn of photography and the development of the first cameras in the early 1840s, taking photographs has been a way of both certifying and refusing experience – memorialising Regarding democracy through Greg Marinovich’s photography and restating symbolically; limiting reality to a search for the aesthetic. By Ellen Agnew Somersault, Soweto, 1993. African National Congress and Communist Party supporters scatter as police fire teargas and live rounds outside the Soweto soccer stadium where the funeral of ANC and CP leader Chris Hani was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourners on 19 April. 100 THE DEAD ZONE / ELLEN AGNEW 0101 FEATUREEDITORIAL/INTERVIEW/REVIEWS / THE DEAD ZONE / TITLE “…when viewing these images, one does not feel as if they numb the pain of this tumultuous past” On the 8th May 2019, citizens from across Trust, and in the reception they receive transition from “repression to freedom, the country lined up to cast their vote upon being viewed. totalitarian rule to democracy”. Tutu goes in the sixth democratic elections as the on to explain that the volatile pre-election Republic of South Africa – seemingly One image in particular – Doll’s Head, period was “designed to fill township the most important, and most pressured, Boipatong, 1992 sees a black man covering his dwellers with panic and to get them saying since the birth of the country’s democracy eyes with his left hand.
    [Show full text]
  • RELIGIOUS ACTION NETWORK for Justice and Peace in Southern Africa
    RELIGIOUS ACTION NETWORK for justice and peace in southern Africa a project of the American Committee on Africa SOUTH AFRICA: WHAT'S GOING ON FOUNDING MEMBERS AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT (Pa rti al listing) Dr. Wyatt Tee Walker, Cha,·persan by Aleah Bacquie Concan Bophst Church, New York Canon Frederick B. Williams what's going on ••• Church of· the Intercession, New York Rev. M. William Howard, President In South Africa' it seems' the more things change' the Amencon Common .. on Afr;co more they stay the same. In the past two years' Nelson Jennifer Davis, EKecvtove Director Mandela and other prominent political prisoners were Ame,;canCommoHeeonAfnco released from prison . The African National Congress' Aleoh Bocquie, Coordmatar Pan Africanist Congress and other political parties RelogoousActoonNetwork were unbanned. But Blacks, some 83% of the South African · popula­ tion, are still denied the vote. In some areas, the rate of malnutrition among black children is as high as 60-70%. Some 400 political prisoners remairi in apartheid jails where ill­ treatment, torture, and murder by officials are still rampant according to human rights groups. And now, in addition to everything else, government sanctioned political violence threatens a just and democratic transition. It is no small indictment of South African society that its history is known mainly by its massacres. The Sharpeville Massacre thirty-two years ago left sixty-eight dead at the hands of police. The Soweto Uprising sixteen years later had a death toll of over 1000 due to South African police and security forces. On June 17th, 1992, another sixteen years later, fifty people lost their lives to state-sponsored violence in Boipatong.
    [Show full text]
  • Death in Boipatong
    DEATH IN BOIPATONG The Dead ofBoipatong More than forty people were massacred at Boipatong on Wednesday 17 June. Men, women and children, and even those in their mother's womb were hack­ ed to death. Life, which hitherto offered only suffering, was snuffed out by men so low, that they could only attack at the dead of night when the shadows concealed their identity. Even though the evidence is hidden and might never be established there is little doubt about who is guilty. This killing must be laid at the door of the Intelligence Department and their allies in the Inkatha Freedom Party. It is clearly the work of men who are out to destabilize the townships, destroy all movements of opposition and reimpose the state of emergency. Addressing this issue, John Carlin said in The Independent (24 June 1992): In Boipatong, as in the majority of other massacres, the people who actually do the killing are blacks linked to the Inkatha Freedom Party...Those who direct them are whites operating within the intelligence structures of the police and army. The only issue in doubt is how high up does the authority come from? Does it stop at the 'securocrats', the generals and colonels who effectively ran the country during the Eighties? Or does it go right up to F W de Klerk, as Nelson Mandela claims? These questions have not been conclusively answered. The argument that this event was the result of previous shootings in the area is beside the point. The townships and squatter camps are witness to violence and murders week after week.
    [Show full text]
  • We Were Cut Off from the Comprehension of Our Surroundings
    Black Peril, White Fear – Representations of Violence and Race in South Africa’s English Press, 1976-2002, and Their Influence on Public Opinion Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Christine Ullmann Institut für Völkerkunde Universität zu Köln Köln, Mai 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work presented here is the result of years of research, writing, re-writing and editing. It was a long time in the making, and may not have been completed at all had it not been for the support of a great number of people, all of whom have my deep appreciation. In particular, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Michael Bollig, Prof. Dr. Richard Janney, Dr. Melanie Moll, Professor Keyan Tomaselli, Professor Ruth Teer-Tomaselli, and Prof. Dr. Teun A. van Dijk for their help, encouragement, and constructive criticism. My special thanks to Dr Petr Skalník for his unflinching support and encouraging supervision, and to Mark Loftus for his proof-reading and help with all language issues. I am equally grateful to all who welcomed me to South Africa and dedicated their time, knowledge and effort to helping me. The warmth and support I received was incredible. Special thanks to the Burch family for their help settling in, and my dear friend in George for showing me the nature of determination. Finally, without the unstinting support of my two colleagues, Angelika Kitzmantel and Silke Olig, and the moral and financial backing of my family, I would surely have despaired. Thank you all for being there for me. We were cut off from the comprehension of our surroundings; we glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be before an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse.
    [Show full text]
  • AK2672-E3-001-Jpeg.Pdf
    AMC INTERVIEW WITH DR. WADDINGTON On the 2nd July 1992, Barbara Sudano and Rev. Iloerane met with Dr. Waddington. The ANC requested Rev. Moerane to speak on their behalf. He was also representing the Vaal Council of Churches. We collected Dr. Waddington and Commissioner Laidlaw from the Vanderbijlpark Police Station and took them to a church nearby where the meeting took place. The discussion was prefaced by Dr. Waddington and Mr. Laidlaw, stating that they were not investigating the events on the night of the 17th June 1992, but were investigating : - a* whether the police could have prevented the event; and k* the investigation by the police subsequent to the events of the night of the 17th June 1992. ERIQR WARMINGS OF THE ATTACK TO THE POLICE We reported a call by Rev. Paul Verryn to Col. Gouws, the calls by Watch Mothibidi and we reported the discussion held between Capt. De Klerk and Lucas Nthobejane. We stated that Paul Verryn and Lucas Nthobejane had both referred to an impending attack in the Vaal that night. We stated that Watch Mothibidi had communicated an impending attack in Sebokeng and that he was phoning from Zone 11. We were questioned as to whether this number of calls was an unusual occurrence, or whether it was common practice or a daily occurrence that people would phone the police with rumours of impending attacks. Rev. Moerane states that in his opinion that it was a fairly unusual occurrence. He stated that he had called Col. Du Pont about an impending attack on an individual by Kwa-Madala residents approximately 3 weeks prior to the massacre.
    [Show full text]
  • Telematics 2021 History Grade 12
    DIRECTORATE: CURRICULUM FET TELEMATICS 2021 HISTORY GRADE 12 1 Telematics Schedule DAY DATE TIME TOPIC Wednesday 10 March 15:00 – 16:00 Cold War P1 Wednesday 12 May 15:00 – 16:00 Paper 2 Content Tuesday 10 August 15:00 – 16:00 Examination Preparation P1 and 2 2 SESSION 1 THE COLD WAR 10 MARCH 2021 ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR COUNTRY:__________________ COUNTRY:__________________ IDEOLOGY:_________________ IDEOLOGY:_________________ MEANING:__________________ MEANING:__________________ _____________________________ ___________________________ _____________________________ ___________________________ KNOW THE FOLLOWING: HISTORICAL EVENTS EXPLANATION IRON CURTAIN / BERLIN WALL POLICY OF CONTAINMENT THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE MARSHALL PLAN BERLIN BLOCKADE BERLIN AIRLIFT CONFERENCES: DATE AND PLACE YALTA CONFERENCE POTSDAM CONFERENCE 3 ROLE PLAYERS COUNTRIES: LEFT: _________________________ _______________________ CENTRE: ______________________ _______________________ RIGHT: ________________________ _______________________ WHAT WAS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE YALTA AND POTSDAM CONFERENCES? YALTA POTSDAM 4 ACTIVITY 1 SOURCE 1A This is an extract from a speech delivered by Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Britain, at Fulton, Missouri, in the United States, on 5 March 1946. It called for greater partnership between Britain and the United States of America to prevent Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind the line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • AG2543-2-2-43-01-Jpeg.Pdf
    Independent Board of Inquiry POBox 32293 Broomfontein 201 7 Johonnesburg South Africo Phone (all ) 403 - 3256/7 Fox (all ) 403 - 1366 .') -- Report fo May - Augu st 1994 • .".) Report for MIIy-AuifUst i9J IBI Copyright otice Members of the public are free to reprint or report information, either in whole or in part, contained in this publication on the strict understanding that the Independent Board of Inquiry is acknowledged. Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electrical, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. • BOARD MEMBERS: Dr Alex Boraine, Rev Frank Chi kane, Mr Brian Currin, Reverend Mvume Dandala, Prof John Dugard, Ms Sheena Duncan, Mr Peter Kerchhoff, Mr Norman Manoim, Ms Emma Mashinini, Br Jude Pieterse, Archbishop Desmond Tutu • IBI Report for AlnrAugust i9J TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: 1 1. STATE INSTITUTIONS: 3 1.1 South African Police Se rvice (SAPS) 3 1.1.1 Vusi Phiri "C 4 1.1.2 Eugene de Kock 4 1.2 Prisons 6 2. RIGHT WING 7 . - • 2. t Freedom Front 8 2.2 Afrikaner Weel'"S tandsbeweging (A WB) 9 2.3 Ri ght-wing trials 10 3. THE GOLDSTONE COMMISSION 11 3. 1 Escom Arms Deal 12 3.2 Third Force activities \3 4. TRUTH COMMISSION 14 5. ATTACKS ON INDIVIDUALS 15 • 5.1 W alter Sisulu 16 .2 Wilson Xolo 17 5.3 Oswald OIadla 17 5.4 Mathew Goniwe, Fort Calata. Sparrow Mkonto and Sicelo Mhlauli 17 5.5 Anton Lubowski 18 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Consciousness in South Africa 1960S - 1970S Overview: Exam Guidelines
    Black Consciousness in South Africa 1960s - 1970S Overview: Exam Guidelines • Changes that occurred in South Africa in the early 1970s • Aims of Black Consciousness • Role of Steve Biko in the Black Consciousness Movement • Expression of Black Consciousness in South Africa • Impact of the philosopy of BCM on student movements • Reasons for the 1976 Soweto Uprisings • Impact of the Soweto Uprising • Reaction of the apartheid state to the Black Consciousness Movement and Steve Biko • Impact of BCM and Biko on South African politics Definitions (1) • Civil protest : opposition (usually to government policy) by ordinary citizens of a country. • Black Consciousness : An awareness of and pride in one’s identity as a black person to encourage black people to unite and take action to achieve their freedom (Early leaders included Steve Biko, Barney Pityana, Mapetla Mohapi) • Rolling Mass Action: On-going co-ordinated resistance campaign to keep pressure on National Party government (Initiated by the ANC after the Boipatong massacre in June 1992 which continued until NP signed the ‘Record of Understanding’ in Nov 1992.) • Ideology: A belief system. A set of ideas which shape your actions. Definitions (2) • Uprising : A mass opposition and resistance to a government or policy • Bantu Homelands Regions identified under Apartheid as being the ‘homelands’ of different language and cultural groups. Policy intended that all Black people should ultimately become ‘citizens’ of these areas and NOT south Africans. • Tri-cameral parliament: a three-chambered parliamentary system introduced by the national party in 1983, representing only Whites, coloured and Indians (The African majority was excluded) • Resistance: when a group (or sometimes a person) works against domination.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Research On, and Study Of, the History of the South African Liberation Struggle 1 the State of Research On, And
    The state of research on, and study of, the history of the South African liberation struggle The state of research on, and study of, the history of the South African liberation struggle Gregory F. Houston Paper presented at the African Studies Association Meeting San Diego 19-21 November 2015 Abstract This paper consists of two broad themes. The first explores the state of research on the history of the South African liberation struggle. The focus is on relevant publications by South African and non- South African academics. The hypothesis explored here is: While there has been a significant explosion in research on the history of the liberation struggle by South African scholars since 1990, a large proportion of research outputs on the history of the liberation struggle is being produced by non-South Africans. Although there are various reasons for the relatively poor research capacity and achievements in this area, including underfunding of research, South African academics are in some ways responsible for this situation. The second theme focuses on the state of the study of the history of the liberation struggle. The first hypothesis explored here is: While the history of the liberation struggle has received increasing attention in the history curriculum at school level and there has been a corresponding increase in the number of high school students taking history as a subject of study, this has not led to a significant increase in numbers of history students at the tertiary level. The second hypothesis explored is: While the history of the liberation struggle constitutes an important element of the country’s history, very little attention is given to this topic in the curricula of relevant university departments.
    [Show full text]