Twelfth Census of the United States. CENSUS 8ULl_ETINa No~ 176. WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY 81, 1902. MANUFACTURES. BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES. Hon. WILLIAM R. MERRIAl\1, Table 5 showing stn,tist1cs of capital for 1890 and 1900; Dfrecto'l' of tlw Census. Table 6 showing the kinds, quantity, and vahie of prod­ Sm: I transmit herewith, for publication in bulletin ucts miLnufacturecl iii the factories engaged exclusively form, a report on the manufacture of bicycles and tri­ in the manufacture of cycles for 1900; Table 7 showing cycles for the census year moo, prepared under my the number of establishments reporting cyeles as a 1)y­ direction by Mr. Axel J osephsson, of the Census Office. product and the quantity and value of their cycle prod­ The statistics included in the report were collected, uct, 1900; Table 8 showing the combined quantity and as in the previous census, upon the schedule used for value of products shown in Tables I~ and 7, the per cent general statistics of manufactures. But owing to the of each kind to the total number, ancl of the value of each extmorclinary development of the bicycle industry kind to the total value; all(l Table 9 presenting the de­ during the last decade, it was deeided to supplement the tailed statistics for the industry, by states, fol' 1900. canvass made by the enumerators and local special As the methods of taking the censuses of 1890 and agent8 with a 8pecial report. The manufacture of bi­ 1900 were almost identical, with the exceptions noted cycles and tricycle8 was first reported 1-Ls a separate below, the rate of growth in the·m1111nfactnre of bicy­ industry 11t the cernms of 1890, and this is the first time cles and tricycles nuty be practically inferred :from the it is made the subject of a special report. figures g·iven in Table 1. In drafting the schedules of The accompanying bulletin presents, in addition to inquiry for the census of 1900 care w~1s taken to pre­ the :;tatistics collected at the census of 1900, a concise serve the basis of comparison with the pdor census. hi:;tory of the bicycle and it:; manufacture. It is a note­ Comparison may be made safely with respect to all worthy fact that, while previous to 1890 most of the the items of inquiry except those r~lating to salaried bicycles used in America were imported :from England, officials, clerks, etc., and their salaries, the average now the American manufacturer annually exports hun­ number of employees, and the total amount of wag·es dreds of thousands. paid. The statistics are presented in 9 tables: Table 1 show­ Changes were made in the inquiries relating to em­ ing the comparative figures for the industry at the cen­ ployees and wages in order to eliminate defects found suses of 1890 and 1900; Table 2 showing, by states, the to exist on the :form of inquiry adopted i.n 1890. At the number of establishments in operation in 1890 and moo, census of 1890 the average number of persons employed and. the increase during the decade; Table 3 showing during the entire year was called :for, and also the aver­ statisties for the industry by states for 1900; Table 4 age number employed at stated weekly rates of pay, showing a summary of the number of establishments, and the average number was computed :for the actual capital, and product by geographical divisions for 1900; time the establishments were reported as being in opera- 2 tion. At the census of 1900 the greatest and least mun­ greatest number reported employed at any one time bers of employees were reported, and also the average during the year. number employed during each month of the yrmr. The The reports for 1900 show a capital of $29, 783,659 average num1Jer of wage-earners (men, women, and invested in the manufacture of bicycles and tricycles in children) employed during the entire year was ascer­ the 312 establishments reporting for the United States. tained by using 12, the number of calendar months, tts This sum represents the value of land, buildings, ma­ a divisor into the totltl of the average numbers reported chinery, tools, and implements, and the live capital for each month. This difference in the method of ascer­ utilized, but does not include the capital Htock: of any taining the average number of wage-ettrners during the of the corporations engaged in this indm;try. The entire year may have resulted in a vitriation in the num­ value of the product is returned at $31,915,908, to pro­ ber, and should be considered in making cornpi1risons. duce which involved an outlay of $1,753,235 for sala­ At the census of 1890 the number and salaries of ries of officials, clerks, etc.; $8,189,817 for wages; proprietors and firm members actively engaged in the $2,252,604 for miscellaneomi expenses, including rent, business or in supervision were reported, combined taxes, etc.; and $16, 792,051 for materials used, mill with clerks and other officials. In cases where propri­ supplies, freight, and fuel. It is not to be assumed, etors and firm members were reported without salaries, however, that the difference between the aggregate of the amount that would oTClinarily be paid for similar these sums and the value of the products is, in any services was estimated. At the census of 1900 only sense, indicative of the profits in the manufacture ;f the number of proprietors and firm members actively bicycles and tricycles during the census year. The engaged in the industry or in supervision was ascer­ census schedule takes no cognizance of the cost of sell­ tained, and no sah1ries were reported for this class. It ing manufactured articles, or of inte~·est on capital is therefore impossible to com.pare the number and sal­ invested, or of the mercantile losses incurred in the aries of salaried officials of any character for the two business, or of deprecii1tion in plant. The value of censuses. the product given is the value as obtained or fixed at Furthermore, the schedules for 1890 included in the the works. This statement is necessary in order to wage-e!trning class overseers, foremen, and superin­ avoid erroneous conclusions from the figures presented. tendents (not general su1)erintendents or managers), The statistics contained in this report, it should be while the censu8 of 1900 separates from the wage-earn­ noted, do not include the reports from the 6,328 estab­ ing class such salaried employees as general superin­ lishments engaged in bicycle and tricycle repairing, tendents, clerks, and salesmen. It is possible and which ret.umed products to the value of $13,766,033. probable that this change in the form of the question The g·eneral statistics for these establishments will be has resulted in eliminating from the wage-earners, as reported by the present census, many high-salaried found in the Report on Manufactures, Parts I and II, employees included in that group for the census of under the clasHification "Bicycle and tricycle re­ 1890. pairing." The number of proprietors and firm members, shown Very respectfully, in the accompanying tables, falls short of the number of establishments reported. This is accounted for by the fact that no proprietors or firm members are re­ pOTted for corporations or cooperative establishments. The number of salaried officials, clerks, etc., is the Oliiej' 8tatistici'a1n fm· J.IIaniifacMwes. BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES. By AXEL ,J OSEPHSSON. Table 1 is a comparative summary of the statistics for the keen competition among cycle manufacturers and the cycle industry as returned at the censuses of 1890 and the attendant decrease in prices of finished products. 1000: with the p~rcentages of increase for the decade. Table 2 presents, hy states, the number o:f n.ctive TABLE 1.-001\IPARATIVE SUMMARY, 1890 AND 1900, WITH establishmentB from which returns were received in PER CENT OF INCREASE FOR THE DECADE. 1890 and 1900 and the increase during the decade. Per eent TABLE 2.-COMPARATIVE SUJ\flvIARY: ·NUMBER OF ACT- LHOO 1800 of IVE ESTA13LISI-1MENTS IN 18fl0 AND 1900, WITH IN­ increase. CREASE, BY STATES, ARRANGED GEOGRAPHICALLY. Number of establishments . 312 27 1,0ii5.0 Capital $29, 7831 ti5U s2.05s m 1,3·17. 2 STATES, lllltO 1800 Increase, sa1arieci. "<iiiiciais, ·,;1~ir.ks,"cic.", "i1iini1;.;;-::::: 2, oa-1 1 1, 489.1 Sttlarles . • • • . • . ~1, 7fi3, 2:35 I $12:1,714 1,317,2 \Vage-cal'ners, average nnmber....... .. 17, 52i1 1,797 875.3 United States .. - .. -.................... _........ 312 27 285 Total w11gee... .. .. ... • . .. ~8, lH\J, 817 $982,014 73-1.0 =I== Men, 1G years nnd over................ Hi, 700 ' 1, 7'17 Sil5.9 Wages................................. Si, 952, 21\7 $971,539 718.5 NcwEngllmdstates ................... -..... _•.... _.. 5ii 9 41i Women, 10 yeurs lllld over . • . f\17 15 3, 346. 7 Wuges............. ... ............... .. $175,028 $3, 72U 4,59:l. 7 Maine ............... -............................. ---1 ·--i---1 Children, nrnler 16 years.............. 308 . 35 780.0 New Hllmpslllre ........................ _......... fi ···· .. 7· 1 \Yages .• _.............................. $52 1 0:12 $fi, 740 8213. 9 Mnssnehnsctts ........................... _....... 2 18 Miscelluneons expenRes................... $2, 252, llM $24~,018 830.8 IU10rlc Isluncl.. •. .. .. .. .. 4 4 Cost of m11terlals trned . $16, 792, 051 $718,8,18 2, 236.0 Comwcticut ......... _........................... -. 2·1 2 22 Vaine of proclucto. ........................ · $31, 915, 908 $2, 5tl8, 326 l,1-12,7 Midclle st11tcs ............................... ·-·····--· l)S 8 90 l Includes proprietors rrncl fl rm members, with their BfLl_arics; number only reported in 1900. (Sec Table 9.) NewYork ........................................ 00 4 G2 7 1 6 ~~,~~l~~l~~~i,i:: :: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: :: : ::: :: : :::::: 2'l 3 ~l The census o:f 1890 was the first at which the manu­ M11rylancl .......................................