Twelfth Census of the United States.

CENSUS 8ULl_ETINa

No~ 176. WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY 81, 1902.

MANUFACTURES.

BICYCLES AND .

Hon. WILLIAM R. MERRIAl\1, Table 5 showing stn,tist1cs of capital for 1890 and 1900; Dfrecto'l' of tlw Census. Table 6 showing the kinds, quantity, and vahie of prod­ Sm: I transmit herewith, for publication in bulletin ucts miLnufacturecl iii the factories engaged exclusively form, a report on the manufacture of and tri­ in the manufacture of cycles for 1900; Table 7 showing cycles for the census year moo, prepared under my the number of establishments reporting cyeles as a 1)y­ direction by Mr. Axel J osephsson, of the Census Office. product and the quantity and value of their cycle prod­ The statistics included in the report were collected, uct, 1900; Table 8 showing the combined quantity and as in the previous census, upon the schedule used for value of products shown in Tables I~ and 7, the per cent general statistics of manufactures. But owing to the of each kind to the total number, ancl of the value of each extmorclinary development of the industry kind to the total value; all(l Table 9 presenting the de­ during the last decade, it was deeided to supplement the tailed statistics for the industry, by states, fol' 1900. canvass made by the enumerators and local special As the methods of taking the censuses of 1890 and agent8 with a 8pecial report. The manufacture of bi­ 1900 were almost identical, with the exceptions noted cycles and tricycle8 was first reported 1-Ls a separate below, the rate of growth in the·m1111nfactnre of bicy­ industry 11t the cernms of 1890, and this is the first time cles and tricycles nuty be practically inferred :from the it is made the subject of a special report. figures g·iven in Table 1. In drafting the schedules of The accompanying bulletin presents, in addition to inquiry for the census of 1900 care w~1s taken to pre­ the :;tatistics collected at the census of 1900, a concise serve the basis of comparison with the pdor census. hi:;tory of the bicycle and it:; manufacture. It is a note­ Comparison may be made safely with respect to all worthy fact that, while previous to 1890 most of the the items of inquiry except those r~lating to salaried bicycles used in America were imported :from England, officials, clerks, etc., and their salaries, the average now the American manufacturer annually exports hun­ number of employees, and the total amount of wag·es dreds of thousands. paid. The statistics are presented in 9 tables: Table 1 show­ Changes were made in the inquiries relating to em­ ing the comparative figures for the industry at the cen­ ployees and wages in order to eliminate defects found suses of 1890 and 1900; Table 2 showing, by states, the to exist on the :form of inquiry adopted i.n 1890. At the number of establishments in operation in 1890 and moo, census of 1890 the average number of persons employed and. the increase during the decade; Table 3 showing during the entire year was called :for, and also the aver­ statisties for the industry by states for 1900; Table 4 age number employed at stated weekly rates of pay, showing a summary of the number of establishments, and the average number was computed :for the actual capital, and product by geographical divisions for 1900; time the establishments were reported as being in opera- 2 tion. At the census of 1900 the greatest and least mun­ greatest number reported employed at any one time bers of employees were reported, and also the average during the year. number employed during each month of the yrmr. The The reports for 1900 show a capital of $29, 783,659 average num1Jer of wage-earners (men, women, and invested in the manufacture of bicycles and tricycles in children) employed during the entire year was ascer­ the 312 establishments reporting for the United States. tained by using 12, the number of calendar months, tts This sum represents the value of land, buildings, ma­ a divisor into the totltl of the average numbers reported chinery, tools, and implements, and the live capital for each month. This difference in the method of ascer­ utilized, but does not include the capital Htock: of any taining the average number of wage-ettrners during the of the corporations engaged in this indm;try. The entire year may have resulted in a vitriation in the num­ value of the product is returned at $31,915,908, to pro­ ber, and should be considered in making cornpi1risons. duce which involved an outlay of $1,753,235 for sala­ At the census of 1890 the number and salaries of ries of officials, clerks, etc.; $8,189,817 for wages; proprietors and firm members actively engaged in the $2,252,604 for miscellaneomi expenses, including rent, business or in supervision were reported, combined taxes, etc.; and $16, 792,051 for materials used, mill with clerks and other officials. In cases where propri­ supplies, freight, and fuel. It is not to be assumed, etors and firm members were reported without salaries, however, that the difference between the aggregate of the amount that would oTClinarily be paid for similar these sums and the value of the products is, in any services was estimated. At the census of 1900 only sense, indicative of the profits in the manufacture ;f the number of proprietors and firm members actively bicycles and tricycles during the census year. The engaged in the industry or in supervision was ascer­ census schedule takes no cognizance of the cost of sell­ tained, and no sah1ries were reported for this class. It ing manufactured articles, or of inte~·est on capital is therefore impossible to com.pare the number and sal­ invested, or of the mercantile losses incurred in the aries of salaried officials of any character for the two business, or of deprecii1tion in plant. The value of censuses. the product given is the value as obtained or fixed at Furthermore, the schedules for 1890 included in the the works. This statement is necessary in order to wage-e!trning class overseers, foremen, and superin­ avoid erroneous conclusions from the figures presented. tendents (not general su1)erintendents or managers), The statistics contained in this report, it should be while the censu8 of 1900 separates from the wage-earn­ noted, do not include the reports from the 6,328 estab­ ing class such salaried employees as general superin­ lishments engaged in bicycle and repairing, tendents, clerks, and salesmen. It is possible and which ret.umed products to the value of $13,766,033. probable that this change in the form of the question The g·eneral statistics for these establishments will be has resulted in eliminating from the wage-earners, as reported by the present census, many high-salaried found in the Report on Manufactures, Parts I and II, employees included in that group for the census of under the clasHification "Bicycle and tricycle re­ 1890. pairing." The number of proprietors and firm members, shown Very respectfully, in the accompanying tables, falls short of the number of establishments reported. This is accounted for by the fact that no proprietors or firm members are re­ pOTted for corporations or cooperative establishments. The number of salaried officials, clerks, etc., is the Oliiej' 8tatistici'a1n fm· J.IIaniifacMwes. BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES.

By AXEL ,J OSEPHSSON.

Table 1 is a comparative summary of the statistics for the keen competition among cycle manufacturers and the cycle industry as returned at the censuses of 1890 and the attendant decrease in prices of finished products. 1000: with the p~rcentages of increase for the decade. Table 2 presents, hy states, the number o:f n.ctive TABLE 1.-001\IPARATIVE SUMMARY, 1890 AND 1900, WITH establishmentB from which returns were received in PER CENT OF INCREASE FOR THE DECADE. 1890 and 1900 and the increase during the decade.

Per eent TABLE 2.-COMPARATIVE SUJ\flvIARY: ·NUMBER OF ACT- LHOO 1800 of IVE ESTA13LISI-1MENTS IN 18fl0 AND 1900, WITH IN­ increase. CREASE, BY STATES, ARRANGED GEOGRAPHICALLY.

Number of establishments ...... 312 27 1,0ii5.0 Capital $29, 7831 ti5U s2.05s m 1,3·17. 2 STATES, lllltO 1800 Increase, sa1arieci. "ecl by tistics of the industry for 1900. 3 4

1'ABLE 3.-SUMMARY BY STATES: moo.

United States. i C1tlifornin. Connecticut. Illinois. Indiana. lll1t8'1Lchusetts. ~Iichigan.

Nnmber of establislnncntB ...... :112 I 4 24 60 JU 25 11 $757, 021 $29 1 783, (]51J I $19 1 254 $<1, 215, 399 $7,691, 658 $2, otil, 51i0 $2, d4G, 408 ~.~fiifdci ·~itici.;is,'cierks: ·.;ic:, ·11i11i11)~i-::::::::::::::: 21 03-l : ·········--· •... 263 042 128 130 na Snlnries ..... -----. ··---...... _.. _. Sl, 753, 235 ...... s251, on $522, 477 Sflti,906 $Jli, 2~2 $39, fi.J8 Wnge-enrner., H vemgc nmnbcr ...... _...... 17,525 19 2, 139 ·1.388 1, 481 1, fi81 H!l To\1tl w!lges ...... 1 $1, 100, 7i.'1C1 $2,14.4,R~7 ~Glil,M\l $Sl[,,\1'2\'. $141,~\'Nj Men, 16 yen.rs and over, nnmUer ...... SB, ~r1: ~bb ' \Ill, u7~ 1, 995 4,143 1, 3fl2 1, 543 ~~14 Wngcs ...... $7, 952, ~57 I $11, 080 SJ, 107, 485 $2,078, 834 ~570, 858 $798, 50~ $138, 4:\7 Women, rn i·ears •tnd over, number ...... fil7 I ...... 104 104 126 as 17 ff3j1, 662 $38, 276 $42, 150 $16, 52'1 $3, 182 2~;~¥~~eii,'i.iiic1ei.-ia·):eitr8; ·1iiiiil1;0i.::::::::::::::: $liE>,~5~ i :::::::::::::::: •10 lil a ...... ·······-········ \\'nges ...... _...... _... .. SS, 589 S2R,287 $832 ...... llliscellimeous expcnF.es ...... s2, ~?i~: s3~ I ...... &'ii; i.i.i. $823, t129 $tic:o,·112 $121, 260 $125, Oili ----·-. ''$59,'485 $34fl, 725 Cost of mntermls used ...... • ...... $16, 792, 051 &25, ·170 SI, 7'.20 1 249 ;N,F.36,585 SJ, 221, 786 Sl, :101, 900 Vaine ofproducts ...... · $31, 915, VOS $17, 670 S3, 072, 225 SS, 960,421 $21 115 901 $2, 715, 310 $627, 058 1 I .--·.-·---~"~·-

Penn~ylva- H.hrnlc Is- \Visconsin. All otlwr l>Iinncsul1t. New .Jersey. New York, Ohio, nia. land. stnteH,1 ------1------1-----1-----1-----1------Number of establlshments...... J 7 66 34 24 4 '>"l 7 $38,205 s1, 550, 5'24, 300 SS31,848 Cnpitnl...... $204,465 ~-3 1 326 1 B43 $4 1 07'1 1 576 gm $~ 1 337 1 075 S>tl1triec1 of!icii\ls, clerks, etc., nmnbl!r...... 2 24 2G7 209 110 6 100 :l5 8n1nries...... $2,3~0 im,1m $210, 120 $1Q7, 406 SUI, 081 $3, GOO $134, 007 $G7, 195 Wuge-eamers, avernge number...... 47 1s:i 2, 103 2, 380 947 17 1, 572 357 Totnl wages...... $8,4.W $71,3·13 $988, 052 fl, 017, 051 $,131, 369 $6, 100 $62fi, HU $155, 083 ~fen, 10 ycnrs and over, number...... ·17 170 2, 032 2,340 891 17 1\50U 857 Wngea...... $8,.J40 t08, 185 ~970, 043 &998, 218 $119, 958 $G, 100 $611, 512 ~Hl5, 083 Women, 16 years nnd over, number ...... 12 46 40 ~g ...... 1 ...... Wngcs ...... ! ...... $'2,972 $11, 009 $18, 8-13 $7,280 ·············· $130 ...... Children, unde1• 16 years, number ...... 1.... ___ ...... ] 25 ...... 27 ...... 7111 ...... Wages ...... $7,000 ...... $·1,131· ...... $13,507 .... _ ...... Mi,cel11meons expenses...... $4, 673 Sl9,5·l8$1861 $36{]. 501 I $247. 332 $128, 931 $1, 30\1 $170, 2oa Snl, oos Cost of m1iterials used...... $30, 997 $147, 317 $1, 856, 005 $2, 251, 3.'\. 8 $1, 065, ·161 $23, 195 $1, 5Bli, 59~ $·12:-: 1 !~fll ~·JO; IJ'Jfi Vlllneofprodncts...... $66,505 \i .... "1v1-... $3, 842, 020 ~-l, 099, 980 $1, 855, 048 $43, 882 $2, 795, 236 $779, 331 1 'Includes establishments distributed its followe: Colomdo, 1; Iowa, 1; Kentnekr, 1: 1\faine, 1; Mar;-litnd, 1; Nevad1t, l; New Hampshire, 1. I'n 1890 returns were received from 10 states, only ± 'rAnLI" 4.-SmIMARY BY STATES, ARRANGED GFO­ or which had three or more establishments; in 1900 the GRAPHIOALLY: HlOO-Continuecl. return1:1 were from 20 states, 13 o:f which bad three or - EST ABL!Slf- I CAPIT.A.J,, more establishments. In order to rivoicl disclosing the )fENTS. I PRODUCTS. operations o:f individual establishments, states having ST.!TES. Per Per Per less trmn three establishments are grouped uncler "a\l ~l1U1- ber. cent of Amount, cent of Value. cent of other states." tol1tl. total. total. ------Table 4 presents a summary, by geographical divi­ Cent.ml stutcs-Cont' ...... 15, 115, 163 50.8 1, 131, 651 55.0 1, 235. 7 first in capital and proclucts, reporting 25. 8 per cent of the aggregate capital and 28.1 per cent of the aggregate Table 5 shows the changes in the relative percentages valne of products. of fand, buildings, machinery, etc., and live capital Among the New Eng·land states Connecticut in 1900 stood first in capital. Capitn.l in Massachusetts increased since 1890. Land inc1:eased from $22, G5Q to $1,501, 003, or $1,478,353; buildings from $339,371 to $3·, 705,462, from $1,202,6\:ll to $2,646,498, or $1,443,807. The or $3,366,091; machinery, tools, and implements from value of products in Massachuse.tts increased from $564,400 to $9,462,031, or $8,897,631; and live ca.pita! $998,342 to $2, 715,310, or $1, 716,968. In 1890, how­ ever, the prodncts reported for Ma:':lsachusetts consti­ from $1,131,651 to $15,115,163, or $13,983,512. The lai:it item includes cash on hand, bills receivable~ unset­ tuted 38.9 per cent of the aggregate for the United tled ledger accounts, mw materials, stock in process States, but in 1900 only 8.5 per cent. Among the Mid­ dle states New York retained. its position as first; its capi­ of manufacture, finished products on hand, ancl other sundries. The total in this table does not include the tal increased from $44,700 to $6,32G, 943, or $3,282,243, capital stock of the corporations engaged in the manu­ and in 1900 constituted 11.2 per cent of the aggregate; facture of cycles. in value of products the increa8e was from $85, 786 to Tnble G shows, for 1900, the kinds, quantity, and $3,842,020, or $3, 756,234, placing the state in third value of products for the industry, and the per cent of position, with 12 per cent of the aggregate. In Penn­ each item of vitlue to the total. sylvania capital increased from $30,100 to $1,550,957, or $1,520,857, and was 5.2 per cent of the aggregate in TAm,E H.-NUMBER AND VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS 1900, a.nd the value bf products increased from $32,630 OF PRODUCTS, WITH PER CENT THAT VALUE OF to $1,855,043, or $1,822,413, and constituted 5.8 per cent EACH KIND FORMED OF TOTAL VALUE: 1900. of the aggTegate. An'.long the Central states, Illinois ======-====="... -... ------Per cent retained its position as first in the division and became Number. Vaine. of total firnt n,mong all the states in capital and in value of yalne. products, the increase in capital being $7,129,046, and Total...... • . . . . . • ~31, Dl5, 908 100. 0 in value of products $7,990,4:61. The capital in 1900 ===•I====-=---- Bicycles ...... : 1, 118, 039 22, 160, 260 69. 4 constituted 25. 8 per cent of the aggregate, and the ------products 28.1 per cent. This fatter percentage was, Individual: i Chainless ...... 41, 899 1 893,821 5.9 1 OG7, 524 62.8 h9wever, a decrease from 1890, when Illinois produced Chain ...... 1 2o:os1, 600 Tandem ...... 8, 157 201,889 0.6 37.8 per cent of the total for the United States. In Motor ...... 159 82, 950 0.1 1900 Ohio stood second among the Central states, with Tricycles...... 18, 110 47, 985 0.2 Automobiles...... 66 60, 788 0.2 an increase of $3,U56,376 in capital and of $3,978,472 All other product~ ...... 9, 646, 875 30,2 in value of products. The total vaJue of products in Ohio was $4,099,980, placing the state in that respect In Table G, as in preceding tables, are included only second among all the states. The third place in the the 312 establishments in which the manufacture of Central states, and the fourth place among all the states, cycles was the principal industry; but in 1900 returns was occnpied by Wisconsin, where in 1890 the industry were also received from 16 ~sfablishments reporting did not exist. In 1900, 23 estahlishments, with a capi­ cycles as a by-product. tal of $2,337,975, reported product8 to the value of The number and value of the bicycles and tricycles $2, 795,236, or 8. 8 per cent of the aggregate for the thus added is shown in Tn,ble 7. · 6

TAHLE 7.-SU:MMAiff OF ESTABLISHMENTS REPORTING CYCLES AS A BY-PRODUCT, WITH THE NUMBER AND VALUE OF SUCH PRODUCTS: 1900.

CYCLES PRODUCED AS BY-PRODUCTS.

Bicycles. Tricycles. Nun1- berof 'fatal. Jndividunl. 'f11ndem, STATES, estttb­ liah- Aggl'Cgatc incnts. vulne. Chain less. Chnin. Num­ ber. V1tlne. N1nn­ 11------11----0----11 Num­ Value. ber. Value. ber. Nmn­ bcr. V11luo. ---1----11----- __ ,__ _

'.l'he United States .. -.. --...... ---.. -.. ===ll====,ll=G9=,8=1=1· ~· 529~77 1, 030 $63, 5°-~I ="=8,=59=8'·1' =$]=,·=15=G,=98=9 '11==18'!=" - $8, GSO 8, o:i_o_" - S2~, o_o~

Illinois...... 18,flOO 4-17,rn~ ...... 18,513 444,633 57 2,5li5 ...... New York ...... 7, 792 Hl,374 1,000 02,4881 tl,792 78,88ti ...... Ohio...... 2ti,231 f>Sl,994 ...... 20,145 577,.179 8fl 4,515 8,000 2·1,000 Allotherstates•...... 17,188 358,611 30 1,020 17,118 35fi,991 -!O l,GOO ...... - ______!__ ------·------•Includes estahlishmonts distributed as followA: 1lilssiwhusetts, l; Mlchig>u1, 2; Pcnnsylvani11, 2.

Table 8 combines, for 1900, the number and value of 90.2 per cent of the total; the chain1ess, 8.2 per cent; all kinds of bicycles and tricycles manufactured, whether the tandems, nine-tenths of 1 per cent; and the motors, as principal product or as by-product, and of automo­ one-tenth of 1 per cent. The value of the tricycles wus bile:; mitde in cycle factories, the per cent of each kind only three-tenths of 1 per cent of the total, and of the to the total, both in number and in value, and the aver­ automobiles three-tenths of 1 per cent. There were age price of each kind. produced in cycle factories, in addition to ::>, other products to the value of $9,646,875, or 30.2 per T.-1.nLlil 8.-TOTAL PRODUC'r!ON OF CYCLER, INCLUDING cent of the total for .the industry. These" other prod­ THOSE I,.RODUCED AS BY-PRODUCTS, WITH PERCENT­ AGES: 1900. ucts" consisted chiefly of parts for bicycles, like chains, spoke::;, handle bal's, sadclles, rims, etc. In the begin­ ning of the industry the lal'ger establishments made \ Per cent .Per cent ~vernge Number. Vaine. 1· of tot<\l of total 'VEilue nearly all the different parts of bicycles they required, number. vnlne. ·

~~-~~~~11----1-~--- but of late factories have more and -more specialized

Total...... _.. =1,=20=9=,o=rn=I ==$2=3,=8=22=,2=10 \ 100. O 100. O their output, and now even some of the largest bicycle 1 manufacturertl merely buy the majority of the different Bicycles ..... : ...... _1._1s_2,_s_50_, __2_s_,6_S9_,_4:i_11 97.8 99.4 $20.03 parttl and astlemble them. The American Bicycle Com­ Indlvid1ml: Chainlcss .. . .. 42, 929 1, 957, 329 3, 5 8. 2 15. 59 pany, controlling the majority of the output, is an Chain·...... 1, 13G, 122 21, ,188, 589 9{. O 90. 2 18. 91 Tandem .. .. • . . .. . 3, 040 210, 5!\9 o. 3 u. 9 57, 85 example. Certain parts of its machines are manufac­ Motor...... 159 32, 950 (') 0.1 207. 23 tured in those of its factories best adapted :for the pur­ 26,110 71, 985 2.2. 0.3 2, 76 1~fJ;,1c~~iicis::::·:::::: 56 60, 78S (1) o. 3 1, 085. 50 pose, and :;ent to other plants to oe assembled. This procedure gTerttly economizes the cost of manufacture. 1 Less than one-tenth uI 1 per cent. In addition to the bicycles given in Table 8, there The total number of manufactured was was undoubtedly a considerable number manufactured 1,209,016, of which1,182,850, or 97.8 percent, were bicy­ by the 6,328 establishments classified as bicycle and tri­ cles. The census year 1900 was one of the first in which cycle repair shop:;, but as the value of their produet the was produced in any considerable was not reported in detail, but only the gro::;s snlll quantity, 42, 929 being manufactured. V cry few tandems received for custom work and repairfog, statistics as to were manufactmed, constituting only three-tenths of 1 the number of cycles manufactured by them are not per cent of the total number, and on1y 159 motor cycles. available. The value of custom work and repairing i.n Fifty-six nutomobiles were numufacturecl in cycle fac­ these establi:;hmcnts aggregated the large amount of tories. The number of tricycles was 26,110, or 2.2 per $13,766,033, whieh should be tltkeu into consideration in cent of the total. The average price of chain bicycles connection with the value of products of the manufoe­ at the factories was $18.91; chainless, $45.59; tandems, ture of bicycles and tricycles. The general statistics $57.85; and motors, $207.23. Most of the tricycles for these latter establishments will be found in the were children's toys, which accounts for their very low Report on Manufactures, Parts I and II, under the average price. In value, the chain bicycles constituted clas::;ification ''Bicycle and tl'icycle repairing." 7

HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. It is safe to st1y that few articles ever nsecl by man den, at which time a description of the machine appeared hiwe ereated so grnat a revolution in social conditions in the Universal Magazine. as the bicycle. :Most of its evolution and all its perfec­ In 1690 M. de Sivrac, a Frenchman, invented a ve­ tion to the point of practic!tl usefulness having taken hicle consisting of two joined with a wooden phtce during the last :fifteen years, the present genera­ frame representing the body of an animal, upon the tion is enabled to judge of the change it has brought in b!1ck of which was placed a saddle for the rider. This its wake. Lord Charles Beresford once said, "Who­ contrivance hftd no handle 11!11', but was steered hy the ever invented the bicycle deserves the thanks of human­ :feet of the rider. It was called the celedfere. In the ity," and no expression was more fit. The bicycle has London Magazine for August, 1769, there is a descrip­ been the means of bringing out for exercise in the open tion of a "chahm to go without horses." Le Journal air millions of persons, men and women, young and de Paris, .July 27, 1779, contains a description of the old, who otherwise would have confined tbemselve8 to wonderful invention of MM. Blanchard and Mag;urier, homes, stores, and offices. The bicycle industry has, which was called the . This, however, was directly and indirectly, given employment to many only a reappearance of the celCrifere with the ftcldition thousands of persons in the manufacture tmd sale of its of an upright bar for the support of the hands. Though product. The very wide use of the bicycle led to the this vehicle was much used, it was only with the advent formn,tion of the Leug·ue of Ameriean vVheelmen, with of the clraisine that the riding of a 'velocipede became a membership, at one time, of more than 100,000; and fashionable. this organization started the agitation for better roads, The dmisinc was invented by Bal'On Carl von Drais, which led, iP many states, to great improvements in of Manheim on the Rhine, in 1816. lt consisted of two public highways. Like all other articles depending wheels, tandem style, connected by a bar or perch over npon public\ favor for their use, the bicycle has had its them, the forward axled in a fork swiveled to suecessiv0 periods of prosperity and depression. The the fore end of the perch and bearing at the top a cross­ boom of ll. few year8 ago has passed, and in its place bar or handle with which to guide the machine. The has beep established a legitimate demand for the biuy­ rider sat astride the perch, on a sn

"The new machine, entitled a velocipede, consisting of manufacturer, or Pierre Lal1ement, one of the work­ two whceb, one before the other, connected by a perch, men in the senior Michaux's shop. Most authorities on which the pedestrian rests the weight of his body seem satisfied that the honor be.longs to Lallement. while with his feet he urg:es the machine forward on He conceiyed the idea that the foot-cranks would work as the principle of skating, is already in very general use. well on a two-wheeled as on a three-wheeled velocipede. 'The roac1 from Ipswich to Whitton,' says the Bmy He took off one of the rear wheels and set the other paper, 'is traveled every evening by several pedestrian: directly hack of the front wheel, ancl the" bone shaker" hobbyhorses; no less than six are seen at a time.' was an uccomplisbecl fact.· At that period it was gen­ * T.· ·:i· The crowded state of London does not admit erally thought impossible for unyone to balance himseH of this novel niocle of exercise and it bas been put down on a velocipede without keeping his feet on the ground; by the magistmte of police;" And the Monthly Maga­ butLallement finally succeeded in mastering the art, and zine for October, 1819, said: "Considerable progress his machine was exhibited at the Paris Exposition in continues to he made in the improvement nnd useful 1865, but he thought so little of its usefulness that he extension of the traveling vehicles named velocipedes. did not patent it. In 1866 Lallement came to the Dnited It being found tlmt the propelling action of the legs led States, and while looking for work he made one of these to diseases of them, it has been contrived that a pro­ two-wheeled yeJocipedes and rode it on the streets pel1ing reaction shall be created hy the energy of the of New HaYe·n, Conn. There tTames Carroll, it Yankee, . arms, and Mr. Birch, who has succeeded in thi:::: new ap­ noticed him, ancl foreseeing the opportunity foi· estab­ plication, may soon ·expect to work bis levers, not only lishing a new and successful industry, be and Lallement by the bands, hut hy steam. Indeed, there can be little obtained rt patent on the 20th of November, 1866. The doubt but this triumph of mechanics will be effected velocipede described in this patent consisted of two within the ensuing winter." wooden wheels, with iron tires, 0£ nearly equal size, one In England the velocipecle was considerably improved before the other, surmounted by a wooden perch, from in 1821 by Louis Gompertz. His machine had the which projected downward, near its rear end, two arms handle connected with a segment rack, gearing in a on either side of the rear wheel, each pair of arms meet­ pinion on the front wheel, so that it could be driven ing at the end of the hub and :forming a beftring· for the eith01· by the hands or, as before, with the feet on .the end of the axle; one similar wooden b!n' projected from ground. About this time inventive genius came to a the fore end of the perch on either side the forward strwd:-:;till, so far as self-propelled vehicles were con­ wheel, furnishing bearings for its axle, and arranged cerned and remained so for more than forty years, with a pivot in the perch so that tho fore wheel could be thoug·h l'irnJ claims exist that in 1836 Kirkpatrick turned in either direction. On a steel spring extending McMillan, of Conrthill, 8cotlaml, invented a bicycle over the perch was a saddle, about midway between the driven by the aid of crrmks and levers from the rear wheels. The rider started the machine by pushing it wheel; and that Gavin Dalzell, of Lesmahgon, Scotland, along the ground with his foot, and afterwards pro­ about 1845, also made one on similar principles; but, as pelled it by working the pedals, which were attached neither of these types was e,-er manufactured for any to the front wheel. other person than the owner, neither 0.laim has been The word bicycle, thus spelled, first occurs in the recognized. English patent records in the specification of tT. l. Stas­ In 1865 M. Mareschal, a Frenchman, obtaii~ed a pat­ sen, filed April 8, 1869. For a few years previous a ent on a frame connecting five wheels, each having· an somewhat similar word bud appeared in print, thoug·h independent axle prodded with foot-cranks bearing the spelling of it varied r~onsiderably. Thus the Lon­ ]ooso pedals. Each wheel was to be mounted and driven don Daily News of that date wrote of "bysicles" and by its own rider, the front wheel being also the guide "trysicles." One of our own papers called it "bicycu- · wheel. Thus the vehicle could carry from one to five· lar velocipede," and Harper's Weekly, in 1868, called it 1 riders. The next improvement came in September, ' bicircle '' and "Yeloce." The Franco-Prussian war of 1865, when MM. Woirin and Leconde obtained their 1870 bTought the flourishing velocipede industry of French patent. Their machine had three wheels, two France to a standstill, but in England about the same smaller rear ones on the same axle, and one larger front time the foundation was being laid for the new indus- . wheel having an axle with cranks on which were loose try, which, ore long, was to take such a dominating pedals for the feet 0£ the rider. The frame connecting place. Improvements, however, were Rlow. In 1871, these wheels was in the shape of a woochm horse, on W. H.J. Grant proposed to use rubber pedals, so as to whose back the ricler sllt, well over the front wheel. permit the rider to use the ball instead of the hollow of From this invention sprang the tricycle, which for the foot; he also attached rubber tires to curved metal many years was popular. rims hy Ynlcanization. By this time there was a marked There has been con:-:;iderable controversy about who increase in the size of the front wheel~ while the back was the inventor of the first crank-driven bicycle­ one grew smaller, until, in 1873, .T. K. Starley, who whetber it was Ernest Michaux, the son of a French has been called the" }father of the bicycle," produced a machine which embodied the rudiments of the modern tory. He interested the \Veecl Sewing· Miwhine Com­ bicycle. Jt Wtts constnwtctl of metal and rubber and ptrny, of lfartford, Conn., in the manufacture or bicy­ its front wheel was twice the size of the rear one. The cles, and in a comer of their :;hop the Colnmbiai:; wern front wheel waH continnaHy increa:-;cd in size until in first man nfacturccl. 1880 bicycl<'s were I.milt with r1, front wheel GO inches in From this Hmall beginning evolved a elrnin of faeto­ height, while the rear wheel had been reduced to lG rim1 in 1-fortford, at times giving employment to more inches. than 5,000 workmen, n,ncl contributing their share The first appearance of the bicycle in the United toward making ffartford one of the wottlthiest, cities in States was in l81D, when .Johnson's pedestrian emTiclc the United States. Colonel .Pope bean; the undisputed was introdueecl into New Yol'ic The cxl·itcment it title "Ftitlrnr of the American liicycle," and a great cretitccl rrtpiclly sprettd to Boston, Philadelphia, and part of tho credit for the extraordinary denilopment other places, and many riding schools were openrn\. of the industry wa::; due to him. Tho "ordinary" On ,June 20, l8HJ, William K. Clrirkson was grnnted u bicycles, however, were almost entirely built after ptitcnt for improvement in a velocipede. After the foreign pattern:;. One of the Americn.n ideas to pre­ first novelty had worn off, little Wtts heard of veloci­ vent" hea<.len;" WtLs shown in the Sfar bicycle, patented pedes in the United States until Lallcment's patent had in 1880 by CL W. Pressey, on which the small wheel been grnntcd, nearly half n, contnry httcr. Another was placed in front. 'the seat WM moved so as to place patent was ttikcn out in July, 18G8, by the lfanlon the center of gravity Iol'W!trd or the , the brothers. In lSG!J the new velocipede cmzc was at its feet of t.ho rider resting upon adjustable trcmdles, work­ height; rinks nncl riding schools were opened every­ ing indepenclent of mwh other, where, but, a1; was tho mtsc with tho hohbyhorsc in Ati early as 1870 H. T. Lawson, an Englishmttn, 181H, the "bono-:-ihakcr" was found too cumbcm:iome tL iuvcntccl a ::mfcty bicycle in which the rear wheel was machine to g:iin lasting favor, and two years htter driven by lovers, hut it wn,s not nntil 1880 that thn firHt scarcely i1uy wore ridden in the United States. rear-driving ''geared" :,:afety was built at the works of In England the development of Lallomeut's veloci­ the Coventry Machinistl:l' Company at Coventry, I~ng­ pede was mirried on; the Hrst important improvement land, !llter the design of Mr.• J. K. 8farley. But the was in the construction of the wheels, which were mn,de energ·ics of the bicycle makers were still bent on improv­ of steel; but progress wn,S slow until 1874, when .T. K. ing the high wheel. Comptirath·ely great us tho d61rnmd Starley pn,tontod the tn,ngent wheel. In the United was for these nrnchincs it was limited to a certt1in e1as8 of Stt1tes nothing wn,s done in the way of perfecting the. riders, ttml it was only with the advent of tlw ''safety" bieycle; tLncl until fifteen ,YCftrs ago the manufacture o:f that the nmnufaeture oi' cycles on a largo scale began. bicycles had been more experimental and devoid of a11 It was not until 1885 that the '' srtfcty" became a feature rational theory than ttny other branch of the engineer­ at the Stanley Rhow in England, whoro, in the rnirly days ing industry. Up to a few years 11go the designing of of the indu:;try, all manufacturers gnthcrccl ideas. bicycles was thought unworthy the :;tudy of competent In 1887 Mr. A. H. Ovor1mtn invented a bicycle, the engineers. Victor, l1 mrtchino with two wheels of the s11mo size, The bicycle tts a modern vehicle has been before the set tn,ndem style tmd connected by n frame on the prin­ world for about thirty years. Its evolution in a diver­ ciple of a triangular truss, with the seat at the ttpex of sity of patterns may IX\ stLid to lmvo taken pliwc princi­ tho trinngle and a sproekot wheel iit one encl. The pally between 18li8 and 1885; and its perfection, trami­ l:ll)l'Oclrnt wheel W!LS eo1111ected with the hub of the rear formation, and the alrnost complete extinction of all wheel by 1m endless chain and was turned by pedals on but one chlss, in the clceaclo 1885-1885. TJ10 first mod­ each side. This wheel had rn1rrow steel tires, which ern bicycles were imported from Engfancl in 187() and were soon replaced with solid rnbbel', and it weighed exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. more than 50 pound:,:, The history of the "safety" Thero they were 1:Jeen by Col. Albert A. Pope, of Bol:lton, is a record of rnpid development. Immccliately n.fter Mass., and ho immedintcly recognized the opportunities its acceptance as n, popular type o:f a wheel, a series of thn,t lay before this new mode of conveymice. The changes hogan iu dmiign and construction, and in tho following year he set about currying his idmt into effect. ideas of mtrnuflwturers as to the necessary reqt~irc­ He went to England to stncly the industry, which then ments of s1wh tt nrnchinc. Between 1885 and 18\JO the flourished there. On hi8 retmn he brought some wheolH, evolution of the cycle industry was m;peeially rapid; and the Ramc year vV. s. Atwell, of Boston, built for pregnant idetts nnd startling chn,nges followerl each Colonel Pope tho first Amcricttn bicycle. This was a other in quick succession. very cum bersomc ftffair, weighing 70 pounds and costing A noteworthy fact is that the development of the $313. After another visit to England where he found bieycle was the result of consttint experimenting, in­ more than 100 factories busy producing bicycles, Colo­ Rteacl of being lmsed On knowledge of the needs Of tho nel Pope decided that the field :for the new vehicle in industry. While the United States took little part in America was broad enough to warrant starting a :fac- the early development of the velocipede and bicycle, No. 110-2 10 it. has led the world during the last decade not only in strntecl their superiority over the ctrnhions, and in a the q uutity and qrntntity of bicycles produced, hut in vtffy t-ihort time they hacl Htmnonnted all prejudices. iinprovomcnb in nwthotl,,; of manufoeture. Through The Hing-le-tube pneumatic tire WfLs iir"t suggested ttnd tbe ingonuity 0£ American engineers, tools and auto­ described by Mr. I. vV. Boothroyd, of London, Englund, nrntie maehiues have been invented by the use of whieh who, however, did not patent his invention: at about the cost of producing bicycle:-; has been so greatly the SlLllle time P. vV. Tillinghast, of Providence, R I., redueml as pmctimdly to phwe the machine within had in rented, patented, and brought out in the United roach of nll classes. States a pneumatic tire on the same lines as Boothroyd's. Tbe clovelopments which converted the veloeipcde The :mspension wheel ii> one of the oldest of all the into the pmetical bicycle of to-clay may he surumed up parts whieh enter iuto the makc-np of the modern as tho ruliher tire, the sui;pension wheel, the ball bicycle. Both the English and the French claim the bearing, welcllcss steel tubing, the wooden rim, the honor of having invenfad it-the former in 1826 and chain ge:1ring, the coaster bmke, and the ch~Linless geal'. the latter in 1864:. It, however, belongs to neither, n.s The i·nbber tire (including its bter vuriation, the pnen­ manuscripts left by a Spt1nfard, Leonardo da Vinci, n matic Lire) vvns perhaps the most important of these eontemporary of Columbus, eontain a sketch of a sus­ improvements. As early tts 1845 an English civil engi­ pension wheel and an autogrnphic note dcsoribing the neer, R. vV. Thompson, patented a pneumatic tire, which device as one "by which wheels nre strengthened and a differed but little from the present form; hut at thn.t light wheel mnde strong." This invention antedates time there we1·e no cyclists and little uso for such a tire, 1490. A wheel in the National Museum in Washing­ so the patent was allowed to lapse without having ton is a reproduction from this sketch. The next reached ;·my t'OllllllereitLl importance. vVhen the veloei­ record of t1 suspension wheel is found in the Briti::;h pedc came into m;e in 18G7, steel tires were used; later Patent Office, where Theodore .Jones, in 182G, filed the idem wus conceircd of nailing rubber stripH on :-;tool his application £or a pntent on an "improved con­ rims. ·yvhcn the "ordinary" rnme into use, " U" or struction 0£ carriage wheels, of such nature that the "V" shaped steel rims wen~ used, into which solid rub­ weight they have to m11Ty is suspended from tlrnt part ber tires wore cemented, or fastened with corrugated of the wheel which httppen::; to be uppermost, instead wires. Between 1876 and 1882 the tendency waA to of being supported, as is usual, hy the spokes that lmp­ reduce the sim 0£ the tire. This continned until 1880, pen to be nndcr tho axle-tree." All modern bicycle when John B. Dnnlop, an Irish veterinary surgeon, wheels are built on this principle. fitted a piece of rnhhc>l' hose to his son's bicycle. The first bearing used in bicycle construction was the F1·om this ineonspicuons heginning gTew the pneu­ "plain" bearing. To this fL nicely fitted and hardened nrntic tire, the grent marvel in the construction of the sleeve was itddcd, and this became known ns the pttr­ modern bicycle, and the basiH upon which the present allel bearing. The next change was to the roller bettr­ industry restH. At every period throughout the his­ ing, which was not n success. About the same time tory of bieycle construction attempts had been made to the adjustable cone was tried. This was a male cone, decrea1>c the vibration, thus at the same time contribut­ threaded on the axle and fitting into it female coned ing- to the comfort of the rider and increa:,;ing velocity space in the hub. The final and most important step by letlscning' the rolling friction; but a11 efforts were in in the c~Tolution of the bearings was the innovation o:f vain until the uclvent of the pnennrntic tire. At first it interposing steel balls lJetween these coned focos, n, was received with inerednlity hy the manufacturers and change which revolutionized previous theories and by the riders, who feared to meet with puncture::;, but redueed the friction to an almost imperceptible point. it soon tlemonstrnted its indispensability; which i::; The inventor of the ball bearing was Bonn, an English­ abundantly proven by the faet that, though prcviou:,; to man. These bearingi:i hiwe now been applied to every 188U a pneumatic tire wns unheard of, 40 per cent of all point in a bicycle where friction may be encountered. machines nmnnfacturecl wore fitted with them in 18Ul, They are, perhaps, to he more admired than any other and two years later lt bicycle fitted with any other style part of the machine. Ini:itead of nllowing the axle to was a curiosity. slide around in its bearings hard steel bull:,; arc intro­ The general distmst of the nsefulne::;s of the pneu­ duced so that tbc p11rts which come in contact roll over, matic tire led to the invention of the cushion tire in and do not :-;lide upon, one another. Tlrnse lmlls have. 18Ul. This was an india-rubber tire very much larger to be made with the greatest pos:,;il>le accuracy, as the than the solid tire, and having a :,;mall hollow ah' space least flaw in them will put the wheel out of order.· It running through it. The pneumatic ancl the cushion is interesting to note how little the bulls lose. in weight wem made on the same principle; in the pneumatic the by wear in traveling. Experiments have proved that thickness of the outer wall was reduced to a minimum, 12 ball:;, which, when new, weighed 25: 80,400 grnm, the diameter was further increased, and air was forced after having been ridden 1,000 miles weighed 25: 80,088 inside and retained, at a pressnre of about 40 pounds grnm, the loss being 3: 12 milligmm, which is equal to to the square inch. The pneumatic tires soon demon~ 1/ 20. 8 gra.in; i. e., in running 1, 000 miles each ball lost 11

1/250 grain. This corresponds to a wear off of the tt cht1nge took place, nncl the average is now about 22 snrfnec of only 1/158,000 of an inch. 1 pounds. Origirmlly the different parts of the frmne The construction of the f nwws of liicyeles has passed were joined together with drop-forge connections, but through many cm:-;. In the first hobbyhorses the con­ now sheet-st.eel stampings are almost entirely used, nectiomi between the wheels were made of wood; on the The joinfa were of three kinds, Jlush, outside, and early ynlocipedcs the frame was made of solid steel or iron lappedi of which tlu:-;h joints are now used almost ex­ bani; then crunc the clmnge from imlicl forgings to tubing clusively. After the drop forging1':! or o;tampings are and finally the welclloss steel tube. Attempts to produce finished the tubes arc cnt down to proper lengths weltllcss tubes by a drawing process were made some antl closely 5tted into the open joint of tho stamping thirty-live ycar:rngo. The procesH wtts, however, acmitly connection. In order to hold them Heeurely they nre and difficult 0110, and before it could roach its modern de­ pinned throug·h, Rnrl are then taken to the limzing velopment it nwaited importtrnt improvements, both in furnace. The procesii of bmzing !18 applied in the re:-;pect to the drn wing appliances and to the manipulation bicycle indu:-;try is of very recent origin. Until 1880 of the ingot from which the tuhe was produced. vV. C. it was gencmlly thought impossible to braze light tub­ Stiff, of Birminghmu, England, perfected the method:-; of ing· to solid forgings, and aJl connections were welded nrnnufacturo to :-;uch rt degree that about 1880 weldless together. The difilcultics were solved, however, and :-;tee! tubing hog·an to be employed for the backbone and the bmzing m1c1 the tlush joints make the bicycle of fork of tho "ordinary" bicycle. The great denutndi to-day as :·mlid as if it were cut out of one piece of steel. howevcl', arose when the snfoty lJicyde came into vogue. A fow yoim:l ago hickory wood was suhstitntod fol' steel There are various modes of producing the cold-drawn tubing by some manufacturer:>, hut this did not proye steel tube, hnt tho principle is pmctically the smne in sat.i8faetory and wn:-; Hoon di:-;continuecl. The l'mmeH all. Only a very hig·h grade of steel is suitable for the lmve abo hecn made of papier-mach6. The diamoncl­ purposu, aud Swedish charcoal steel containing· t1 par­ frame cotrntruction wa:-; not uHed until 18tH, when ticubr proportion of carbon has proven itself superiol' Humber, in England, made a bicycle with stmight to all others. tubing; previous to this the frnmcs Imel been of the Previou:-; to 18H3 a very snmll portion of the tubing most fantastic shapes. One of the improvements required for bicycle manufacture was produced in the greatly enlarging the n:-;e of the bicycle was the drop United States, and that produced was Of n,n inferior frame, which enahlecl women to ride. The first clrop­ grade, which could not he miecl in high-grade bicycles. frarne bicycle was disclosed to the Patent Oflice on 111 18U2 and 18D3 several tuhc works were started in Fcbrwtry 2, 188(4, nncl a patent for it was granted to thP Unit.eel Stt1tes, but it was not until about 1SD7 thitt E. G. Lattn on March 2Bi 1887. . the home factories could supply the clenrn11d. George The improvement in rims has also heen of far-reach­ F. Parker, United States consul at Birmingham, Eng­ ing proportions. The dandy-horse lrnd wooden rims, land, in his report of May 8, 1SDG, Htates that the shod with iron, hut in the more rnodcrn velocipedes exports of bicycle tubing from Birmingham to the these were Hnppl!tntecl by steel or iron l'ims. The finit United States in 1895 amounted to $507,041, mid for the rims used for rubber til'es were of solid metali gTooved fil'Ht qmirtor of 1896 the amount had risen to $231,200. to receive the tire. In 1877 J. S. Smith, of London, The fiscal ymtr 1897 was the first in which import:-; of England, patented the hollow metal rim. Until 18Hl bicycle tubing wore given :-;opamtcly in the United States Hteel and iron rime; were used exelnsive1s, but the. hitter Treasury reports, the value imported tlrnt year heing year a whoel with a wooden rim wtts put on the nrnrlrnt ~\185,2r:-itl; in 1898, only $33,7DS; in 1899, $26,413; ttnd by Mr. Charles Harrington. This was !t purely Amcr­ in HJOO, $16,573. The mode of making the tubing has imm i.nnovittion. Makers and riders were very skepti­ been grrn1tly improved, and our manufacturers are now cal ao; to its vitlnc, but in loR8 than two years it had tuming out a product. c;upcrior to any made in England completely superseded the steel rim in the Americnn and arc exporting htrge qrnmtitieH to all part:-; of the market. The steel rim is now ui:ied only on wheels world. An idea of the amount pro(luced can ho formed exported to Kngluml, where it ii:; cfaimecl thu,t clinmtic when it is remembered that eyery bicycle requil'·os conditions itre unfavorable to the wooden rim. In 18H6 ttbont ~O feet of tnhing, and tluit, during 1900, 1,182,850 rims of papier-mach6 were manufactured, but as none bicycles were nmnufactnrod. ·of the prominent nrnnufactnrers accepted them, their The fmme of tho modern bicycle is tt marvel of con­ use was very limited, and they soon disappmirecl. stnwtion. It i:-; really a bridge 'on whcell:l built for the Of all the component prirts of a bicycle, the gearing ·support of a nmn. Until a few yearH itgo the tendency hits prolmhly carnied the most brain work. Lallement's was to reduce the weight, iwd tubing was used which velocipede:; and all the early "orcl inary" bicycles were was hardly thicker thn,n a sheet of stout paper; but, after fitted with a crank directly rtttachocl to the driving roadsterl:l had been produced weighing about 1G pounds, wheel. In 1875 Rousseau patented a bicycle using a chain geitl'ing itpplied to the big wheel. The applica­ 1 Lecture delivered by C. Vernon Boys, A. IL S. JVI., at the tion of the chain marked an extraordinary epoch in the Royal Institution, March 7, 1884. development of the bicycle. Before itr:i introduction 12 gearing btttl. hecn obtained ,hy the working of treadles which later a drop fol'ging wns substituterl. Tlrn latter or toothed gear. At first it was thought that toothed was considered one of the best, hut was also the most gearing could he mo1'e ltccurtttely constructed than 11 oxpenriive form o.f hmckets. As the dcnnand for chc,iper chain and that it was more economical of power, hut as wheels arose, 1itamped brackets wmally consisting of the bevPl or tooth-gearnd machines could not be manu­ two pieces brazed together were used. The crank factured to rnn as fast as the chain-gm1rcd, tlrn latter hanger is now mnmlly of one piece construction, the soon had the entire field. steel being y the interloddng of cogs in of the. sheet-metal hmcket, he;;ides its economy, is the three spur wheels; the lirst wheel rnvolves with the proservtttio11 of the metallic skin, the toughest portion of cranks, communicating power by cogs to the interme­ the metal. diate wlieel, and this in turn causes the third wheel, The first pochils on the velodpecles consistnd of 2 which is attached y mcing­ in nse has an expanding rim inside a lrnl>; by very men on nceonnt of their lightness nnd non:,ilipping­ slight application of power this ring generates a very qualities. high hmking power and gives the rider complete con­ Originally all hubs were mttde of gun mcfal; flangei:i trol over the wheel. One of the most popular styles were very thiek at the oclgc and tapered towttrcl the of coaster brakes consists of two hubs, i. e., tu1 inner center, in order to provide Ruffieient room for b1ppi11g or dr~ving hub, ancl an outer or coasting hub. vVhile and threading the huh 1fange8 to tdlow for tho cliroet driving, the ~,wo hnhs arc locked together hy means of spoke:;. From these the barrel huh in its different fL hall clutdi; tl1is is released by a backward pressure varieties evolved. on the pedal, and when coasting tho driving huh remains The spokes have also been grrnttly improved. At tin;t at ret-it, allowing the outer hub to revolve freely on an they were one-quarter of mi inch in c1h1mcte1:, nrnde of independent set of llmLrin~·s resting on the inner huh. iron, and headed at both enck Then steel-wire spokPH It is easy to perceive the great advantage of the were used with a considemhly ::mmllcr diameter. '!'he crn•ster hrnke over other brakes. The first brake on the nipple and nut Hpokes were almndoned about 188:! and '' oTClinary" bicycle was the remarkable drng l>rakc, tlie direct spoke was substituted. Marrnl'nctnrer,s con­ which was pivoted nnder the rear fork crown, tu1d wns tinued to reuucc the size of the wire, nnd now use . ()()\) operatPd by 11 cord passing over the backbone to tho' wire. The first fangcnt spokes were nmdc in England handle bar. It was applied by turning the handle, when by the Coventry Tangent Compnny, and soon 1tftor thoir the prongs of the drag were foreccl against the ground. introduction the manufacturers irni.ugnmted the met.hod Au improvement over this was the "spoon" brake, of swaging the spokes, that hi, tapering them tow11rd which at firi;t 111so was applied to the small wheel; later the cent.er. A set of spokes for a modern wheel weighs on it was app1iecl to the big wheel. This has also been only 15 ounces. the most common brake used on. the "safety.n 'l'he saddle is the one of the component pt1rt.s of n, The first crank hanger was made from a oui;ting, for bicycle, the idea of which has undergone the least 13

~hrmge. On the eady velocipedes the saddle wr•s made miscellaneous item includes clamps, rests, casings, mud­ out of a piece of wood; later on this was covered with guards, etc. leather and padded. On the high wheels the saddles .. _.••...... •.•...... ___ ...... 46 were formed by a base of metal covered with leather. Epicycles ..•.....•...... _. _. _...... • ...... 32 The next type was the suspension, or hammock type, Dicycles ...... _. ___ . ___ ...... • . . . . . BB where the seat rested on a piece of leather suspended Bicycle propulsion ...... _...... _ 1, 326 hetween the front and rear forks. Then followed the Polycyc1e propulsion ...•...... _.. __ ...... _... 718 Frames ...... •.....•...... __ . ___ ...... •...... ·..... 831 era of the so-called hygienic StLddles, of which the pneu­ Pneumatic tires ...... __ . _...... 76-l mrttic saddles were the most prominent. The use of. Cushion and solid tires ...... _.... _... _-...... 652 the pneumatic and other cushion saddles has been a ban­ Saddles ...... _ ...• _...... _...... _. __ . _. _... _. _. __ 514 .cloned, as they were apt to produce chafing and sore­ Brakes •...... •. _...... •..•...... _.... _.....•. _ 451 ness; some of them were even apt to produue forms of Handlebars and handles . _...... _...... 448 ·wheels, spokes, rims, and bubs ...... 358 internal injury. The desire has been to produce saddles Pedals and toe clips .•...... , ...... _ 223 ·of such u design as to reduce vibration to its lowest Bearings .....•. _...•...... _..... _.. _ ...... _. . . . . 133 ·degree, aml at the same time to get a saddle which will l\Iiscellan eons .. _...... _ . _...... • ...... 1, 039 retain its form under hard u:;age and different conditions. Total ...... • ...... • . • . . . • 7, 5 73 The perfection is exemplified in the present rigid type From this tabular statement it appears that 2,04:4 dif­ of saddle. Spring frame:;, sertt posts, and forks are ·Other cleyices for such reduction. ferent devices for cycle propulsion have been patented, 1,416 for rubber tires, 831 for frames, 51± for saddles, The accessories to the bicycle are too many to be and 451 for brakes. is a velocipede with only ·ennmeruted; among them are air pumps, lamps, shoes, one wheel; dicycle i:s one where 2 wheels are placed ·Clothing, carrying l)a:;kets, cyclom~ters, etc. side by side, and polycycle is one having 3 or more Tricyc1es may be divided into three classes: children's, wheels placed in such a manner as to furnish a "sfahle ·carriers, and vehicles for invalids. Few, except the support. The epicycle is a vehicle very seldom seen in -children's, are now manufactured. public. It is a portable. annulr.r track propelled by a During the census year 1900 only a·few motor bicycles traction wheel on the inside. The rider is seated. inside were manufactured, itnd it is too early to speak of the the wheel in such a position that the center of gravity development of this branch of the industry.· The price is a little below the axis of the annulus. ·Of such machines has been considerably reduced during The number of patents 11pplied for during the last two the last two ye11rs. years has been considerably reduced. The evolution of the bicycle industry can be gauged The following tabular statement, taken from the to some extent by the number of patents issued. Since reports of the United States Treasury Department, shows the esta.blishment of the United States Patent Office the exports and imports of cycles ancl parts thereof for 7,573 patents have been granted for cycles and their the 1ast five years of the decade. Prior to 18116 there component parts. Of these only 16 had been granted was no separate claissification for thiH industry, its sta­ before January 1, 1865, and the great majority were tistics being included either with cnrriages and wagons, fasued after 1890. The first patent issued was to J. B. or with manufactures of iron nnd steel. Bolton, September 29, 1804, for a vehicle driven by a hr.ncl-worked toothed gear; the others issued previous FISCAi, YEAR. Im ports, J;;xports. to 1865 mostly covered toys. In 1892, the number of ------!------.applications for patents on improvements in cycles $1,898, 012 7, 005, 323 increased at such a rate that a special cHdsion for their G,8.JG, 529 5,753, 880 ·ex~unination w11s established in the Patent Office. 3,553, HU Patents of the velocipede class are divided into five groups, as follows: Unicycles, bicycles, dicycles, epi­ Almost the entire demrmd for bicycles in the United cycles, and polycycles. All patents in this chtss must States and many foreign l'ountries was, until recent refer to ye1ocipedes propelled by hand or foot, or to years, supp1ied from Eng1and; but American. bicycle parts of such vehicles. Wheels and 'their component manufacturers have had the satisfaction of reyersing parts, such as hubs, spokes, rims, and tires, are not, trade conditions, and now the United States is supplying however, included in this class, but with cn.rriage and bicycles not only to England, but also to all other parts wagon wheels. The following tabular strttement shows of the world. the number of patents that have 1Jeen gTanted on all Table 9 shows in detail for 19QO the statistics relating parts entering into the construction of cycles. The . to the industry. 14

TABLE 9.-BICYCLES AND 'rRIOYCLEs, BY STATES: moo.

ui1ited StateA. Cttlifornin. Connection t. Jllinois. Jndlm111.

Number of e'tnblisllments ...... 312 21 llO 19 Churucter of O!'gunizttliou: 2 Indivklu1tl ...... -· .... -.•.. 95 I s 6 17 2 3 Firmnndlirn!tedpartnership ...... M . 1 :l 7 2 4 Incorpornted cmnpanr ...... 103 1, ...... 15 36 15 ~ Established during the dccnrlt3 ...... 053 •I 3 16 48 15 " Established during the census yeitr ...... -22 I 1 1 5 1 Capital: 7 Total ...... $'29, 783, 659 $19, 254 $-!, 215, 399 $7, 6911, 658 $2, 061,560 8 Limd ...... $1, 501, om: $241,675 $478, 407 $110, 873 $3,705, 462 $882, 071 $551, 680 $302, 102 1 $9,462,031 $1, 487, 357 $2,018, 283 $782,015 ±~ ~~~~l.~1~f~;~~t'~fi~i'.~'~:i~~:~ :~~~~i~~::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::: ::: ::::: $15, l15, 163 $1, 604,296 $,l, 636, 288 $866,570 12 Pmprietors uml firm members ...... 20\l 12 31 5 Salaried official", clerks, etc.: 13 Total number ...•.•...... •..•...... •...... ; .. 2,034 263 6·12 128 14 Tot>tl snlnries ...... •...... $1, 753, 235 $251, 091 $522, 477 $06, 996 Officers of corporntion&- 15 Numbcr .•...... •...... 104 16 37 19 16 Salaries ...... $<130, 787 9'47,73:3 $93, 658 $85, 140 General superintcnden ts, im1nllger.r.i 1 c1erks, and sn1t!smcn- 17 '.l'utnl number ...... 1, 8-lO 247 aos 10·1 18. Totnl stLlnries ....••••••...•••....•.....•••••.••.•...•...•.••...... SI, 322, ·148 $203,358 $428, 819 $Gl,856 Men- 19 . Number ...... •.•...... 1,309 I •••••0•••0000000 194 406 79 20 Snlflrics ...•••••...... •..•.••.••.•.•..•••...•••...... •.... $1,109,087 ' ...... $179,335 $380, 504 $53, 413 Women- 21 N11111ber ...... 4il !'...... 53 199 25 22 . SrtlnrieH ...... $153,361 : ...... $2<1, 023 $48,315 $8, 443 Wugc-earners, including pieceworkers, and total wnges: 23 Greatest nnmber employed at any one time during the yeo.r ...... 27,043 ' so 3,476 7,052 2,320 2<1 Lenst number employed at any one time during the year ...... 8, 428 22 1,309 2,07G VG5 25 17,525 19 2,139 ·1,388 1,481 2tl ~~~~;:_1_1:~1~-~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: $8, 189, S17 $11, oso $1, 150, 736 $'2, 1'14, 897 $lll3, 3,10 ll!en, 1G years and over- . 27 Averngennmller ...... 16, 700 19 1, 095 4,1<13 1,·sri2 28 Wages ...... $7,%2,257 Sn,oso $1, 107' <185 $2, 078,334 $570, 858 Women, 16 years nud over- 29 Avernge number ...... 517 ;' ...... 10<1 10<1 126 30 Wages ...... $175,028 ' ...... $34, 662 $38, 27G $42, 150 Children, under 16 yenrs- ,' 31 308 ...... !, 836, 585 $1, 221, 780 75 $13, 91i7, 756 $24, 425 $1, 514, 139 $8, 735, og,1 $1, 09G, 17B 76 '.l'otaJif;c;i;,iscCi i,i-rti.\v ·s·i;.:ie:::::::::::::::::: :: :: .: : : : : :: ::: :: : : : :: : $20, 405 77 Purchased in partially mnnufl).ctnred form ...... •...... $18, 937, 351 i" .. ·.. ·- ii24; .i2f; .. · .. Iii; 5i4; i:iii · ·' .. ·ifs; 735; oii4 · $8,40f> 78 Fuel ...... $1, 087, iGS $341, <171 i $364 $32, 906 $95, 895 79 Rent of power and heat ...... $57, 957 $23, ~~! RO I $71 $2, 509 $13, 47/) $7,Sm $311, 775 I $110 $83, 251 $72 960 81 $1,892, 107 $15,0i8 82 $500 $63, 208 $881: 524 $5-1,~411 t~thl~F~'.~t~~~~!~:: ::::: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: : : : : : :::::::::::::::::::::::~ $230, 985 .. • .. .. • • ...... • $24, 236 $37' 631 $25, 187 15

TABLE 9.-BIOYCLES AND TRICYCLES, BY STATES: 1900. l\Iassachmetts. Michigan. Minnesota. New Jersey. New York. Ohio. Ponnsylvanin. Rhode Island. Wiseonsin. All other state,.:

11 fi(j 34 24 ·1 23

7 4 22 9 8 3 7 ~ 2 G ...... 16 5 7 1 a 2 3 12 i ...... 28 20 9 ...... 13 3 •! 18 9 4 55 27 20 22 7 5 1 ...... 7 3 2 6 &2, 64t1, 498 $757, 021 $38, 205 $20-1, •Hi5 ?.3, 326, 9·13 $

1,837 4;;3 60 217 2,671 2,949 1,122 9 2,032 535 33 J,913 440 GO 221 2,845 3,085 1, 178 14 1,850 552 84 1,922 380 56 250 21819 3,073 1, 25ll '22 1,715 524 85 l 967 362 56 239 2, 703 2,812 1, 160 22 1,602 511 86 1: 793 382 51 220 2,4,!2 2,-134 1, 026 31 1,607 474 37 1,443 275 36 168 1,59[> 2,083 897 36 1,3'12 866 38 1, 022 1'12 30 167 1, 163 1, GiiO 504 20 1,088 119 39 1,00'1 127 :12 70 1,158 1,408 53-1 14 1, 2-0-1 131 40 1,120 185 37 6'l 1 286 1,607 580 8 1, 172 161 41 1,304 186 51 63 1:448 l,\)32 058 8 l,41i8 203 42 l 523 300 4·1 162 1,925 2,833 788 7 1,378 298 48 1:597 400 49 204 2,326 2, 708 990 7 1,650 422 44

43 20 ...... 15 4

$1,139,814 $280,490 $29,400 $132, 265 $1,675, 353 $1, 881, 092 ~J51,521 $0,550 $1, 109, 512 SR78, 028 75 $12, 000 76 .. ···ii; iiiii; si4 · $2as.-rno • • · • •• • ·$29; 400 · · .. · -· ·$ia2: 265 · · · · · · i>i; ifr5; s5s · .. ···iii; ssi;992. · · · · · · · ·$!i5i; 52i · · · · · -- · --$9; 550 · .. · · ·$i; itiii; 5i2 · · .. · •· · •ea7s; 628 · 77 $25, 652 $4, 395 $745 $3, 488 $42, 714 $49, 537 $11, 701 $130 $40, 328 $10,489 78 $5, 801 $2, 740 $132 $1, 059 $7, 384 $7, 450 $3, 565 $315 $1, 110 $3, 571 7\l $11, 323 $2, ~47 $110 $1, 371 $31, 206 $<12, OM $'20, 210 $110 $28, 323 $2, 716 80 $90, 223 $fi2, -195 $300 $4, 024 $72, 138 $233, 822 $58, 051 $13, 090 S342, 356 $20, 030 81 $29, 087 $2, 658 $310 $4, 210 $27, 270 $3G, 503 $20, 413 • • • . • ...... $14, 903 $8, fi17 8" 1 Includes establishments clistr!bnted n.s follows: Colorado, 1; Iowa, l; Kentucky, 1; :Maine, 1; :Maryland, l; Nevada,!; New Hampshire, 1. 16

TABLE 9.-BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES, BY STATES: 1900-Continued.

Unitell States. Oaliforniu. Oonncctic-ut. Illinois. Indiiina.

Products: 83 Aggregate ...... : ...... •...... $Bl, 915, 908 $47, 670 S3, 672, 225 $8, 960, 421 82, 115, 901 Blcyclos- 8-1 Totn.J number ...... ••..•...... •....•..•...... 1, 113, 039 fi7!l 107, 419 385, 951 83, 9G-l , 85 Total value ...... $22, 160, 2fl0 $26,1'15 ~3. 029,418 $7' 004, 4-11 $1, 473, ooo I 1ndividual­ Chainlcss- I Sil Number ...... 41, 899 350 15, 803 5,899 525 I 87 Vttlue ...... •...... •...... $1, 89:l, 821 $16, 270 ~888, 938 $134, 850 $21, 250 Chnin- 88 Nu,nbcr ...... ••...... ••...... 1, 007, 1\24 217 91, 309 379, 026 83, 064 89 Value ...... $20, 031, 600 $9, 025 $2, 122, 369 Sfl, 823, 316 $1,441,350 Tandem- 90 Numhcr ...... 3, ,_m7 6 307 1,026 375 91 Value ...... •...... •...... •...... $201,8S9 ~450 $18, 111 $46, 275 $11, 000 Motor- 92 Nnmhcr ...... 6 Vnlue ...... 93 $1, 400 ...... ················ ...... 1 '.l'ricycles- 9-1 Number ...... 18, 110 '17 5,440 ...... ·····••••· ....•. 95 Vaine ...... $17, 985 $•1,175 $12,000 ...... Aulomobiles- 96 Number ...... 56 3 ...... ················ 40 97 Viilue ...... : ...... SoO, 788 $2,250 ················ $47, 195 98 All other product' ...... , ...... $9,6-Jll,875 $15, 100 ~ti30, 807 ..... &i; li55; 986. $595, 106 Com pnrison of prod nets: 99 Number of establishments reporting for both yeRrs ...... 236 3 20 49 11 100 V11lue for census year ...... $27, mm, -136 $42, 170 S3,512, 3ti8 $7, 154, 765 Sl, 323, 377 101 V11!11c for preceding business ye1tr ...... $27, 0·15, 264 $36, 000 $3, 157,505 $7, 680, 519 $1,487, 770 Power: 102 Number of establishments reporting ...... 260 3 20 48 18 103 '!'otttl horsepower ...... , ...... 21, 588 11 2,372 6,417 2, lfi4 Owned­ Engincs­ Steam- 10•1 Number ...... 177 ...... 19 29 18 105 Horsepower •...... , ...... •...... •.....•.•...... 16,Sfi3 ...... 2,078 4,589 1, 700 Gas or gasollne- 106 Nnmber ...... 45 1 2 14 3 107 Horsepower ...... 661 3 37 30<1 89 Wfl.ter wheels- ' 108 Number ...... rn 5 109 HorscpO\ver •••...... ••...... ••..•....•...... •...... f1R8 1:::::::::::::::: 88 lOg ::::::::::::::::1 Electric motors- 110 Nl11nlJcr ...... 70 'l 33 111 Horsepower ...... •..•...... •••....•...... •.• 1, 7·11 ]:::::::::::::::: 90 1,012 Rented- • I 112 Electric, ltor>Ppower ...... 75G 71 207 113 . Other Jund, horsepower ...... 1, 009 I s ~ 3.Jl Jll(J 114 Fnrmshed to other establishments, horsepower ...... 215 51) 35 E8t11blishments claseificd l1y number of persous eruplored, not including 1::::::::::::::.'.: ...... ··~:· proprietors nnd ft rm membm·s: Jlfi Totiil u nmber of establishments ...... 312 GO 19 116 No employees ...... 9 1...... 1 1 ...... 117 UnO ...... 05 ...... J ~ 16 2 120 51to100 ...... 50 ...... 1 10 8 121 101 to 250 ...... l 40 1················ ~ 8 3 122 251to500 ...... 21 4 2 123 501to1,000 ...... 8 1 1 124 1,001 to 5,000 ...... 4 1:::::::::::::::: 3 17

TAnLB 9.-BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES, BY STATES: 1900-Continued.

J\In~~t1e111u:;etts. :i\Ifohign11. Minnesota. New ,Jersey. New Yori<. Ohio. Pennsylvania.. Rhode IH!und. Wisconsin. All other states.

$2, 7lf>,a10 $627, ii5H $GG, 50f> $295, 226 $3, 3,12, 020 $4, 099, 980 $1, 855, 0•13 $43, 382 ~2. 79.5, 231) $779, 331 88 62,915 18, ma 21 250 42 %, 093 112, 397 07, (132 5\19 143, 515 32, 487 8'l ~1, 792, 1160 $.J98, 0·12 $37, 375 $1, 470 $2, 239, 962 $1,878, 978 $1, •190, 509 $20, 000 $1, 951, H'4 $716, 696 85

'.!, ~Hl ti,fl06 ...... ····-·-·-······· 3, 662 2, fi66 602 ··-···········-- 1,044 2, 101 86 $10tl, 00(} $~.W~, 9~0 ·············-·· ················ $157, 901 $81, G50 $27, 330 ...... $54, 626 $103, 080 87 59, 708 11,07ti •) •)50 ·12. 90,828 109 75tl 66, 706 505 142, 0·12 30, 305 88 $1, 522, 507 $'.W2,122 ss7: S75 $1,470 $2, 051, 855 $11 793: 778 $1, 442, 784 $19,691\ $1,863, 138 $010, 816 89 33\l GOO 75 822 .j 322 81 90 .$5;1, 2·17 ~29, 006 $1,550 $20, 095 $305 $17, o~o $2, 800 m 27 3 ················ 2 107 92 $10, 700 $1,200 ··············-· $300 $HJ, 350 93 1 23H 12, 341 94 $72~ I S150 ~9,U3ti $18, 000 95 3 ...... ················ ··•···•···•···•· 2 3 4 ...... --·············· l 96 $·1, l·Ja $1, 700 $2,000 $21 r,ou $1, 000 07 $m 1, 98;] • · · · · · ·$i~5; 7ii1 · · · · · · · · ·$2u: iiio · · · · · · · ·if:iii:i: 1ri1i · $1, 600, 208 :ir2,20!:J, Uli6 $3H,034 ...... $:iii;:ii>:i" ·······$8.!.j;072" $01, 635 us

20 7 4 ·l 4G 20 18 :1 20 5 99 S2, n~a, ~HH ~5'Jil,Hti8 $11C.,50ii $16B, 32U ~2, 80il, 77•! $3, 911, 020 $1,057,32[1 $35, 600 $2, 52·1, \Ill $658, 181 100 $2, Gal, 81G iNH,Hll $51, 500 $J.11J, 723 $2, 48fl, 005 $3, 418, 181 $1, 9!10, 9.19 $30, uou $2, 3G•l,M2 $1, 082, 983 101 '.2B 10 :J 7 58 25 18 2:3 (i 102 3»n 1,537 -" lli ~rn 2,119 3, 282 078 :.!G 1, 711 4Hl 103

12 fi ...... 4 27 23 JG 5 10·1 U83 10i ················ 153 1, 7·!2 2, fi{)(j ~\)2 330 105 ·1 (\ 1 JOG '27 ]~ !:::::::::::::::: 7.1 fi:J 13 IU7

·1 1 ...... 1 4 •••••••••••·•••• ••·•• ..... •••••• ·••••••••••••••· ••••••••·•··•••• 108 285 Ill 10 74 lOD 7 ················ ················1················ 2 18 ·1 ····• ..•...... •. 110 109 ················ ················1,-··············· ·187 28 .••.••.• •••·•• ••• 111 RB ~.j :1 ' 40 37 91 fJ 11:) • •••I••••••••••• 7"J. 112 72 :1 • ••••••••••• •••• 13 188 45 7fi ··-·. ••.•• •••••• ll2 113 GO .....•••••.••••••••••••••••••••• ! ...... ···· ··· \) 45 10 114 I 11 tifi 3-! 7 115 a a llll ··········-···3· ...... ··············2· 12 5 ··············r; ··············2· ··············~· ···············2· 117 .1 i .. · ...... · · T 18 4 1 1 ~ 1 118 s 1 3 15 2 ·1 1 4 1 119 ri...... 1 s u ...... 5 l mo 2 2 1 7 7 ·!...... :.! 1 121 122 12:1 I...... ~. ::::::::::::::~: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :::::::::::::::: ...... J ...... J ::::::::::::::~: ::::::::,:::::::: ·············-~- :::::::::::::::~: 121

0