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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann ArJ*or. Michigan 48106 USA St John's Road. Tyler s Green High Wycombe. Bocks England HP10 8HR 78-6217 TRAWEEK, David Edward, 1946- VISITOR EMPLOYED PHOTOGRAPHY ON THE HURON RIVER: A TOOL FOR INTERPRETIVE PLANNING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1977 Recreation University Microfilms International,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 VISITOR EMPLOYED PHOTOGRAPHY ON THE HURON RIVER: A TOOL FOR INTERPRETIVE PLANNING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by David Edward Traweek, B.S., M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1977 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. Gabriel J. Cherem Dr. Robert E. Roth Dr. Keith Brooks Dr. Alfred C. Clarke Interdisciplinary: Natural Resources Communications Photography-Sociology Copyright © 1977 by David Edward Traweek To all the people I squawked about during the course of my doctoral program, and yet whose support was so essential to the successful completion of this project, I respectfully dedicate this dissertation. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The document you have before you is the product of an undertaking not unlike that of climbing a mountain. It is the result of planning and hard work, and it is rarely done unassisted and alone. Interested and cooperative sponsors are crucial to the success of anyone seeking to attain a lofty summit. I was most fortunate to have the cooperation and support of Mr. Thomas H. Smith and Mr. Gary Bartsch, both of the Huron- Clinton Metropolitan Authority, who gave me permission to establish my base camp at their facilities. In addition, the fine cooperation and support I received from Dr. David W. Lime and Dr. B, L. Driver, both of the U.S. Forest Service, and Jan and Skip McDonald of Skip's Huron River Canoe Livery aided me greatly in establishing base camp. No climbing expedition can succeed without financial support, and I gratefully acknowledge the partial funding I received from the U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agricul ture, and the National Wildlife Federation. Few peaks can be scaled without guides to show you the way. As members of my Graduate Committee, Dr. Keith Brooks, Dr. Alfred C. Clarke, and Dr. Robert E. Roth helped iii me travel a seldom-used trail. Their assistance and support is deeply appreciated. A special note of thanks is due my chief guide and major adviser, Dr. Gabriel J. Cherem. He helped me lay a route to the summit which skirted potential rock falls, and made the journey far easier and more enjoyable. His sensitivity to my problems, moods, and interests, his warm sense of humor, a sincere interest in my professional development, and most of all, his friendship, are treasured. Difficult peaks are always climbed in stages, and this requires advance staging camps at different levels on the mountain. My thanks to Sue Morris who typed my research proposal and the questionnaires and tally sheets at Advance Camp One. My thanks also to Mark Agricola and Bill Fugel, both then of The Ohio State University, for assisting me with data collection enroute to the final Advance Camp. Fellow climbers Pat Martinkovic, John Veverka, and Jill Willis, thank you for being on belay and keeping me going during the arduous stretches. Your friendship and support have made my climb interesting and fun, and I wish you all success. When the final staging camp has been reached, all that remains is the final assault on the summit. Typically the last obstacles are the most difficult to overcome. Steve Tomasi helped me clear a way to the summit with illustrations that add much to my writing. My thanks to Rob Cofer and Gary Bovard, both of The Ohio State University iv Statistics Department, whose exceptional statistical and computer consultation brought me through the clouds and put the summit in sight, A sincere thanks to Carolyn Shafer for typing the document you hold in your hands. She lightened my load and made it easier for me to reach the pinnacle I had been seeking for so long. Of the many people on the support team who helped me climb my mountain, none were more important than the canoeists who agreed to take a few minutes and participate in this study* This document is really for them, it would not have been possible without their help. As I stand on the summit gazing back at the route I've come, I find I must share my hard-earned victory with someone very special. My partner in all this madness, my wife Kay, has sacrificed so much, and tolerated my nonsense for so long, I only hope she can reflect on my accomplishments and truly say "it was worth it.” v VITA 1968 ................B.S. in Forestry, University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho 1974-1975 ......... Research Assistant, Department of Forestry and Outdoor Recreation, College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 1976 ................M.S. in Outdoor Recreation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 1975-1977.. ......... Teaching Associate, School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Publications "Visitor Employed Photography: A Tool for Interpretive Planning on River Environments." Contributed paper in the Proceedings of the River Recreation Manage ment and Research Symposium. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 236-244, January 1977. Co-authored with Gabriel J. Cherem. Fields of Study Major Field: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Environmental Interpretation. Professor Gabriel J. Cherem. Studies in Communications. Professor Keith Brooks. Studies in Photography and Sociology. Professor Alfred C. Clarke. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... ill VITA ....................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................... LIST OF FIGURES ...................................... CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 Background Information .................. 1 Interpretive Planning .................... 2 Conceptual Frame of Public Perception of Landscapes ......................... 12 Prior Efforts in Landscape Assessment and the Perception of Natural Environments ........................... 16 Visitor Employed Photography ...... 23 The P r o b l e m ................................ 29 Study Objectives ................ 29 II. METHODOLOGY .................................. 31 Study Area and River S e l e c t i o n ......... 31 VEP Considerations Unique to Rivers . AO Pretesting Procedure .................... 44 Equipment.................................. 51 Questionnaire Development ................ 53 Sampling Considerations .................. 55 Main Study Procedure .................... 58 Autumn Pilot Study ....................... 64 III. R E S U L T S ...................................... 65 Who Canoes the Huron R i v e r ? .............. 65 Equipment.................................. 68 Two Categories of Photographs Emerge . 69 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Universal and Thematic Photographs Compared and Contrasted ................ 71 Thematic Photographs .................. 73 Universal Photographs Displayed . 75 Autumn Pilot Study ......................... 89 IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION................... 93 Tabulation of Responses .................. 93 Analysis of Universal Photographs .... 98 Dimensions of Contrast ........ 100 General Comments .................. 101 Thematic and Contrast Dimensions as Factors in Universal Photos .... 103 Demographic Characteristics as Factors in Universal

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