Cultural Heritage of

by Zeynep AHUNBAY © Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Libraries and Publications 3230

Handbook Series 9

ISBN: 978-975-17-3448-8 www.kulturturizm.gov.tr e-mail: [email protected]

Photographs Grafiker Printing Co. Archive, Zeynep Ahunbay, Umut Almaç, Mine Esmer, Nimet Hacikura, Sinan Omacan, Robert Ousterhout, Levent Özgün, Nazlı Özgün, Işıl Polat, Mustafa Sayar, Aras Neftçi

First Edition Grafiker Printing Co. Print run: 5000. Printed in in 2009.

Second Edition Print and Bind: Kalkan Printing and Bookbinder Ind. Co. www.kalkanmatbaacilik.com.tr - Print run: 5000. Printed in Ankara in 2011.

Ahunbay, Zeynep Cultural Heritage of Turkey / Ankara: Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2011.

184 p.: col. ill.; 20 cm.- (Ministry of Culture and Tourism Publications; 3230. Handbook Series of General Directorate of Libraries and Publications: 9) ISBN: 978-975-17-3448-8

I. title. II. Series. 791.53 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 5 I.PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS AND ANCIENT SITES 7 Karain 7 Göbeklitepe 8 Çatalhöyük 9 12 18 Cultural Heritage of Turkey Heritage of Cultural Lycian Cities 21 23 24 Perge 25 26 27 II. MEDIEVAL SITES 29 and St.Nicholas Church 29 and St.Paul’s well 30 30 Sümela Monastery 32 III.ANATOLIAN 33 Ahlat and its medieval cemetery 33 Diyarbakır City Walls 34 Castle and Docks 36 St. Peter’s Church 37 , of the Anatolian Seljuks 38 Seljuk Caravansarays 39 IV.OTTOMAN MONUMENTS AND URBAN SITES 42 42 and Selimiye Complex 44 3 46 and 47 Ishak Paşa Palace, Doğubayezıt 47 V. WORLD HERITAGE SITES OF TURKEY 49 50 Hattusha 56 Nemrut Dağ 63 - Letoon 68

Cultural Heritage of Turkey Heritage of Cultural 74 Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of 83 Historic Areas of 92 Great and Hospital of Divriği 170 180

Note on Usage

Modern Turkish uses the alphabet, modified to ensure that there is a separate letter for each main sound. The spelling thus aims at phonetic consistency. For Turkish artists, place names, publications and special terms this book employs modern Turkish spelling. Proper names have been kept in modern Turkish with one exception – İstanbul has been rendered with normal English spelling using I rather than İ unless it is part of a title. Consonants have more or less the same sound as in English, except for:

c like j in English

ç like ch in English

ğ the “soft g”. Depending on the adjoining letters, this is dropped, pronounced like y in English, or treated as lengthening the preceding vowel.

ı is a back, close, unrounded vowel which does not exist in English, the nearest equivalent being the phantom vowel in the second syllable of rhythm.

ö like ö in German or eu in French peur

ş like sh in English

ü like ü in German or u in French 4 PREFACE

Cultural heritage of a country reflects its life style and the creative power of its people. Living cultures foster their heritage; an encounter with them gives one the chance to have direct experience and appreciation. But access to the vanished civilizations is only possible through historical research and careful study of the physical. The unique artistic and scientific accomplishments of bygone cultures are Turkey Heritage of Cultural regarded as part of the collective heritage of mankind; they contribute to the building up of a united picture of the world’s cultural history.

Anatolia has been the scene of great cultures; archaeological researches in Turkey revealed spectacular sites from Neolithic, Hittite, Phrygian, Urartian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Seljuk cultures. The knowledge gained from these finds is shared by scholars, but it is important to disseminate this information to wider circles, in order to make more people aware of the rich human experience reflected by these sites.

This book on Cultural Heritage of Turkey tries to bring together Turkey’s World Heritage sites and the properties on the preliminary list. The initiative of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism to focus on publications is a chance to make these cultural assets known to the world. It also offers an opportunity to increase the awareness of the problems and to inspire new ideas for research and artistic creation.

Turkey’s cultural heritage embodies a rich repertoire of monuments and sites from different periods and traditions. At the moment there are ten sites: Troy, Hattusha, Nemrut Dağ, Xanthos and Letoon, Hierapolis, Cappadocia, Istanbul, Great Mosque and Hospital in Divriği, Safranbolu and Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex on the World Heritage List. Most of these sites are archaeological, representing the cultural diversity from about 2000 BC to the medieval period. 5 The tentative list reflects the variety and richness of the cultural heritage in Turkey. Karain, and Çatalhöyük, sites with the earliest marks of human existence in Turkey are included. There are also several very representative and well preserved archaeological sites from Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. Ephesus is one of them. Some historic cities with medieval foundations, like Mardin and Alanya, are also included. An outstanding Ottoman monument, Selimiye, the masterpiece of the renowned Mimar Sinan is also included. Cultural Heritage of Turkey Heritage of Cultural The concept of “common heritage”, coined by UNESCO, brings in new dimensions to cultural heritage protection. Common heritage means common responsibility. UNESCO and the member states to the World Heritage Convention try to overcome the difficulties of conservation in the world by offering technical and budgetary support to state parties which are in need. One of the important missions of the World Heritage Center is to offer help to improve the protection of cultural heritage worldwide.

Protection of universal values against emerging global threats is a challenging issue for the international society. It is a time of cultural awakening and taking action for all cultures of the world, which are fragile and threatened by neglect or pressure of migration, mass tourism, new development, engineering projects, mining, extensive renovations. The management problems have to be overcome. To protect urban identities, it is essential to revive traditional arts and skills. It is important to promote the protection of our common cultural and natural heritage. For the enhancement of protection activities, this book, a concise source about the World Heritage sites in Turkey, may serve as a communication tool. There is no doubt that knowing more will lead to better appreciation and care for protection. It is great pleasure to collaborate for the preservation of cultural heritage. Let’s work together and celebrate the well being of our common heritage!

6 Zeynep Ahunbay, Istanbul 2011 I. PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS AND ANCIENT SITES

Caves were inhabited for long periods of time in the history of mankind; for the hunter gatherers, caves located near rivers or lakes were ideal because they afforded a chance for fishing and hunting. Among these, the Yarımburgaz cave near Küçükçekmece Lake is famous with its vestiges from the Lower Paleolithic period. According to anthropologists, man’s ancestors originated about 1500000 years ago in east Africa and migrated to other parts of the world. Yarımburgaz cave, which consists of two chambers, is considered to be a stopping point for men travelling from Africa towards Europe. Inhabited by humans from the Middle Pleistocene period, this cave is an important site taking us back 300000 years in history. Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric KARAİN

Karain is considered to be the site with the earliest signs of human habitation in . It is situated in the southern part of Turkey, about thirty kilometers to the northwest of Antalya. The location is within the Taurus mountain range, quite close to the strait of Çubuk, which permitted access from the Mediterranean coastal area to the central part of Anatolia.

Karain, meaning “the Dark Cave” is near Yağca Köy, on the slope of Çadır Tepe, which is 150 m above the travertine plain. According to geologists, the flat area at the foot of the hill had a lake in Pleistocene era. The fertile plain, the lake and water springs must have made the location attractive to the early settlers.

Karain is one of the large natural caves in Turkey. It consists of three chambers separated from each other by calcite walls and narrow passageways. Presence of stalactites and stalagmites make the interior spectacular. The total depth is about 50 meters. On the exterior of the cave, there are inscriptions in Greek. Several niches were carved on the rock surface at a later period. 7 The first excavations in the cave were conducted byI. Kılıç Kökten from Ankara University in 1946; researches continued until 1961. Eight layers from the end of Lower Paleolithic (250000-100000 BC) to the Roman period were uncovered. Archaeological researches continue in and around Karain under the leadership of Prof. I. Yalçınkaya from Ankara University, who collaborates with experts from other universities among which there is the University of Liege.

The site is unique, providing undisturbed layers from the Paleolithic era to the Roman period. It is also significant as the site which provided remains of homo neanderthalensis, the Neanderthal man. Fossils of extant mammals provided information about the fauna and climate conditions during the Pleistocene era. Paleolithic period is considered to be the first page of civilization. Paleolithic man gathered his food by Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric hunting. Hand axes and scrapers were the first tools. Traces of animals like bison, ox, horse, deer, cow, bear suggest that the inhabitants were good hunters. Tools made from bones, hand axes and flint stones were among the finds from the cave. A stove and some firewood from the Middle Paleolithic period is regarded as an indication that the inhabitants had discovered fire and developed utensils for cooking. Religious beliefs appeared during the last period of the Paleolithic era; in Karain, the walls of the cave were adorned by pictures of the animals like goats and deer.

GÖBEKLİTEPE

Located near Urfa in southeast Turkey, Göbeklitepe is an archaeological site incorporating impressive remains from the early Neolithic period. Archaeologists think that the finds which go back to 9500 BC, belong to cult buildings and the neighboring settlement from the beginning of settled life. Excavations which started in 1995 by the German Archaeological Institute continue, revealing vestiges which relate to the history of the place. Colossal piers with snake, bird, bull, ram, leopard and spider figures have been 8 exposed. Natural bedrock was shaped to serve as the floor; walls arranged in a ring form surrounded the living spaces. Geophysical investigations showed that the site has more of the round buildings. Situated in a rural landscape, Göbeklitepe is an extraordinary place connecting modern man to his roots in the ancient world. The quality of the carvings and the size of the re-used stone piers make the site unique.

ÇATALHÖYÜK

Çatalhöyük is a Neolithic site located near Çumra, 52 km to the southeast of Konya. As one of the earliest known settlements on earth, the site has a high scientific value. The word Çatalhöyük means the forked mound; there are two tumuli very close to each other. The one on the east belongs to the Neolithic, the western one is from the Calcholithic era. The eastern tumulus is about 21 meters high and covers an area of roughly 500 by 300 meters. The site was discovered by Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the English archaeologist James Mellaart. The excavations he conducted between 1961-1965 gave exciting results, making the site internationally known. A total of 103 houses and 63 temples were unearthed. The striking feature of the houses was that they were built next to each other and did not have windows on their walls. Instead of streets, some courtyard like open spaces were left in between the houses. Access to the houses were through small openings at the top of the walls. People entered the houses by using ladders; the ladders were drawn in at night. It is estimated that the site was inhabited by 8000 people.

The dwellings consist of a large hall and small adjacent rooms. In the main rooms, there are raised platforms for sitting and lying down. One or more hearths, a furnace attached to the southern wall were the basic furniture of the dwellings. The smaller rooms, which were probably used for storage, were accessed by narrow passages. The walls are made of adobe, with timber posts placed inside them for structural reinforcement. The floors and wall surfaces were plastered with white clay. The upper structures were made of timber beams. The roofs were flat and covered with earth. 9 The plans of the buildings were very similar; they were named as house or temple according to their inner arrangement and furniture. In the temples there were small and large bull heads, horns, paintings and reliefs. These finds provided information about the life and burial traditions of the inhabitants. Many figurines were found during the excavations. Mother goddess cult and burial traditions are interesting. The Neolithic society of Çatalhöyük considered nature as a woman and the fertility of nature was depicted as plump woman goddesses. In female figures, the limbs and breast are overemphasized. The dead were buried in the main rooms, under the floors.

Red, yellow, black and green paint on white plaster background was used in the wall paintings. The artworks were dedicated to the ancestors. In addition to goddess and human figures,

Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric there are also depictions of animals like the leopard, deer, bull and vulture on the walls. There are panels with hunting, dancing and burial scenes. A landscape panel with a volcano in the background was interpreted as the eruption of Hasan Dağ by J. Mellaart. Some of the interesting finds from the the 1960’s excavation were moved to the Museum of Ancient civilizations in Ankara and are exhibited there.

Çatalhöyük, Shelter designed by Architect S.Omacan 10 (photo courtesy of S. Omacan) Since 1993 Ian Hodder from Stanford University is leading the excavations in collaboration with an international team of archaeologists. He started a 25 year program which aimed at research using the latest technology. The site is difficult to preserve due to its deeply stratified deposits represented by phases of mudbrick structures. Painted wall decorations are fragile and their long term survival in the open is impossible. The team was determined to stop erosion. Conservation laboratories were established at the site to consolidate and preserve some of the weak and sensitive elements. After conservation treatment, some of the finds were transferred to the Museum of Konya and are exhibited there.

Recent research revealed more details about the life at the settlement. It was discovered that people lived there since 7400 BC. Their economy depended largely on agriculture and animal husbandry. Their fields were about 10 km away from Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the mound. The sheep and goats were domesticated but cattle was wild and lived in the nearby swamp. The second tumulus is dated to the Chalcolithic era, dating from 6000- 5500 BC. Recent researches have shown that the western mound was inhabited after the Neolithic tumulus was deserted.

One of the important activities of the research team was to develop a management plan for the site. A lot of effort was put to increase the interest at the site and make Çatalhöyük a tourist destination. Interpretation was developed through a small visitor center established in a reconstructed Çatalhöyük house. Guided tours and a reconstructed experimental house help the visitors to understand the site better. A 27x 45 m protective roof was designed for the southern part of the site and thus an area with 20 houses was opened to visitors in 2003. A second shelter with a span of 28 meters was designed and executed by Architect Sinan Omacan in 2008

The Near East was the cradle of Neolithic culture which brought about the transition from hunter-gatherer to settled society with a life based on agricultural activity. Çatalhöyük is unique as a pioneering Neolithic site with its large size and 11 dense occupation, as well as its artistic production: spectacular wall paintings, exotic bulls and mother goddesses. EPHESUS

Ephesus is about 60 km to the south of Izmir; next to the small town of Selçuk. In Antiquity, it was one of the important port cities of the Aegean, from which roads commenced towards the eastern provinces. Being situated close to the mouth of the river Caystrus, the harbour had serious problems of silting. After almost two thousand years, Ephesus has become an inland site with only archaeological remains indicating its relation to the sea.

The ancient site of Ephesus covers a very wide area, with remains from Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. Excavations which started in the nineteenth century go on revealing more and more of the significant elements of the city. The earliest vestiges of settlement around Ephesus are

Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric from the Late Chalcolithic, about 5000 BC. According to legend, Greek colonists lead by Androclus came to the site around the 10th century BC and settled near a shallow inlet of the sea, which at the time extented as far as where the stadium stands today. The area was already inhabited by Carians and Lelegians.

The origin of the name Ephesus is probably the Hellenized form of Apasa. The largest temple of the cult of was located in Ephesus. The archaic temple burned in 356 BC and was reconstructed in the fourth century BC. Several famous artists contributed to the rebuilding with their works, thus the Temple of Artemis Ephesia was became of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

The region went under Lydian and Persian rules; several changes took place following natural disasters, occupations and political decisions. After destroying the earlier city, Lydian king Croesus established a settlement near the Artemision. By 287 BC, this city had become stagnant due to the silting of its harbour. King Lysimachus wanted to move the city from the flat area towards the south, to the area 12 between the hills of Bülbüldağ (Mount Koressos) and Panayır Dağ (Mount Pion). His city, named Arsinoeia was laid out with a grid plan and provided the facilities of a Hellenistic city. He erected a 9 km long wall to surround the city, part of which still stands. The and the theater were two of the important elements of this planning. The commercial market, named Tetragonos Agora was located in the flat area to the west of the so called Marble Street. The square form of the commercial agora as it is seen today was the result of a complete rebuilding on a larger area in the late 1st century BC. Prytaneion was the second important structure of the city after the Temple of Artemis. It was the city hall where official guests were entertained and banquets took place. The holy fire of Hestia burned in it continuously.

Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius raised Ephesus to the status of the capital of the Province of Asia, the city where Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the Roman proconsul resided. On the flat area between the Panayırdağ and Bülbüldağ, the administrative center of the city developed during the time of the Emperor Augustus.

The city became very prosperous and it flourished, reaching its peak in the second century AD. It was embellished with

Ephesus, Temple of 13 beautiful monuments. Ephesus was estimated as the fourth largest city in the east of after Alexandria, and Athens. The harbour was connected to the theater by a 528m long road, which took its final form during the reign of Emperor (395- 408 AD). The colonnade, known as Arcadiane, was 11 meters wide and in the fifth century it was equipped with street lighting.

The main street connecting Bülbüldağ and Panayırdağ was paved with marble and lined with colonnades. Public buildings like the Nympaeum of Trajan, Varius Bath and Temple of Hadrian were erected on the north of the lower part and tombs and honorific monuments on its south side. The richly furnished private houses of the city developed on the slopes above the administrative district. Several earthquakes damaged the monuments and the city, during its long history. Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric The temple of Artemis was destroyed by an earthquake in 262. There were other strong earthquakes in the 3rd quarter of the 4th century.

Ephesus became a Christian city from 350 AD. Several buildings in the city were converted into churches. The spiritual and physical center during the early Christian period was the Church of Mary, consecrated to the mother of God. One of the most impressive monuments near the harbour, the so called Serapeion, was also converted into a church. In the sixth century, a four column monument with the statues of the evangelists standing at their top, was erected in the middle of the Arcadiane.

It is believed that St. John was buried at Ayasuluk/Hagios Theologos around the beginning of the second century. A church was built in his memory in the fourth century, which was remodelled on a grander scale during the Justinian period.

By 654 the first Arab attacks started. A new wall surrounding the Coressian quarter was built to protect the city from the incursions. The Hellenistic and early Roman center was left 14 out of the new Byzantine fortification. Thereafter the seat of the bishop was moved to the Church of St. John at the Ayasuluk Hill. Seljuk Turks arrived in the region in the fourteenth century. They settled to the northeast, close to the citadel of St. John, where İsa Bey Mosque and other monuments from the Principality of Aydınoğulları are located.

The first digs in Ephesus were conducted on behalf ofthe British Museum by J.T. Wood, architect and engineer. He located the Temple of Artemis and excavated there in 1871. In 1895, Professor Otto Benndorf from the Department of Classical Archaeology at the University of Vienna, obtained a permit and started the excavations. Except the two world wars (1914-1925 and 1936-1954), the Austrian Archaeological Institute has been working at Ephesus. The agoras, the main

theater, baths, temples, terrace houses and many other Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric buildings have been excavated and presented to the public.

Over the years, many of the excavated monuments were evaluated for possibilities of anastylosis. There are several examples of good quality research and execution. It is possible

Ephesus, Library of Celsus 15 to follow the change in attitude towards the restoration of the archaeological finds. Starting with middle of the twentieth century, , tombs, houses and the theater have been studied and restored. One of them is the Nymphaeum of Trajan, which had a two storey tabernacle façade. It was built in honour of Emperor Trajan who visited Ephesus in 113-114. An architectural installation was carried out in 1962. The columns were missing so the restoration cautiously did not attempt to reconstruct them. The architectural elements were arranged, according to their original position in the monument. The reconstruction drawing gives an idea about the original look of the monument.

Temple of Hadrian is a small temple like monument which was incorporated into the Varius Bath complex on Curetes Street, “in homage to Emperor Hadrian”. The anastylosis of Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the portico, which was carried out in late 1950’s by architect F. Göschel is successful, giving the full scale of the monument, without going into the reconstruction of lost elements.

A.Bammer worked on the Temple of Artemis, Memmius Monument, Pollio Monument, of Domitian and the Domitian’s Terrace. In general, his works exhibit a personal approach, not respecting the rules of the Venice Charter. The re-erection of the Memmius Monument, one of the few examples of late Hellenistic monuments, is a modern interpretation, rather than a true anastylosis of the surviving elements.

One of the major achievements in Ephesus has been the anastylosis of the Celsus Library, which was founded in the name of the Roman senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus in 117. The monument was excavated in 1905/6; some of the architectural elements and statues were taken to Vienna and are in the Ephesus Museum now. But still a lot of the architectural blocks were preserved at the site. After a long research and documentation under direction of V.M. Strocka and architect F. Hueber, the Library façade was 16 restored to its full height in the years 1970-78. It is one the focal points of the city and exhibiting the rich architectural details and beauty of the second century monument.

The north side of the Library Court is dominated by a monumental gate erected as a triumphal arch. It formed the south entrance from the enlarged Tetragonos Agora since Augustan times. The gate was re-erected between 1979-1988 under the direction of Architect F. Hueber. With the erection of the Gate, the Library Court became an enclosed space, giving the full scale of the place in the Roman era.

The excavations of the Terrace Houses at the foot of Bülbüldağ provided a lot of information about the urban life in Ephesus. Terrace House 1 is a housing block covering an area of 3000 square meters and has six residential units erected on three terraces. It was excavated between 1960-67 under the

direction of H. Vetters. The oldest house in the block is from Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the first century BC. The second block of houses, which covers an area of 4000 square meters, was excavated between the years 1967-1983. The lowest terrace of the residential units opened on to the Curetes Street which runs between the Gate of Hercules and the Library of Celsus, contained workshops and taverns. The rich interior design of the atriums and the rooms with frescos and mosaics, marble panelling reflects the

Ephesus, Great Theater 17 high architectural quality of the villas. The site is protected by a shelter completed at the end of the twentieth century.

With its imposing theater, attractive monuments and terrace houses Ephesus is one of the most frequented archaeological sites of Turkey. It is unique in its rich collection of monuments with high quality of architectural design and decoration. It is a great task to keep the site in good condition against nature and the movement of large groups of visitors. The constant works by the local museum and the archaeological Institute help to maintain the site. The restoration of the theater is one of the projects which is on the agenda at the moment. Researches continue to learn more about the unexcavated areas; geophysical methods were used to find out about the earlier settlements, the location of streets and important remains. Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric APHRODİSİAS

Aphrodisias is located in western Anatolia, within the province of Aydın. It lies on a plateau at the western foot of the 2308 m high Mt. Salbakus (Babadağ), near Karacasu. In antiquity, Aphrodisias was famous for her sculptors. With ample supply of marble from the nearby quarries, the sculptors of the Aphrodisian School produced works of art which can be seen in the ruins of the city and also in other parts of the Mediterranean.

With its interesting features, the site attracted the attention of travellers starting from the 17th century. The first excavation was lead by a Frenchman named P. Gaudin. It took place in 1904-5 at the Bath of Hadrian; the finds were transferred to the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul. In 1937, an Italian team directed by G. Jacopi started the excavation at the portico of Emperor Tiberius. There was a long intermission until researches were resumed in 1961 by Prof K. Erim from the University of New York. After thirty years of dedicated work, he succeeded in bringing to light the impressive monuments of the ancient town. During the excavations 18 numerous inscriptions and sculpture were revealed. To present the finds to the public, a local museum was erected in 1979, within the square of the old Geyre village, to the east of the ancient city.

Aphrodisias has a special place in Turkish archaeology. There are many archaeological sites which are covered by traditional or modern settlements. In the case of Aphrodisias, the old village of Geyre had spread over the site. It was by the decision of the Ministry of Culture and the patient work of Professor Erim that the village was relocated and the land expropriated to the benefit of archaeology. By removing the village houses and expropriating the site, it was possible to continue the excavation and pave the way for the presentation of the site as an archaeological park.

The ancient city had not been walled until Late Roman period; a 3.5 km long circuit was constructed in 260, to protect her Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric from the attacks of Goths. The city lies mostly on flat land, with only the 15-20 m high protuberance of the acropolis. The excavations at the acropolis have shown that it was a tumulus dating back to the Neolithic period.

The most revered monument of the city was the temple of Aphrodite. According to the evidence obtained from the researches, its construction started in the first century BC and was completed in the second century. The temple was a pseudodipteros in Ionic order. During the Byzantine period, it was converted into a church.

Another major monument is the theater, which could seat 10000 people. It is situated on the eastern slope of the acropolis hill. According to its inscription, it was founded by Julius Zoilos and completed in 27 AD. Most of the upper cavea is lost but the lower part was found in good condition. The theater was modified in the second century AD for gladiator plays and wrestling.

The city had several public spaces. The richly carved architecture of these buildings is one of the attractions of the city. The portico of Tiberius, which is next to the bath of Hadrian and Aprodite, is noteworthy with its elegant frieze 19 decorated with masks and garlands. The Bath of Hadrian and Aphrodite is one of the most impressive buildings in the city. It was erected in honor of Emperor Hadrian’s visit to the city. The agora is very spacious with its gigantic size, measuring 205 by 120 meters. The first century BC structure was enlarged in the second century. Second century was the brightest period of Aphrodisias. The Odeon of Aphrodisias, which could accommodate 1700 people is also from this time.

The stadium of Aphrodisias is located in the northern part of the city, next to the walls. The 262 m long and 59 m wide building seated 30000 people. Its sphendone was modified in the seventh century to adapt the building into an arena. It is the best preserved stadium in Asia Minor.

Conservation of the buildings and the artifacts was an important task for the archaeological team. Restoration of Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric mosaic pavements and fresco fragments were carried out regularly by conservators. Many columns were re-erected. The site was surveyed and projects were developed for anastylosis. The restoration of the Tetrapylon leading to the temenos of the Temple of Aphrodite was one of such projects. With the technical support of Dr. F. Hueber from the Ephesus team, a project was developed. The original blocks belonging

20 Aphrodisias, Tetrapylon to this important monument were reassembled between 1984 and 1990.

From 1979 onwards, a temple dedicated to Aphrodite, Emperor Augustus and the family of Emperor Julius Claudius was excavated. The temple was raised on a podium and was preceded by a marble street lined with three storey porticos on both sides. The façades of the porticos were enriched with beautiful reliefs. The whole complex was named Sebasteion by K. Erim, referring to the old Greek name of Emperor Augustus. A new museum was urgently needed to house the large number of exceptionally beautiful marble panels recovered during the excavation. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism supported the idea and the extension was realized.

Prof. K. Erim died in 1992. One of his last concerns was the

protection of the ancient necropolis. Now, the excavations are Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric directed by R.R.Smith. It is important to continue research and at the same time maintain the site which is unique with its setting and contents. The exceptional artistic quality and the natural beauty of the site deserves utmost care to sustain these qualities.

LYCIAN CITIES

Lycia is the ancient name of the southwest part of Turkey; the region stretched from Dalaman in the west to near Antalya in the east. Its ancient borders were defined as the in the west, Mediterranean in the south, in the northwest, Phyrigia and Pisidia in the north and Pampylia in the east. is a rocky and mountainous region with a beautiful coast. The cedar forests on the Taurus mountains were famous for yielding tall and durable cedar trees which were used in ship building.

The name Lycia comes from Luku or Lugga people, who inhabited the region starting with 2000 BC. According to Herodotus, these people had migrated to mainland from Crete. Lycians were united in a League to act together in peace and war. Mountain barriers and the precipitious coastline helped 21 them to defend their country. They resisted the Persian invasion but had to submit. The region was annexed to the in 43 AD.

The most important city of the Lycian League was Xanthos, with Letoon as the cult center (See Chapter V, Xanthos and Letoon). Myra, , Pınara, and Olympos were the other five important cities of the region. Patara was the main harbour of Lycia. As the birthplace of , it was very important and a temple was raised in the god’s name. Some of the other sites in the region are , , , Arykanda, , Pydnai, Antiphellos, Phellos, , Teimiussa, Aperlai, , Maior, Oinoanda, and .

The most interesting monuments of the Lycians are their tombs), which are dated to the 6-5th century BC. In many

Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric places, the funerary architecture dominates the landscape. Tombs were cut into the rocks, creating spectacular combinations with other natural elements, like the sea or the trees. Two types of tomb were characteristic of the region. The first consists of a flat roofed burial chamber raised on a 3-6 meters high pier. These monuments resemble houses; they are decorated with reliefs depicting animals, hunting, cult and war scenes. Harpy tomb in Xanthos is a good example

22 , sunken city of the type. The second type is in the form of a sarcophagus, usually raised on a podium. The characteristic feature is the lid, which is shaped like a gothic arch.

KEKOVA

Kekova is a small island in the Mediterranean, located to the west of Antalya, between Kaş and . The island and the neighboring mainland make up a very picturesque landscape. Several small ancient settlements, which were part of the Lycian League, existed along the coast and inland.

The Mediterranean coast is seismically active and Dolichiste, a Lycian settlement which existed between the coast and the island suffered from an earthquake; several urban and architectural elements like streets, quays, walls and stairs are in the water. To trace the remains of an ancient city under the water is an exceptional experience; it provides a chance Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric to learn more about the natural history and the archaeology of the place.

Simena is the small ancient town across the Kekova island. It was united with Istlade, Aperlai Apollonia and Isında in the Lycian League. The ruins of a Roman bath stand near the shore. The inscription explains that it was dedicated to Emperor Titus (r. 79-81) by the people of Aperlai and the Lycian League. A small castle from the Byzantine period rises on the hillside; it has a small theater cut into the rock.

Aperlai is the town situated to the west of the Sıcak peninsula. Its history goes back to the 5th century BC. As a result of seismic action, its quay and harbour structures are under the waters of the bay. Another nearby small town is Teimioussa, which has a wonderful view over the Mediterranean. In the harbour, a tomb and some doors partially submerged in the sea are evidence of the seismic action. A small citadel is perched on the edge of a low cliff. Several house type tombs were cut into the rock.

23 PERGAMON

Pergamon is located in the western part of Turkey, near the modern town of . It was the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Pergamon which was founded in the 3rd century BC, after the death of Alexander the Great. Under king Eumenes, who lived in the second century BC, the city was adorned with impressive monuments. After the death of king Attalos III in 133, Pergamon became part of the Roman Empire; it continued to hold its importance during the Byzantine era.

The ancient city consists of the lower town and the acropolis perched on a high cliff, overlooking the plain. A cult center dedicated to Asclepius was developed within the lower part of

Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the town. Today the remains of the ancient town, consisting of palaces, temples, agoras, theaters make the site one of the major attractions of the ancient world. The site is located in an earthquake prone region and major monuments have been subjected to seismic activity over a long period of time. The temples, high retaining walls collapsed and were covered with earth. Excavations at the site started in 1878 by German archaeologists, Carl Humann, A. Conze and R. Bohn. The Altar of Zeus was one of the important discoveries. This great work of art from the was transferred to Berlin and is now exhibited there. Excavations continued in the 20 th century by the German Archaeological Institute; much of the city and many of the monuments were revealed, restored and presented to the public. Especially the anastylosis of the stoa and the temple of Trajan during the second half of the 20 th century are noteworthy. Some of the mosaics and important decorative elements were protected in situ under new shelters. Recently, work has been going on in the lower city to preserve and present the site to the inhabitants and the visitors.

24 Pergamon, Temple of Trajan restored by the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) (1974-1994) PERGE

Perge, one of the important cities of Pamphylia, “the land of all tribes”, is located 18 km to the east of Antalya. As one aproaches the site from the small town of Aksu, the first thing that catches the eye is the most prominent structure of Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the ancient city, the theater. The stadium, Late Roman and Hellenistic gates support the impression of the image of a grand city.

Perge was visited by several travellers in the nineteenth century and documented. But real archaelogy started in the twentieth century by Professor A.M. Mansel from . He and his successor Prof. J. Inan revealed most of the city; the Hellenistic entrance with towers, the oval courtyard behind it, the arch of Hadrian, the agora, the colonnaded streets, the Demetrios Apollonios Arch and many others. Excavations brought to light many interesting small finds, but the most exciting were the magnificient statues which are now exhibited in the Museum of Antalya.

Prof. H. Abbasoğlu has been leading the excavations since 1988. Recent research and excavations under his direction revealed finds going back to early Bronze Age (4th-3rd millenia BC). He also devoted attention to studies on the urban fabric and funerary architecture of the site. The necropoli were investigated, uncovering interesting wall paintings and funerary objects. 25 During the long years of dedicated to the site, several anastylosis projects were realized in the agora and the collonnaded streets. The dangerous walls in the south bath were consolidated. A restoration project was developed for the triumphal arch of Demetrios Apollonius. Conservation of mosaics, wall paintings were carried out regularly. At the moment the critical state of the Hellenistic towers is in focus; measures to keep them standing are being investigated. Perge is a grand site with impressive remains. The fact that it has been preserved with almost all of its elements, is very important. Excavations provided a lot of new information which make it possible to follow the growth of the city from ancient times to the Hellenistic period and through the Roman era. Careful researches and conservation work are needed to sustain the integrity and beauty of the site. Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric SAGALASSOS

Sagalassos is a spectacular site on top of Mt. Akdağ, which overlooks the nearby valley of Ağlasun. This are was called Pisidia in ancient times; it is the hinterland of Pamphylia and river Caystros flowing down from here reaches Perge and the Mediterranean. Due to the difficulties of reaching it, the site was untouched until late 1980’s. Professor Marc Waelkens from Belgium has been working at Sagalassos since 1990’s. After years of careful multidisciplinary work, major elements of the city were brought to light, conserved and presented to the public.

According to recent research, settlement in the region goes back to prehistoric era, but most of the fabric of the present Sagalassos dates from Hellenistic to Byzantine periods. The city was protected by walls in the Hellenistic period. As it grew in the Roman period, the fortifications had to be expanded to protect the newly developed areas. The important buildings of the city were organized around several terraces on the hillside. The main road running connected the agoras at two different levels. The lower agora had the Roman baths and several other buildings around it. The 26 Sagalassos, detail from the Heroon frieze upper agora was surrounded by the city hall, Doric Temple, a fountain, the Library of Neon, workshops and the theater. Earthquakes in the sixth century destroyed the city and lead to its abandonment. Researches conducted in the last twenty years have contributed a lot to the understanding of Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric the site and its protection. After a survey of the surrounding area, action was taken to protect the beautiful landscape by urban planning measures. Restoration of the Doric fountain revived the functionality of the Late Hellenistic monument which had its fresh water supply from the mountain. The beautiful mosaic floor of the Nero Library was protected by a shelter. Heroon is another significant monument which has been restored. It is a 14 meter high tomb, with a magnificient frieze of dancers in high relief at its base. The restoration of the Antonine Nymphaeum attached to the north wall of the Upper Agora is another project which has contributed to the attraction of the site.

TERMESSOS

Termessos is located to the north of Antalya, on Güllük Dağ which is on the Taurus range. This part of Anatolia was the borderland between Pamphylia and Pisidia in ancient times. The remains of the ancient town are high up on a hill, which rises 1050 above the sea. The city is a Hellenistic settlement which was developed by the Romans. Due to the steep hills, the city was not surrounded by a continuous circuit of walls. The site is spectacular with its impressive monuments and 27 vistas from the top of the hill down into the Mecine Canyon. The ruins are surrounded by a thickly wooded forest. Due to its rich flora and fauna, the area is protected as a National Park.

Some researchers visited the site in the nineteenth century and made surveys of the surviving structures. Parts of the city walls, towers, the King’s Road, Hadrian’s gate, gymnasium, agora, theatre, an odeon, richly decorated tombs, and a drainage system are still standing in good condition. No excavation has been conducted yet at this thicky wooded site. Prof. V. Çelgin has conducted extensive research on inscriptions, especially those in the necropoli. Prehistoric Settlements And Ancient Sites Sites Ancient Settlements And Prehistoric

Termessos, theater

28 II. MEDIEVAL SITES

Medieval period of Anatolia is represented by monuments and sites from Byzantine and Seljuk cultures. and Cappadocia were important centers for Byzantine art

and architecture in the middle ages (see Chapter V, Göreme Medieval Sites National Park and Rock Sites of Cappadocia and Historic Areas of Istanbul). Cities and monuments which were significant centers for Seljuk culture and will be presented in chapters III and IV.

MYRA AND ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH

Myra comes from myrrh, the fragrant bitter gum tree which grows in the region. Myra, which is located to the west of Antalya, was one of the important cities of the Lycian League. A magnificient theater from the Roman era stands in plain, next to the cliffs which are full of Lycian rock cut tombs. The combined image of the theater and the tombs on the high cliff is a unique composition, illustrating the achievement of man in shaping nature and integrating it with new works of art over the centuries.

Myra is an important place for Christians as well. St Nicholas, also known as Santa Claus was the archbishop of the area in the 4th century, was buried in Myra. The first church erected in his name collapsed as a result of an earthquake in 529. During Arab raids in the 7th and 9th centuries the city and the church were damaged. After being totally destroyed by Arabs in 1034, the church was reconstructed by Constantinos IX in 1043.

Travellers in the ninetenth century made observations about the church and the monastery nearby. In 1862, a project was initiated by Russians to restore the neglected church; A. Salzmann, a Frenchman worked on the church, reconstructing some of the missing elements of the upper structure. The belfry was added in 1876. Excavations around the church by Prof. Y. Ötüken in the twentieth century revealed interesting 29 finds. The site is very popular; its relation with Santa Claus attracts visitors from all over the world. TARSUS AND ST. PAUL’ S WELL

Tarsus is an ancient Mediterranean city; during the Roman

Medieval Sites period it was surrounded by walls. Not much remains from the walls but there is the spectacular ruins of a Roman bath in the center. An excavation for a car park revealed the decumanus of the ancient city about 3 meters under the present ground level. The ancient street paving made of large basalt blocks has been preserved in very good condition. The remains of the colonnaded street and ruins from later periods in the center links present day Tarsus to its Roman past.

The relationship of Tarsus with St. Paul is well-known and considered important. Today there is no visible remains from him, but a church and some archaeological remains are related to him.

The historic center of Tarsus has a good repertoire of monuments from the medieval and Ottoman period. Especially the houses dating from the nineteenth century make up a nice traditional townscape. The Turkish Ministry of Culture and the Municipality of Tarsus have collabored on projects for the rehabilitation of the historic center.

ALAHAN MONASTERY

Alahan Monastery is located at the boundary of Central Anatolia and the Mediterranean region, between Karaman and Mut. The complex of Alahan consists of three churches, a baptistry, houses, caves, cells and tombs. The ruins cover roughly an area of 30x200 meters. The site was visited by several scholars in the nineteenth century; H. Laborde and A.C. Headlam published the first surveys and reports about the site. Prof. P. Verzone made a more detailed study of the site and published it in 1955.

Alahan Monastery provides a lot of information about the 30 life of early Christian monastic life. An inscription found at the site dates the foundation of the complex to the first half of the fifth century. The stylistic connections with ancient architecture and the fine stone carving relates the building tradition to antiquity.

The first church which is located in the western end of the complex was the most important. Religious ceremonies were Medieval Sites conducted there. Its eastern, southern and western walls are partially preserved. Second church, which was probably added later is also damaged. A portico extending along the whole length of the complex connected the three churches. Prof. P. Verzone named this arcade as Via Sacra and claimed that it was used for processions on holy days. People from outside could come here to visit the place.

The eastern church is the best preserved of the three. It measures 16x25 meters and is a three aisled . It had a narthex with two floors. The transition to the which covered the central part of the basilica was by means of squinches. The remaining elements are excellent specimens illustrating the development of church architecture in early Christian period.

Alahan Monastery, general view from the portico towards the east 31 SÜMELA MONASTERY

Monastery of Sümela is located to the south of Maçka, on a 300 meters high steep cliff within Altındere valley. It was the largest convent of the region; it consists of six floors and has a total of 72 rooms. It had a library. The monastery is hard Medieval Sites to reach; it can be accessed by climbing narrow steps on the hillside. The entrance is flanked by rooms for the guards. An supplied fresh water to the monastery.

According to legend the monastery was founded by two priests from Athens around a natural cave that served as the church. Alexious Comnenos III supported the foundation of the complex in 1360. King Manuel II donated a piece of wood that is believed to be part of the cross on which Christ was crucified.

After was annexed to the , Sultan Mehmet II granted the monastery the right to continue living at the same site. During the 18th century the duke of Wallachia made a donation for the restoration of the complex. The walls were decorated with frescoes; the complex was enlarged in 1749. Additional rooms for monks and guests were built in 1860. With the agreement for the exchange of people between Turkey and Grece, the monastery was deserted in 1923. At present, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is responsible for the site. It is open to visitors.

32 Trabzon, Sümela Monastery III. ANATOLIAN SELJUK ARCHITECTURE

AHLAT AND ITS MEDIEVAL CEMETERY

Ahlat is a small historic town on the western coast of Lake Van. It is located on a high plateau between Süphan and Nemrut Volcanos. The history of the place goes back to the Hurris in 4000 BC. From the eight century on, the region was dominated by Islamic states. Ahlat was one of the first places Turkish people settled in Anatolia. It has a long tradition

of stone carving; the architect of Divriği Great Mosque and Seljuk Architecture Anatolian Hospital was from Ahlat (See Chapter V, Great Mosque and Hospital in Divriği).

The Turkish cemetery in Ahlat is famous with its collection of gravestones with exquisite workmanship. The graves have large stone slabs with rich decoration, mostly calligraphic, with verses from the Quran, hadiths or literary texts related to the dead person. Some are decorated with reliefs having geometric, floral or animal figures. The very large slabs are regarded as the transformed form of the pre-Islamic Turkish gravestone balbal under islamic influence.

There are also several tombs with square or polygonal plans and with pyramidal or conical caps. These buildings

Ahlat, grave stones 33 constitute of two parts. The underground burial chamber, the crypt, usually had the embalmed coffin of the deceased. The crypts were ventilated to keep the dead body in a good state of preservation. The upper chamber was like a small chapel for praying.

Ahlat has an extraordinary cultural landscape with its cemetery and funerary monuments, which reflect the high quality of stone carving of the medieval period. The stone of Ahlat comes from the Nemrut Volcano. It is light or dark brown, which gives a special tone to the grave stones and

Anatolian Seljuk Architecture Anatolian the monumental tombs. Ministry of Culture and Tourism is taking care of the site, trying to stop further deterioration and to improve the presentation.

DİYARBAKIR CITY WALLS

Diyarbakır, also known as Amid or is an ancient city which is situated in southeast Turkey, within the Tigris valley. The city was a stronghold on the frontier between the Roman Empire and Persia. In 349 the walled city was enlarged and

34 Diyarbakır, folk dancing in front of the walls some of the old parts were repaired by the Roman Emperor Constantius II. Between 367-375 the western walls were destroyed to enlarge the city. The walls and towers are full of inscriptions giving the dates of construction and later restorations.

Among the decorated towers, the Yedi Kardeş Tower is important with its inscriptions as well as double headed eagle and lion decoration. It was constructed in 1208 by the Artukid king Melik Salih. The architect was Yahya, son of Ibrahim.

Evli Beden was also constructed in 1208 under the Artukid Seljuk Architecture Anatolian king Melik Salih by the same architect. The inscription which surrounds the tower is a work of art.

Keçi Tower is located to the east of Mardin Kapı and is one of the oldest of the towers. It was restored in 1223 by Mervanids.

Tower of Nur, which is located next to Yedi Kardeş tower, was constructed by Seljuk sultan, Melik Shah in 1286. It is one of the most beautiful works of its period; decorated with symbols like horses, lions and deer figures.

The walls were surrounded by a lower circuit of front wall, but this has not come to our day; it was destroyed by the Ayyubid king Melik Kamil who took the city in 1232. The city has four gates: Tigris Gate/ New Gate in the east, Urfa Gate in the west, Dağ Kapı/ Harput Gate in the north and Mardin Gate in the south. The walls are 5 km long; there are 82 towers. The 12 meters high walls were built with local basalt stone. The thickness of the wall varies between 3 and 5 meters.

There is a citadel located to the northeast of the city. During the 16th century, under Süleyman the Magnificient, the citadel was enlarged. It has 4 gates and sixteen towers. Two of the gates open to the city and two to the outside.

Serious attempts have been made by the Municipality of Diyarbakır to clean the accretions to the walls. Ministry of 35 Culture has developed projects for the restoration of several wall sections and towers. At the moment a project is on the way to restore the buildings within the citadel and open them for cultural activities.

ALANYA CASTLE AND DOCKS

Alanya is a historic town on the southern coast of Turkey. It is situated on a small peninsula projecting towards the south, into the Mediterranean sea. The site was called Korakesion during the Hellenistic period. At the top of the promontory,

Anatolian Seljuk Architecture Anatolian there is an acropolis with the rest of a church and other medieval buildings.

Alanya became the harbour of the Anatolian Seljuk State under Sultan Alaeddin Keykubat. The name of the town changed to Alaiye, from which Alanya is derived. During the Seljuk period, the fortified city had a large keep near the harbour and the docks were erected right on the shore to build ships for the Seljuks. The 33 meters high octagonal tower built to protect the docks is called Kızılkule (Red Tower) and has several floors which now house the local museum. The survival of a medieval industrial plant which has been active until modern times is also very important feature for the coastal town.

The walls of the ancient castle are partially preserved, surrounding the old houses which date from late Ottoman

36

Alanya, general view from the east period. The vernacular tradition is very important with its compatibility with the hot and humid climate. The houses are beautiful, with their verandas oriented towards the east. This arrangement creates a very impressive composition from the sea. Alanya has a nice combination of the hills and the sea. The caves. During the recent years the citadel has been researched and interesting historical information revealed from the medieval period.

ST. PETER’S CHURCH Anatolian Seljuk Architecture Anatolian Antioch is an important city in the eastern Mediterranean. It has an important place in the history of . Two of the Apostles, Saint Paul and Saint Peter met in Antioch. Saint Peter is regarded as the first bishop of the church founded in Antioch. Early Christians had to hide from the ruling Romans to come together and pray. It is believed that in Antioch, a natural cave at the foot of Mount Staurin was chosen as the secret meeting place of the Christians. The rock-cut church took its present form during the medieval era, when the city was occupied by the Crusaders in 1098. The church measures 9.5m wide, 13m deep and 7m high. The entrance façade was remodelled during a restoration in 1863. A small portion of the floor mosaic and wall paintings have survived. The historic and symbolic significance of the place is paramount.

37 Saint Peter’s Church KONYA, Capital of the Anatolian Seljuks

Seljuk Empire streched from Iran in the east, to central Anatolia in the west during the twelfth century. Under the Turkish rule, ancient Iconium became Konya and the center of administration for the Anatolian Seljuks.

The Anatolian Seljuks adorned their capital city with , and civil buildings. Today, there is only the ruin of a tower from the palace of the Seljuk sultan. Yet the old mosque and several madrasas offer a good deal of

Anatolian Seljuk Architecture Anatolian information about the architecture of the medieval period. Stone, brick and glazed tiles were used to make a richly decorated architecture. Craftsmen from Iran and Syria came to the city to work on buildings, adorning them in the traditions of the architectural traditions they belonged to. İnce Minareli and Karatay madrasas are the most important from the thirteenth century. Alaaddin Mosque which was built above the ancient tumulus represents the multi columned mosque type common at this time. Tombs next to the mosque are significant with their designs and artistic details.

Konya is also well-known for Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumi who was a great philosopher and writer. He founded the Mevlevi sect which opens its arms to all mankind. The tomb of Mevlana is a shrine which is visited by many people from all over the world. It is surrounded by a complex incorporating a convent and a public kitchen.

During the Ottoman period, the city was governed by crown princes. One of them was Selim II who was very attached to Konya and founded several monuments in the city and its vicinity. His mosque, which is attributed to Mimar Sinan is important for its position in the evolution of Ottoman mosque design.

38 Anatolian Seljuk Architecture Anatolian

Konya, tomb of Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi

SELJUK CARAVANSARAYS- THE MEDIEVAL MONUMENTS CONNECTED TO THE SILK ROAD

Caravansaray is a building type which has developed from ribat, a military camp building located on the major roads of Iran and Central Asia. When Seljuks came to Anatolia and settled in the eastern part of the country, they needed communication between cities. Travellers had to go over the plains and mountain ranges for days, stopping at night in places far away from inhabited areas. Robbers could attack the caravans and take away the goods. This discouraged travelling and made merchants hesitant to take risks. When the flow of goods was not regular, the costs of merchandise would rise and there would also be deficiency of some stuff which was imported from far away countries.

39 To make travelling safe, caravansarays were built in the thirtienth century by the Anatolian Seljuks as an act of endowment. The travellers could stay three days free of charge. These foundations were established by the members of the imperial family and high officers of state. The travellers and their animals wer served meals as part of the service. This made it possible to activate trade on the route from China to Europe and also between the towns in Anatolia. As part of the medieval transportation and communication network, caravansarays are very

Anatolian Seljuk Architecture Anatolian significant buildings.

About 250 caravansarays have been spotted in Turkey. Of these eight were founded by the kings and are called . Most were built in the thirteenth century, when there was a lot of commercial activity and prosperity in Anatolia. Caravansarays are found on the road from the to central Anatolia and down to the Mediterranean coast. From east to west, they were built at an interval of about 30 kilometers, the distance which a caravan could make in a day. During storms or bad weather the travellers would stay in the caravansaray and wait until the weather would permit them to move. The roof of the buildings are flat, which allowed the travellers to sleep on the roof during summer time.

The architecture of a caravansaray was suited to its purpose. The simplest form is a stable which accommodated both the animals and the travellers. A more developed form is the caravansaray with a courtyard and a closed section. The size of the courtyard and the program of spaces around it depended on the budget allocated for the building. In some there are rooms for storage, a bath, a kitchen a mascid and guard rooms. The size of the closed section varied according to the size of the donation. The simplest form is the caravansaray 40 consisting of a courtyard surrounded by arcades. The earliest surviving example in Turkey is Evdir Han. The closed section can be a two, three or more aisled, vaulted building. Inside there are stone benches for the travellers. The animals would be tied to the piers; so the floor had to be cleaned every morning and drainage was very important.

The largest of the caravansarays are the sultan hans. The Sultan Han on the Konya road is the largest in scale. It has been restored by the General Directorate of Pious Foundations. Sultan Han on the - Seljuk Architecture Anatolian road is the second large of the type, covering 3900 square meters. It is rectangular in plan, with high walls and a portal in the middle of its entrance façade. The corners of the building are reinforced with cylindrical towers, adding strength to the robustness of the structure. Ağzıkarahan built in 1237 is very special among the extent caravansarays with its design, size and high level of workmanship. As sultan hans, it has a mescid in the center of the courtyard.

The so called enclosed type of caravansarays are very interesting with their stables arranged around a core with rooms encircling an inner courtyard. Mama Hatun Caravansaray in Tercan and Alarahan near Alanya are two examples of this typology. Most of the caravansarays were built of solid stone. They are monumental and impressive with their gigantic sizes and good quality stonework. From outside they look like castles, with high crenellated walls. In cases when there were attacks, they were to be defended as castles. The interiors are ventilated with slit windows and some openings at the top of the vaults.

41 IV. OTTOMAN MONUMENTS AND URBAN SITES

BURSA

Bursa has an exceptionally beautiful setting overlooking a fertile plane with Mount Olympos towering over the town. The hillside and the surrounding areas are full of trees and greenery, making the town known as “green Bursa.” The Hellenistic settlement founded by the Bythinian King Prussia was surrounded by high walls. Under Ottomans the

Anatolian Seljuk Architecture Anatolian city developed outside of the walls; the complex of Orhan Bey was constructed in the 14th century; then ,

42 Bursa,entrance to the Great Mosque and several caravansarays were built making up a vast commercial center famous for its textiles, especially silk and velvet.

Hüdavendigar Complex at the heights of the Çekirge hills is one of the important mosques from early . Several early Ottoman imperial complexes founded by Yıldırım, Çelebi Mehmet and Murat II are located in this old capital and give the town its special character. The complex of Yeşil has a mosque, a , the tomb of the founder and a public kitchen. The mosque, the madrasa and the tomb are decorated with beautiful tiles from early fifteenth century. Craftsmen coming from the east worked in the design and decoration of these important monuments. Ottoman Urban Monuments And Sites Bursa lost its position of being the capital city during late fourteenth century but it was still an important commercial center with its textile industry and silk trade. Bursa is also famous for its baths and spas. Natural hot water springs were used for curing several illnesses since the Romans. Ottomans built over the old baths or developed the tradition with many new spas and bathhouses, which are still favored for their curing capacities. The urban fabric of Bursa is very interesting with its colorful timber houses, some of which have survived in the walled city.

Prior to Ottoman siege and takeover of Bursa, several Turkish clans were settled around the city forming villages, which were called kızıks. Cumalıkızık is one of such villages; it is located on the northern foothill of Uludağ (the Olympos mountain) and surrounded by chestnut woods. The village has come to our day with its traditional life style and spatial organization. At the center there is the village square, surrounded by a mosque, a coffee house and some small shops. Timber houses with courtyards form the village.

43 EDİRNE and Selimiye Complex

Edirne is a historic city, the foundation of which goes back to Roman times. It was called , and the name was changed to Edirne after the city became the capital of the Ottomans in late fourteenth century. Until the conquest of Istanbul, it had the sultans palace and many fine monuments from the early Ottoman period are located in this beautiful town. Eski Cami, Üç Şerefeli, the and Mosque of Murat II, Bayezıt Complex from the end of the fifteenth century and several bridges are only some of the important monuments in this old capital. Ottoman Urban Monuments And Sites

44 Edirne, Selimiye, side elevation Selimiye Mosque represents the of Architect Sinan’s architectural career. The complex by Selim II was commissioned about 1570’s. The program of the complex is not extensive as in the Süleymaniye in Istanbul; it consists of two madrasas, a primary school and a covered . The mosque was positioned at the highest point of the historic town and dominates the skyline. It is visible from far away and crowns the city.

The structural design and the interior space of the mosque are impressive. The eight piers that support the 30 m wide dome are elegant and the system permits for a less intrusive sizing of the structural members. There is no predecessor for this idea in early Ottoman architecture. It can be the

Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem or the Sultaniye in Iran. The Ottoman Urban Monuments And Sites articulation of the buttresses on the exterior are very refined, as if carved by a sculptor. The incorporation of four with the mosque creates a crystal like symmetry.

The mosque is mainly built with finely cut limestone; red stone and marbles are used to decorate the exterior. An arcaded courtyard with a low pool in the middle precedes the main space. The portico arcades are higher than the other sides, which emphasizes the entrance to the mosque. The interior consists of a space covered by a majestic dome suspended on eight piers. The is placed within a niche. The sultan’s lodge, which is located at the northeast corner of the building, is adorned with fine stone carving and glazed tiles from .

Selimiye Mosque and its social complex were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2011, on the basis of criteria (i) and (iv).

i) The Selimiye Mosque Complex at Edirne is a masterpiece of the human creative genius of the architect Sinan, the most famous of all Ottoman architects in the 16th century. The single dome supported by eight pillars has a diameter of 31,5 m over a prayer space of 45X36m and with its four soaring minarets, it dominates the city skyline. The innovative 45 structural design allowed numerous windows creating an extraordinary illuminated interior. The mosque complex was recognised by Sinan himself as his most important architectural work.

iv) The Selimiye Mosque with its cupola, spatial concept, architectural and technological ensemble and location crowning cityscape illustrates a significant stage in human history, the apogee of the Ottoman Empire. The interior decoration using Iznik tiles from the peak period of their production testifies to a great art form never to be excelled in this material. The mosque with its charitable dependencies represents the most harmonious expression ever achieved of the külliye, this most peculiar Ottoman type of complex. Ottoman Urban Monuments And Sites

MARDİN

Mardin is a historic city in southeast Turkey. It is perched on the southern slope of a hill overlooking the Mesopotamian plane. There is an acropolis at the very top of the hill with remains of some monuments.

The urban texture of Mardin consists of several medieval complexes and civil architecture arranged on terraces over the hillside. Several stone houses with beautiful arcades and carved façades make a beautiful composition. The narrow streets are surrounded by the walls which protect the courtyards from the gazes of strangers. Some streets have vaulted passages over them, connecting the spaces on two sides of the street. The street pattern is very complex and full of nice surprises.

The medieval city has several religious buildings, mosques, churches and madrasas, tombs. The commercial life is very active. Several inns and were built to accommodate travellers and craftsmen.

46 Mardin is famous with its multiethnic society. Besides muslims, there are Christians belonging to different sects. Monasteries were founded from early years of Christianity. Especially the Syriac church is well established in Mardin. Deyrulzaferan is a large complex situated about 10 kilometers from the east side of the town. The monastery started to develop around an earlier temple at the end of the fourth century. Some additions were made in the eighteenth century. The structure is well maintained by the Syriac society.

HARRAN AND URFA

Ancient is called Urfa today. Located in upper Mesopotamia, history of Urfa is connected to several prophets and their lives. Urfa is associated with prophets Hiob, Jethro Ottoman Urban Monuments And Sites and Abraham. According to legend, the pool next to the Great Mosque was created when prophet Abraham was put on the pyre. The firewood in the pyre became fishes. So, the pool and the fish in it are regarded as holy by the local people.

The architecture of Urfa is built with local limestone. Caravansarays and other traditional buildings, along with beautiful houses arranged around courtyards make up the historic urban core of this old city. There are attempts to preserve this important city and its rich cultural heritage.

Harran is an ancient site 44 km to the southeast of Urfa. It was the cult center of the Moon-god Sin. The name meant caravan route in Akkadean language. It was on the caravan route connecting Mesopotamia to eastern Mediterranean. There are several cultural layers which have been investigated by Dr. N. Yardımcı. The prehistoric layer is found in the tumulus near the Great Mosque from early Islamic period. The impressive ruin of the Great Mosque with its 33 meters high bears testimony to the outstanding architectural accomplishment from the eighth century. A university was associated with the mosque. Harran is also important for its rural housing which is peculiar with its conical roofs . 47 İSHAK PAŞA PALACE, DOĞUBAYEZIT

The late Ottoman palace of İshak Paşa is located in Ağrı province, near the Iranian border of Turkey. The complex is a castle like structure, overlooking a beautiful valley and Mount Ararat. The palace was constructed by a local governor family. Behlül Pasha, the father of İshak Pasha, started the project; it was completed in 1784, by his son Mahmut Pasha. The palace was the seat of government in the 18th century; it is organized around several courtyards. The first courtyard was reached by a monumental portal with decoration. There are several guard rooms and services around the first courtyard. In the second courtyard, there is a mosque and the tomb of the founder and his wife. Ottoman Urban Monuments And Sites The third part was the harem, with a big kitchen, a dining room and apartments for the family.

The complex is very interesting with its general siting and details. There is no similar country house or palace from the Ottoman period in the provinces. The revival of Seljuk architecture in the tomb, the portals and the rich use of stone decoration makes the complex unique for its time and the region.

Doğubayezıt, Ishak Paşa Palace 48 settlement, as settlement, places of refuge at times of as oppression, sites a for setting as a beautiful of use nature; of men’s intelligent examples different are There features. natural and cultural List. the both with for sites, mixed are site List the on properties natural the Twoof a proposed yet not has Turkey houses period. Ottoman from dating timber and monuments stone with town small Ottoman well-preserved a is Safranbolu and work sculptural extraordinary with monument Seljuk times. medieval a is Divriği recent more prehistory, from habitation human through exemplifies Troy While prehistory from spanning sites, the in time of range rich a is There cultural. are sites Heritage the of World majority fauna, and flora special with reserves, natural of collection rich a has Turkey Although 1998. Troy in and and in in Xanthos Letoon 1994, 1988, Safranbolu 1987, Hierapolis, in Dağ Nemrut 1986; in List Heritage World the in included was Hittites the of capital the Hattusha, followed. sites Other 1985. in Heritage World of List the in inscribed World the to They were and Istanbul. Göreme List were Divriği, Heritage inclusion for nominated sites first The Heritage List. World the on sites nine has Turkey moment the At UNESCO. to prepared submitted and were Culture of files Ministry the by 1984, with Starting nomination. 1983, for in Convention Heritage eligible be would which sites possible the Turkey considered World the signing After times. recent more and ancient the representing sites and preserved well Byzantine have cultures Roman, Ottoman the Especially today. Turkey up in make thewhich lands had influence their cultures Roman and Hellenistic Persian, Egyptian, civilizations, ancient the to are related places many world, in the ancient located area an As settlement. prehistoric and mounds dwellings, cave of form the in vestiges its has earth on life human of forms early The heritage. cultural in rich very country a Turkey is V. WORLD HERITAGE SITES OF TURKEY

49 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 50 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY sites. cultural earlier medieval and Roman the towards the proceeding and properties with starting order, chronological in Below the World of properties Heritage Turkey are presented Göreme. and Hierapolis unique settings: natural within sites archaeological two by exemplified are possibilities these All inspiration. or seclusion recreation, of e a fsiae wt te id ad atd o ae an have to wanted and finds the with fascinated was he Pompei, and Rome visiting history.After in interested was but archaeologist an not was He Priam. King a of treasures Schliemann, H. the find to ventured who them one the was millionaire, German Among centuries. the through musicians and writers artists, people, many inspired BC 700 about created works Odyssey, the literary and Iliad The they wereaffiliatedto Troy. Aeneas ancestor his to their through fulfill that to believed promised Romans live wish. not and could he site but conditions the the improve visited Great the Alexander Patroclus. and Hector Ajax, Achilles, for War; Trojan the of heroes tumulus the of places burial period supposed the over Hellenistic erected were the During heroes venerated. its and were influential very was War Trojan The Bronze Age. Early the in interaction had and met civilizations western and eastern the where place interesting an is Troy detail. in described are years ten lasted which war the as well as and Troy environs, its Iliad the In Menelaos. King Spartan the beautiful of the wife Helen, stole Priam King of son younger the Paris, because started between which Trojans war the the and Greeks about the tells Iliad The Odyssey. the and Iliad the Homer; of works literary the to due well-known is It world. the of sites archaeological famous is most the of , one of entrance the at situated is which Troy, TROY Troy, the wooden horseerectedatthesitein1973 1871, hecouldstartexcavation. in permit a permission obtaining After get authorities. Ottoman the to from applied he a For excavation, well. deep comprehensive a excavating dig, trial a the a made of He potentials site. the Schliemann about learned site, and the Calvert at to to talked visit excavation first some his started On Tepe. and Hisarlık land of piece a had He Troy. bought at archaeology doing in interested also was In the 1863, Frank Calvert, at consul American Dardanelles, with bothofitsnamesintheIliad. city the to referred Homer fact in city; same the and were Troy Ilion coins. the on written was Ilion” “New century.name The nineteenth the in found coins small some of help the with Tepe Hisarlık at located King been already of had city Priam The Troy. about information could further which provide sources the all read Schliemann Iliad. the of the Troy finding in interested got He own. his of excavation 51 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 52 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Troy, fortifications authorities Ottoman “Treasure”, the of discovery the about away took spread to news the When secretly and Athens. finds valuable the lunch having or resting were workers while the stealthily excavated Schliemann finds, the share to he Although had an with agreement the Ottoman authorities II, Troy which isabout1000yearsearlier. from were finds the level; the dating in mistaken was He jewellery. the found he when Iliad, the of reached level had the he thought, He diadems. two a and band earrings, head sixty bracelets, rings, collection gold The tiny 8750 Helen.” which included of jewellery jewels of “the named group a Schliemann also was There spearheads. copper of hoard a and cups electron and silver gold, bronze, bowls, copper huge of consisted find The “Treasure”. the as named he which objects, interesting many found he 1873 In down. deeper excavated he as complex very getting was It building. small a and gateway a road, a of settlement sacrifices, Roman for altar an wall, a defensive uncovered He the Ilium. under layers different at cities four found Schliemann excavations, his During this evidence. historic By of lot a trench. and walls deep some destroyed and he wide intervention, a opened he mound, through cross-section the a get To ground. the in down deep buried was reach to wanted Schliemann level The levels. Roman and Byzantine the was there top the site. At easy an not was it but results; quick get to aiming was Schliemann to improve the presentation of the ruins, to maintain the the maintain to site andstopfurther deterioration. ruins, the of presentation the improve to channelized were efforts before. participation, thought than international size With in larger much fact in was city the and walls the of outside city revealed lower a research existed there His that 2005. in death his until 1988 from campaigns the lead Korfmann Manfred Professor site. the with 1980’s involved actively late is Institute Since Archaeological Museums. German Istanbul and areexhibited Çanakkale in excavations his from finds The period. the during out carried were works restoration and Some conservation stratigraphy. of problems solve to trying site, the at worked USA from W.Blegen Carl 1938, and 1932 Between the realreasonofwar. was Dardanelles the control to Trojans the and Mycenaeans the between rivalry the that claim historians Some fiction. merely is it or place took Warever Trojan a if certain not is agreement no it toa war; related finds the about been archaeologists the among has There War. Trojan the to related level between 1500 and 1250 BC Since the Trojan War is is War Trojan roughly dated to the mid 13 Since BC 1250 and the 1500 to date between level helped finds pottery The Iliad. by his described in as Homer bottom, the at the angled walls defense during had level this VI at Troy fortifications The 1893-4. uncovered between campaigns Dörpfeld lead. the took Schliemann, with excavations worked had who archaeologist the German a 1890, in death ofwith support the hiscontinued financial wife. W.Dörpfeld, Schliemann’s H. After first timein1998. the for public the to exhibited was and Moscow Pushkin in Museum the at recovered was collection the years, many After disappeared. Treasure the and occupied was Berlin II, the World War During Berlin. to taken finally was Treasure and several countries the exhibited findsto in many places.The invited was Schliemann world. the for news was exciting jewellery an ancient of work. collection continue rich a to of able discovery be The to order in finds, the for fine a He to had pay to Schliemann. sue wanted and offended were th century BC, this could be the level level the be could this BC, century 53 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 54 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Troy, the lower cityandthesurroundingarea were There adobe. of made were parts and upper foundations the stone bases; had walls The high. m 6 and long meters 330 were walls Its countries. away far with relations trade had II) Age Bronze Early BC/ 2550-2250 (app. II Troy in decoration dark brownandblack;therewasalsowhiteincisedware. has level this from pottery The fishing. and megaron husbandry animal a lived plan. on The population agriculture, had one them Among city. the of part western the on arranged were plans rectangular with houses of plan.A row in arerectangular which towers, two was by entrance flanked The side. south the at placed gate entrance major a with plan in octagonal roughly was settlement the of plan The stones. cut roughly of made walls defense had BC) 2920-2550 (app. II Bronze Age early from Troy dating I, and comeuptoEarlyIron Age. Age Bronze the with start VII, to I Troy called levels, seven lowest The high. meters 15 than more mound a up building place, same the over settled people cultures, Several times. archaeologists. the several by settlement the devastated fires spotted wars, Earthquakes, been have settlement of levels 50 than More years. 3000 than more for continuously habitation. Due to its suitable position, the site was inhabited of layers several of remains physical the are Troy, there At acur cmlx hc ws rbby one i te 8 the in founded probably was which complex sanctuary The and monuments. several Greek by The represented are IX). levels Roman (Troy levels Roman and VIII) (Troy Troy VI. Above the prehistoric levels, there is the Hellenistic the Trojan with War connected The level is as buildings. cult served with plan; these megaron probably structures several through history are available, in order to enable the visitors visitors the enable to order in available, are history through visitors. the to accessible drawings showing the of Reconstitution development the site is site The projects. recent the and site the about made are publications scientific Several stop material degradationandlossof originalfabric. to out carried are works conservation preventive and Maintenance open. the in them preserve to difficult very it makes adobe, in fact are structures The surviving the continues. of some ruins that the of condition present the of Documentation systematically. explored being is city lower The methods. modern of help the with reviewed are findings earlier The out. carried being are studies Multidisciplinary Cincinnati. of University with collaboration the in University, under Tübingen from Pernicka site Enst Dr. the Professor of leadership at continue excavations Systematic also noted. was years thousand two than more over arts on creative work the literary important this of the influence with the relation and Troy’sIliad eras. following the in develop to ties cultural cross the in resulted world Mediterranean the the and in Anatolia between confrontation the where place significance a is It immense civilization. European having of development the of understanding as site The evaluated 849. number as is 1998 in vi and according iii, List ii, criteria Heritage to World the in included was Troy settlement. the of Troy is called which X Ilion, is at top the very The Byzantine agora. the near bouleuterion the city,and Roman odeion the the from survive buildings public major Two Augustus. by later and Great the Alexander by enlarged was BC century th

55 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 56 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY aroused great interest. By the century, end of interest. great the nineteenth aroused France. His drawings of the ruins and the reliefs at in them published and Yazılıkayaremains the of drawings made 1834 in site the visited who Texier, Hattusha Charles of recent; relatively discovery is the The in periods. later forgotten and were Hellenistic Hittites the and Kingdom Hittite they madewarwiththeEgyptians. Mesopotamia; with relations had They Syria. into extending Anatolia, south and central in cities BC; several had They East. 1200 Near the and in time their of 1600 superpowers the of one between were they Anatolia in ruled Hittites the to km 150 east of Ankara, withintheprovinceofÇorum. about located is Hittites the of capital The HATTUSHA: TheHittiteCapital 2004. in action into put and developed been has Park National Troy for Plan Development Long-term the The protect area. to authorities Museum the with collaborates Forestry of Ministry 1996. the in of Department zone Park buffer National The the in created been has site, belt archaeological green a the around development the Tocontrol site. the of management the for responsible is Tourism and Culture of Ministry The better. site the understand to Troy, theRomanOdeion

started as early as 6000 BC, during the Chalcolithic period. period. Chalcolithic the during BC, 6000 site as early as the started around settlement the that revealed Excavations of theMemoryWorld in2001. in UNESCO’s List was included to tablets 30.000 amounting collection rich This museums. archaeological Istanbul and Ankara the in kept are archives tablet discipline. cuneiform a Hattusha as Hittitology of birth the to led Hattusha of tablets cuneiform the of study Hrozny. The Bedrich by 1915 in to be deciphered language the Hittite enabled tablets clay on writing cuneiform time. Akkadian that at known not was of hundreds which language, in Hittite the and written Akkadian found tablets They Hattusha. was on working were the capital city, the archaeologists decided that the site they at kept be would document important an such that fact the from Concluding III. Hattushili King Hittite and II Ramses Pharaoh Egyptian between acted treaty peace a was there Hugo finds the site.Among the at excavations systematic first the and started culture Museum Assyrian in specialist German Archaeological a Winckler, Istanbul from Bey Macridy 1906 In tablets. cuneiform discovering Yazılıkaya, in dug the some trenches TempleGreat and at their on Büyükkale and Hittites the activity in and around about Asia Minor. In 1893-94 more Ernest Chantre knew archaeologists Hattusha, LionGate 57 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 58 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY rock artspecimens fromthesecondmillenium BC. exceptional are Yazılıkaya at carvings the and and Lions’ gates Royal the the at preserved sculpture The city. upper the in identified were buildings administrative several and Anatolia. of architecture the military about ancient details interesting providing studied, were city the of gates the and important walls The city. are capital the city of elements lower the and upper the surrounding since fortifications the and temples palace, continued royal significant The its buildings. and city has the of most light to documentation bringing then, and restoration the during Research, 1952. in intermission resumed were excavations War World II; an was There 1931-1939. years the between place took digs German first The capital. Hittite the the of by features urban the century revealed (DAI) Institute twentieth Archaeological the in Excavations the of collapse Empire. Hittite Great the to parallel BC 1200 around deserted was city The Land. Hatti the of gods thousand the for built were Temples Büyükkale. of ridge the on was king residence the The of city. the of part lowest the to point highest the from meters 300 of difference a is There sea. the above m 1240 is which Yerkapı at is city the of point highest The kilometers. two by one approximately measured It sides. western and eastern its along massif, valleys rocky steep by high surrounded a of slope the on situated is Hattusha legal codes,proceduresforcultceremony. The life. of andcontracts, way correspondence Hittite official include tablets Hittite the about information in providing important were sites different at found Tablets names. their by known are kings one from Hittite Twentyseven “the Hattusha”. meaning was Hattushili, king Hittite first n etbihd hi cptl bu 17 about capital their established and Assyrian traders introduced writing to Anatolia in the the in Anatolia to 19 writing Mesopotamia. introduced and traders Anatolia Assyrian between traders the goods by exchanging established been had colony Assyrian An th and 18 and th centuries BC Hittites migrated to this region this to migrated Hittites BC centuries th century BC The The BC century Thirty temples temples Thirty List in 1986 as number 377, according to criteria i, ii, iii iii ii, i, criteria iv. and to according 377, number as 1986 in List Heritage World the on included was Hittites of capital The Yazılıkaya, mortuarytemple reservedfortheroyalcult f hs oiia ad eiiu mtooi poie a provide religious and political this of necropolis and quarters trading temples, palaces, The iii) and northernSyria. ii) Hattusha exerted dominating influence upon the upon influence dominating civilizations of the 2 exerted Hattusha ii) monuments. as achievements artistic unique ensemble represent friezes, sculpted rupestral its with Yazılıkayatogether and the Gate and Lions’ Gate with Royal along the fortifications, city’s The i) nd even the 1 st millenium BC in Anatolia in BC Anatolia millenium 59 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 60 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY the beginning of spring. spring. of beginning the to held Year were New and the of coming the at festivities pantheon the all honour where Teshup, god weather the for temple a as Celebration”, Year’s New the of depicted “House the as are goddess sun the other. each is regarded and greeting The sanctuary standing and god weather the where chamber the of end the towards look all figures The shoes, earringsandhighheaddresses. toed curling wear all and skirts pleated long in dressed are deities female The a mace. or a sword either with armed are Many century. twentieth mid until wore people Anatolian the shoes hide traditional the like toe, the at up curl which are deities shoes wear They hats. male pointed high and skirts with The dressed panels. horizontal within rock, the on carved are goddesses and gods of procession long a side, this building one could enter the Through larger chamber A. Here structure. on either this from survives wall the of masonry part lower the Only building. entrance an by world the from outside was screened the sanctuary rock Originally surface. rock natural the on carved gods of reliefs with decorated area cult air open an is it sky; the to open is natural limestone walls rising up to 12 meters. The sanctuary by A (chambers surrounded B), rooms and two of constitutes It capital. the to km 2 about is gods Hittite the of pantheon the as regarded is which sanctuary, air open an Yazılıkaya, mankind. of and properties universally cultural credibility the of List the the of is strengthen representativeness to importance help will whose recognized, site, archaeological unique this that fact the stressed ICOMOS World List, the Heritage on Hattusha of inclusion the recommending In perfectly preserved in Hattusha: the royal residence, the the temples andthefortifications. residence, royal the Hattusha: in preserved perfectly are ensembles or architectural of buildings types Several iv) unique a bear and testimony tothedisappearedHittitecivilization. capital a of picture comprehensive Yazılıkaya, thetwelvedeities inthesmallgallery 13 the of middle the around sanctuary Yazılıkaya the of Tudhaliya IV, for the who arrangement finalwas responsible at scene, the end of of is the goddesses Great procession King climatic the opposite stands which figure relief largest The Archaeological team to clear the site and present the the present and site the clear German to the by team devoted been Archaeological has care and time of lot A IV. Tudhaliya King Great the of title and name the with cartouche a is chamber this in relief Athird underworld. the of god the as identified is figure the This of gods. hat pointed and horned tall the wearing head a male as shaped is hilt the on pommel The sword. upright an with panel another is there relief, this to Next afterlife. his in King Great the of patronage as interpreted is This arm. left his under King Great the with depicted is IV Tudhaliya of patron the divinities. Sharumma, divinity as the opposite, wall them the On identify that hats pointed horned the and shoulder the over flung sword shaped crescent a carries Each up at toe. the curling shoes and skirts short wear They underworld. the of gods the depict B chamber in reliefs The Great King Tudhaliya IV, by erected his II. son Suppiluliuma the to memorial a as identified is (B) chamber smaller The century BC. th

61 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 62 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY but to the disadvantage of the ruins. ruins. the of disadvantage the to but visual the assess satisfied maybe was times to prehistoric in walls the of impact attempt The process. construction traditional the about idea an give and site the to attention draw to project experimental an as presented is project The to a height of 12 meters were reconstructed using mud brick. Tworising 2005. towers wall and 2003 between undertaken was city the of stretch long meters 65 a including project to the of authenticity the site. In spite of this, a reconstruction critical. To is start such elements a project architectural at a scale World full Heritage site high, is a of risk reconstruction At low walls, a monuments. only of with the site major plans the about idea an give ground the with level walls low The spur ofBüyükkaya. high the on as well as surroundings, its and City upper the in precinct temple the Temple, Great City, the Lower the in settlement the of areas wide exposed has excavation scale Large Büyükkale. on Citadel Royal Hittite the of remains Hattusha, potsforgrainstorageattheGreatTemple

of ProvinceSyria. Kingdom and Commagene was annexed to the Roman Empire in style 72 AD, becoming part architecture. refined the the of reflect Kahta; workmanship fortifications at and monuments bridge a funerary Several the dynasty. from monuments same other with rich is region The Atatürk Dam. the by inundated now is Samosata, kingdom, the of capital other.The the from kingdom Persian the and side one from Great the Alexander to kinship claimed kingdom the genes; of combination the means commagene word The to south. in the north in the Antioch Taurus from mountains and west the in Kahramanmaraş from to east stretched the in lands Euphrates Its Seleucids. after the of appeared dissolution which the kingdom small a was Commagene the 2206 meterhightumulusisvisiblefromlongdistances. of tumulus The of Adıyaman. the northeast the Turkey,to km 86 southeast in located and is It BC). center (69-34 I Antiochos monument King cult Commagene funerary the a of hierotheseion; composed a is Dağ Nemrut NEMRUT DAĞ Hattusha, partialreconstructionofthecitywall 63 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 64 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY on stone. carved Antiochos of will nomos-the the is there figures, the Behind in itself. of is a a achievement high mountain unique top the at figures colossal such on Toother.work the above put one of limestone blocks of gigantic are composed Figures the elaborate, quite on are much part. detail lower their without are rounded, bodies which heads the to contrast In an ideaaboutthefullscaleofbeautifulfigure. an old photo In published by Dörner, the head of Tyche is down. still in-situ, giving fallen have expressions, fine have very which heads The feet. their under stools have they thrones; on position sitting in carved are statues high 7m The counterparts. Persian their Artagnes, as Hercules and Oromasdes as depicted is Zeus Hercules. and I Antiochos Oromasdes, Zeus Tyche, goddess Apollo, god the figures to The belong back. their at rising tumulus with row, spectacular a the in seated figures colossal its with impressive is very 21 by 26 meters measures which terrace eastern The the heightisdiminished. and down moved small have it the cover which chips but stone high; irregular 60meters originally was and meters 140 of diameter a has tumulus The sides. north and west east, the on it surround high which 50m terraces a three and of tumulus consists It BC century first the to It dated Dağ is Nemrut high 2150m culture. the of top the traditions.at monument Hellenistic The Anatolian and of Persian Hellenistic, monuments combines inspiring and prominent most the of one is of Antiochos hierotheseion The teams. archaeological several of efforts tde cniud n h 20 the in continued studies archaeological and Documentation 1976. and 1954 between site the at worked Goell Theresa undertaking. hard a was excavation site, the reaching of hardships the to Due world. the to known made was Dağ Nemrut 1882-83, in Humann engineer. Through the expeditions of Otto Puchstein and Carl The site in was discovered 1881 by Sester, Charles a German th n 21 and st centuries with the the with centuries Karakuş Tumulus, eaglefigurestanding at thesouthside made king by the Romans. These These Romans. the by king was made I Antiochos when date the BC; 62-61 July 10 gives horoscope” king’s “the named panel the on The inscription Hercules. with hands shaking three are There showing Antiochos one reliefs, special side. west the Macedonians on the and south the on placed are Persians The I. Antiochos of of the kins the representations have cap in the Persian style. The orthostats a with depicted is Antiochos ground. the on are heads The preserved. well not are bodies The figures. two lion-eagle between and seated were I Hercules Antiochos Oromasdes, Tyche, Zeus goddess Apollo, to belonging statues colossal Five one. eastern the than lower meters 11 about level a at a is floor Its altar. has eastern the except the terrace, meters, to 30 similar composition by 50 about measures which terrace western The figures. the identify slabs the of backs the on carved Inscriptions represented. are ancestors Macedonian the side, south the signifying Persian ancestors of Antiochos. On the relief, low in figures Persian have side north the on ones The orthostats. by sandstone bordered north and south sides of the terrace are The T. Goell. by pyramid stepped a a as is there figures, terrace and an altar which is described the of front In 65 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 66 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 1987 asnumber448,onthebasisofcriteriai,iii,iv. in Heritage World of List the in included was Dağ Nemrut 42 of total bases. 57 a and steles is There end. either at standing eagles with meter by It a and is bordered narrow wall terrace. quite 86 long North the is there terraces west and east the Between to theconservationlaboratoryestablishedatsite. moved were and deterioration of signs showed plates these mound, the of top the at conditions weather severe to Due durable. very not is which sandstone of made were panels Nemrut Dağ,eastern terrace of the powers of both the East and the West. the and East the both of powers the of the of ambition a that dynasty sought to remain independent terms genealogical in translates ancestry semi-legendary This Laodice. mother his by Alexander of descendant a as of kingdom monument this in the represented is I Antiochos of Commagene. civilization the bears to Dağ testimony Nemrut of unique Herotheseion the or tomb The iii) to ninetons). up weigh used blocks stone the of (some epoch Hellenistic the of undertakings colossal most the of unique one is Dağ Nemrut a is Commagene of of site natural the of landscaping The I achievement. artistic Antiochos of tomb The i) Nemrut Dağ,head ofZeusonthewesternterrace World the for plan Amanagement site. the of character the preserve to necessary zone buffer wide the Park controls which National a by surrounded of is Museum mound the The from Adıyaman. staff with site the protects the and of site charge in is Tourism and Culture of Ministry The to avoid excessiveanastylosis. studies specific by preceded all be that should work request a restoration was There large terraces. the the on amoung slabs stone scattered are heads the been and have statues damaged the that fact the in largely lies beauty whose site the of topography the change seriously would it because discouraged be should anastylosis systematic any the that about underlining site, the view at place take its would which works expressed ICOMOS 1987 in Already n n niae itr o Gek Prin n Anatolian aesthetics inthestatuaryandbasreliefs. and Persian Greek, of mixture intimate an in equivalent artistic its finds Verathragna) god Iranian (the with Artagnes Heracles and god mazda), Iranian Ahura (the the Oromasdes with Zeus of assimilation The period. historical through illustrates, Dağ significant a pantheon, original very a of syncretism liberal Nemrut at tumulus Kahta, Eski and the Karakuş at tombs the than so More iv) 67 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 68 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY empire in334BC. of part his became and Xanthos Minor Asia conquered Great the Alexander BC, on century fourth the of end taxes city. the the At Athenean new the impose when to wanted end Melesandros the fourth to commandor the came it in but Athens BC with century relations close had Xanthos during city war. the the in not were which families by rebuilt was catastrophy, killed. this were After all city until the fight to continuing end; the to city their defended but surrender not did Xanthians Herodotos, historian to According BC 546 in the ancient capital of Lycia and the resisted Persian invasion was It BC century eighth the of end the to back goes city the of foundation The Greek. ancient in yellow means Xanthos XANTHOS Lycia. of forms burial characteristic were sarcophagi mounted pillar and tombs pillar tombs, Rock-cut the province. Muğla within municipality, to attached administratively is Letoon while eastern the Antalya, of municipality on Kaş the within is located river the of side is which Xanthos (modern Today, stream Eşen). Xanthos by four about separated are apart, cities kilometers two The Lycians. of center cult the Letoon and capital the was Turkey.Xanthos southwestern Lycia, in located sites ancient two are Letoon and Xanthos XANTHOS andLETOON University.Technical East Middle from team expert by elements developed being are delicate conditions weather extreme the to exposed safeguard to measures on. Protection going is elements sculptural sandstone the and of limestone processes deterioration the as well as terraces and statues the of stability the on Research site. the monitor to the Ministry of Culture. A scientificcommitte was established site Heritage and area the is surrounding by being developed Xanthos, Harpymonument andtheLycian tomb concentrated were Metzger H. and P.Demarque professors French by century twentieth the in excavations Systematic London. in public the to presented now are BC 370-360 from dating sarcophagus Payava and Tomb Harpy the Monument, Nereid The Museum. British architectural the in The reassembled and England Payava. to transferred were of pieces tomb the and the tomb Monument, Harpy Nereid the tombs: He important Lycia. three in Travels chose in published were excavation his of and sculpture results The Museum. British the for inscriptions, elements architectural collect and excavate again to came He later 1838. in Xanthos beautiful visited Fellows its Charles century. and nineteenth the in Xanthos attention attracted oblivion, monuments of centuries After century. twelfth the in deserted totally becoming AD; lost its after dynamism the Arab raids in the seventh century city.in the to be seen are period city The Byzantine the from monuments Several bishop. a of seat the became Xanthos period, Byzantine important early several During erected. and were remodeled monuments was city the which of Empire. in 42 as BC, a by Romans result the over taken was Xanthos Roman the of part became Minor Asia century when first AD, the until continued of This capital League. the Lycian the became Xanthos BC century second the In 69 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 70 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY borrowed from the Erechteion at the acropolis of Athens. of Athens. acropolis the at Erechteion the from borrowed were monument this of features Architectural style. Greek in himself for Nereid a mausoleum ordered BC 400 Arbinas Around the was Xanthos behind. are left of the foundations only which from Monument, tomb impressive most The roof. a like eaves forming walls, the from projected which stone of slab flat a by covered was chamber the of top The high. meters nine about stood structure whole The tons. 80 around weighing limestone dark of pillar great a on raised was walls its on reliefs the fine with chamber tomb at The corners. figures female four the to due tomb” “Harpy the as known is tomb The type. this of example fine a is BC 480 about constructed Xanthos, of King Kybernis, of tomb The tombs. pillar were Xanthos in tombs surviving earliest The tombs. the in observed is as technique same the in granaries and houses construct area the of people rural day.The our to come has of the region architecture the to timber that note is interesting It architecture. timber of details the imitated but stone in carved were tombs Sarcophagus houses. of shape the in Lycians tombs built Etruscans, like Just above. sarcophagus be could Such sarcophagus.” tombs consist of a chamber stone base with a stone the of mounted “pillar the is type other The walls reliefs. with decorated The chamber. burial a supporting base a of composed are tombs” “pillar called so The are special. buildings but of of two types burial funerary kinds several were city.There the of acropolis the on tombs monumental their built Xanthos Xanthos of kings the ruling The River. over rising area rocky the Acropolis, Lycian the is first The sections. two in examined be can Xanthos at and squares a from the century basilica second AD The ruins two streets, main two center; city the of elements more light to brought Courtils Des J. Prof. by BC lead excavations centuries Recent fifth and sixth the from ancient dating the city revealed Lycian work Their acropolis. Lycian the at , Artemis and Apollo. The temple dedicated to Leto is is Leto to to dedicated dedicated temple The temples, Apollo. and three Artemis Leto, built Letoon of people honour ToLeto, Lycians. the of center cult the became Letoon spring. water a to near babies came the she and herself Zeus, hid of She Lycia. wife jealous the Hera, of wrath the from escaping while mythology, Greek to According babies. twin had she and her Apollo with affair of an had Zeus mother Artemis. and the was who Leto, to related is Letoon LETOON has notyetbeendeciphered. the texts can characters; be additional read but the language some with Greek, basically was alphabeth Lycian language. Lycian the in inscription an with monument important an is agora the of Harpy corner northeast the at the stele The is monument. and pedestal there a over theater standing and the tomb Lycian to period the Next Romans. Hellenistic the the by renovated during founded was theater, the which is Xanthos at monument imposing most The times. several restored and extended were long, The influence. city walls which are more than two kilometers Greek reflects which constructed fact a were technique, polygonal Xanthos the Xanthos,NereidMonument using of walls BC century fifth The Xanthos, Tomb ofPayava 71 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 72 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Letoon, templesdedicated toLeto, Artemis and Apollo excavations were started in 1962 by French archaeologists. archaeologists. French by 1962 in Systematic started were 1840. excavations in site the visited Benndorf O. century. nineteenth the in travellers European by Xanthos. discovered was It with parallels has site the of history recent The period, thereistherestofafifthcenturychurch. Byzantine the From theater. Roman a is there Letoon, of part northeast the In porticos. Roman and Hellenistic the of Towith Leto. are the there of the north remains the temples, associated was that spring of at sacred the site the built was It temples. the of southwest the to nymphaeum a is There language thathasdisappearedalongtimeago. as of monuments the Lycian a language, Indo-European unique regarded are monoliths huge of form the in or rocks on carved texts Lycian long The Lycia. and Caria of satrap the to made decree a was inscription The . and Greek Old Lycian, languages: three in written text Its Artemis. of temple the to close found was BC 358 dated inscription An had highpositionsasitsreligiousleaders. place the of priests the and here place took League Lycian the of celebrations The Apollo. to belonged style Doric in is which temple, third The BC century fourth the from dates and Artemis to dedicated is it to next temple small The BC century fifth of the end to the dated and style in Ionian built on thebasisofcriteriaiiandiii. 1988 in List Heritage World on included were sites two The successive sixth centuryBC. the the from understand Lycia in place took to that phenomena easy acculturation it made Xanthos at Letoon tombs Lycian and of series rich the that stressed also was It architecture. funerary of type novel a represent sarcophagi mounted pillar and tombs pillar that fact the to out pointed report the Letoon; and Xanthos at tombs the of originality the recognized in 1988, May evaluation ICOMOS century. seventh the after deserted was site The BC century fourth the from dates which languages and were BC incriptions in is one three the of incriptions the famous century most The found. eighth of the to Hundreds back date stoa. which ceramics planned L the and portico round the temples, three revealed Metzger H. Prof. of the World, is a direct descendant of Xanthos’ Nereid Nereid Xanthos’ of descendant Monument. direct a is World, Wonders the Seven of the of one as ranked Ancients the which Mausoleum, The provinces. neighboring the influenced considerably also of it However, sites Pınara. or archaeological Patara the at example for seen be can as Antiquity, throughout Lycia influenced directly Xanthos ii) excavations were started in 1962 by French archaeologists. archaeologists. French by 1962 in Systematic started were 1840. excavations in site the visited Benndorf O. century. nineteenth the in travellers European by Xanthos. discovered was It with parallels has site the of history recent The period, thereistherestofafifthcenturychurch. Byzantine the From theater. Roman a is there Letoon, of part northeast the In porticos. Roman and Hellenistic the of Towith Leto. are the there of the north remains the temples, associated was that spring of at sacred the site the built was It temples. the of southwest the to nymphaeum a is There language thathasdisappearedalongtimeago. as of monuments the Lycian a language, Indo-European unique regarded are monoliths huge of form the in or rocks on carved texts Lycian long The Lycia. and Caria of satrap the to made decree a was inscription The Aramaic. and Greek Old Lycian, languages: three in written text Its Artemis. of temple the to close found was BC 358 dated inscription An had highpositionsasitsreligiousleaders. place the of priests the and here place took League Lycian the of celebrations The Apollo. to belonged style Doric in is which temple, third The BC century fourth the from dates and Artemis to dedicated is it to next temple small The BC century fifth of the end to the dated and style in Ionian built Letoon, porticosaffected byrisingofgroundwater on thebasisofcriteriaiiandiii. 1988 in List Heritage World on included were sites two The successive sixth centuryBC. the the from understand Lycia in place took to that phenomena easy acculturation it made Xanthos at Letoon tombs Lycian and of series rich the that stressed also was It architecture. funerary of type novel a represent sarcophagi mounted pillar and tombs pillar that fact the to out pointed report the Letoon; and Xanthos at tombs the of originality the recognized in 1988, May evaluation ICOMOS century. seventh the after deserted was site The BC century fourth the from dates which languages and were BC incriptions in is one three the of incriptions the famous century most The found. eighth of the to Hundreds back date stoa. which ceramics planned L the and portico round the temples, three revealed Metzger H. Prof. of the World, is a direct descendant of Xanthos’ Nereid Nereid Xanthos’ of descendant Monument. direct a is World, Wonders the Seven of the of one as ranked Ancients the which Mausoleum, Halicarnassus The provinces. neighboring the influenced considerably also of it However, sites Pınara. or archaeological Patara the at example for seen be can as Antiquity, throughout Lycia influenced directly Xanthos ii) 73 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 74 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Kingdom. The 2 The Kingdom. and of Pergamon the founder of Telephus, wife the legendary the Amazons the of queen Hiera, to related is it 190 Thus in BC II, Eumenes King Pergamon the by established be to claimed is city The name. the of origin the to explanation another also is there yet City’, ‘Holy the means Hierapolis shallow pools andsequencesofcascadesdowntheslope. of formation the with beauty exceptional has and the and unique down is site The it ground. the cools on down settles it When precipitation air, outside spring. the the with touch of in out gets comes calcium in it rich as is water hydrocarbonate hot The Antiquity. in back far appreciated were water hot the of properties curative The hot of sedimentation the of calcerous watercomingdownthecliff. result a as created hillside white foamy by the inspired was castle’, cotton ‘the meaning , site: the of Turkish name The located. is village Pamukkale modern hills the where plateau travertine the above are which spectacular and springs water hot its for hill, famous is to a site The on Phrygia. of up valley kilometers Lycos the high overlooking situated 18 is It located Denizli. of city northeast the ancient an is Hierapolis the HİERAPOLİS of study a and needed. is sites both in monuments the of preservation control plan, management environmental A Letoon. including in monuments the table affects groundwater the surrounding of rising the seasonal on The effect landscape. negative a have houses green The Letoon. around especially felt is areas. pressure agricultural Agricultural wide by surrounded are sites two The confirm the alleged date of the city’s foundation. foundation. city’s the of date alleged the confirm monuments preserved there or originating from the area. area. the from originating or there preserved monuments funerary remarkable the by as well as sites 2 the on found texts epigraphic many the through both civilization Lycian the to testimony exceptional bear Letoon and Xanthos iii) nd century BC inscriptions found at the site site the at found inscriptions BC century excavations, the city spread over an area roughly measuring measuring an over roughly area the spread city excavations, of results the to According tremors. the the and time of survive ravages not could city Hellenistic the of elements The Today most of the urban are features from the Roman period. are city. the for available constructions funds of sources ample the the of proof of scale the and decoration marble Hierapolis, atumulus typetombfromthewesternnecropolis 2 the during constructed were theater the nymphaeums, baths, thermal 215 in and by in like the 370. Most of the monuments, major Caracalla by 129, in Hadrian by emperors; Roman the of several by visited was city the importance, its to Due expansion. this of part were period Byzantine the in a basilica into turned is which bath a the theater, and m), walls, (280x170 agora enormous direction. An northern the the in of outside extended was city the AD), 81–96 (r. Domitian Emperor of reign the During works. the out carry to assigned was The city. Julius Sextus the Proconsul reconstruct Asian to necessary it made AD 60 in 17 and 60 the earthquake after AD of The destruction extent in occurred earthquakes big Two times. several restoration undergo to had city to the earthquakes, by Due damages recurring was monuments. and impressive BC several 129 with in embellished rule Roman under went Hierapolis nd and 3 and rd centuries AD The good quality of the the of quality good The AD centuries

75 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 76 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY like nail makers, coppersmiths were recorded among the the city. the of among craftsmen recorded were coppersmiths makers, nail like Guilds washing Hierapolis. in dying, lively very were including weaving carpet and industry, Woollen Jews. and Romans Greeks, Anatolians, native with a city was cosmopolitan It is necropolis. the in Hierapolis inscriptions of the from citizens gathered the the about to Information presented and visitors. preserved are buildings other and revealed. was city houses of remains the insulae; the the surround streets Narrow of system grid urban the main street, the of west and east the to excavations the During is and Domitian AD 84-85 Emperor to dated of name the gives inscription The survives. towers round two by flanked arch triple a of consists which gate, the northern Of only the two, gateways. new to connected were and south and north the to extended was street main The two. into city the divides 1 and km long about is it city; the of street main the runs gates south and of the growth was in axis. the the Between north north-south very Due the site reasons, impressive. to main topographical direction the makes height, full their in standing still are monuments major the of several that fact The m. 1000x800 Hierapolis, cascades Hierapolis, Bath-Basilica was and here lived Philip St. century. fourth the of end the at city the reached Christianity centuries. third and second the during considerably increased city of the population The another earthquakeinthefifthcentury. from suffered and AD century third the in renovated temple was Hellenistic the factors, natural to Due Plutonium. Temple the of remnants Apollo; the principal deity the of Hierapolis was built next to the revealed have excavations Recent fumes. poisonous emitted which grotto a Plutonium, a was there Hierapolis In underworld. the of lord the Pluto, times, the volcanic character of ancient the In soil was ground. associated to the god in cracks certain of out come fumes occasionally line; fault Meander the on located is Hierapolis standing. still are vaults and walls cracked and tilted its of some damage; in the century.fifth fromearthquake It severely has suffered church a into converted was Bath-Basilica the called bath, major second The museum. site the as used and restored is in the complex center is partially preserved. A section of the building gymnasium-palaestra The place. service the by important provided an was Hydrotherapy nearby. springs the from supplied water hot with pools large had city.They the of buildings imposing most the among were baths The 77 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 78 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Hierapolis, northern gatewithtriplearchandroundtowers 4 the in bishopric a became town The period. Byzantine the during city the in erected were churches Several 87. in prosecuted oeg taelr satd o ii Heaoi i te 19 the in Hierapolis visit to started travellers Foreign baptized be Philip. St. baptisterium, of tomb the to visiting before a demanded who be pilgrims to by presumed used is probably It martyrion. the to close building octagonal an discovered have archaeologists Recently, time. in it around developed quarter christian A commemorative for used and on the services of recital the panegyrics saint’s feast day. was it visitors; many attracted octagonal an is there core, by surrounded courtyard, rooms and its The recesses. martyrion at outside; from m 20x20 a been has measures city. it the monument for The attention of city, focus new the century. overlooking location fifth a at the Situated from monument funerary an is Philip outstanding St. the of martyrium from The monuments period. Christian important early of collection good a has Hierapolis churches, and baptisterium cathedral, its With metropolitan. of rank the to promoted was Hierapolis Justinian, of reign the during century, sixth the In religion. new the for serve to city, the to adapted were entrance northern the near bath century. The first researches were conducted by a German a by conducted were researches first century.The th and 5 and th centuries. Some Roman buildings, like the the like buildings, Roman Some centuries. th

Hierapolis, arestored tomb dead. the for benches stone with chamber funeral a is there interior, the In emblem. another or a stone phallus by surmounted above, earth of cone a with base the at wall circular low a comprise They tombs. the of variety the to add tumuli The impressive. more and larger are sarcophagi. Others more or one set were which on base solid a of consist tombs the of Many people. buried the of provenance provide details about inscriptions the social status, ethnicity, The identity and times. Christian early to Hellenistic late from date in range Tombs closely traditions. funerary of variation wide revealing a shows Hierapolis excavated, of necropolis The been tombs. spaced has kilometers two than longer area an covers which necropolis northern The task. easy an not was excavation center, historic the over deposits calcerous petrified high meters two the to Due site. the at active been has Milano and Venice Lecce, Torino, of universities from scientists other and architects archaeologists, including Mission Archaeological Italian the Italian intermission, the 1957, Since from site. at the of Torinoto work started Polytechnic Verzone of P. Professor period by directed long archaeologists a After century. nineteenth the of end the at Humann, C. by lead expedition, 79 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 80 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Hierapolis, Martyrion ofSt.Philip in iv. and iii criteria of Heritage basis the on World 1988 of List the on included was Hierapolis largest intact structureofthecity. the as impressive very is and condition good quite in is it present at treated; and inspected were theater the of problems structural The frons. scaenae tiered three the of collapsed. were drawing reconstitution a had around develop to classified and scattered surveyed scaenae blocks the architectural of of part Hundreds upper The The Artemis. school. and Apollo of Aphrodisias influence shows and to refined very is a sculpture with dedicated decorated cycle was frons figurative scaenae the of podium The and allbeauty”. water of streams with adorned nymphs, of mistress Asia, of broad land as “ Foremost Hierapolis greets of diazoma the for used wall in the shows. An inscription beast wild and was gladiatorial theater the performances, classical Besides city. the over view nice a commands theater the of position The spot. same the at structure Flavian earlier an replaced probably (r. it 193-211); Severus Emperor of period the from The of theater is dating Hierapolis monument a magnificient

necropolis were revealed. The restoration of the Frontinus Frontinus the of restoration The revealed. were necropolis Apollo, the theater were researched, the tombs in the of Temple northern Philip, St. of Martyrion cathedral, city,the the of monuments major excavations, of years 50 than more After found crucial. was environment the and landscape of the protection the for plan A associations. management cultural and historic site’s the to relation in important found of was mountains foothill Çökelez the 20 along with situated waterfalls, terraces and cliffs travertine high m The iii). natural Hierapolis (earlier vii properties, natural criteria of addition the with site, outstanding natural-cultural a became its to Due h 4 the between erected Hierapolis, of monuments Christian The iv) epoch. Greco-Roman the of practices funerary the of panorama vast a affords kilometers, 2 over extends which necropolis, The Artemis. to Ephesian the admirable frieze depicting a ritual procession and a sacrifice an with decorated is Severus, of time the from dates which theatre, The escaped. vapors noxious which from fault a on erected was divinities, Chthonian includes which Apollo, of practices, religious relation in developed were by which accompanied was Hydrotherapy swimming. for pools and basins hot immense included which installations thermal various the at exploited were the waters of virtues therapeutic an The site. on Greco- natural established extraordinary a expressly of installation example thermal exceptional Roman an is Hierapolis iii) om wih obn t cliae n sur structure square a encircled byrectangularcellsborderedwithporticoes. in culminate to combine which rooms halls the and are octagon polygonal central triangular chapels, from Radiating organization. spatial ingenious its of because remarkable is building the of layout octagonal the monumental stairway, a of top the At Philip. St. of martyrium the city,is the of important wall northwest most the outside The situated monument, churches. and with baptistry group cathedral, architectural a Christian early an of example th n te 6 the and th centuries, constitutes an outstanding outstanding an constitutes centuries, to local cults. The Temple Temple The cults. local to 81 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 82 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY conservation efforts will continue to improve the conditions conditions the improve to continue will efforts conservation NGO’s; and universities museum, local the from experts by monitored is site The staff. conservation and guards trained of lot a requires visitors many so welcomes which site large site. a such To the maintain site. the on pressure of visit lot a brings This tourists million cultural two about for year plans Each sites. management develop to was Tourism heritage and cultural on Culture of Ministry law the enable to order in 2004 in Turkish amended The site. the new of A removed. were the presentation to improve has developed been travertines landscaping the on crouched had which hotels the years, recent the During excavations. the bath big in found objects the interesting the in of some exhibit to created complex, was museum local small A the of site. charge in is Tourism and Culture of Ministry The outlook; itisoccasionallyusedforperformances. and integrity its improved theater the in conservation conducted works and Cleaning center. ancient the of impact visual the improved has elements urban other and street Hierapolis, theater the the firstsigns of monasticactivityin date Cappadocia back to that believed is It buildings. civil and religious for it carving rock, the on work patient man’s by created was Cappadocia Hittites, the of landscape cultural The include Seljuks. and Byzantines Romans, levels historic times; prehistoric to back goes Anatolia central at settlement Human found are they which within landscape like dream of picturesque, spirit the the reflecting Turkish, the in chimneys” in “fairy called resulted has are These blocks. big by sediments topped elements conical of creation tuff volcanic of erosion differential The phenomenon. natural unique a is millenia over Theerosion of result a as forms wind. undulating soft, of and creation water of action the by and tuff material of andesitic wide out carved a landscape, is spectacular It a with Anatolia. area central in located is Cappadocia SITES OFCAPPADOCIA ROCK THE AND PARK NATIONAL GÖREME affected condition. earthquake its with much too intervening without place, in Bath-Basilica the of wall plumb of out the hold to designed ABath-Basilica. endangered system modern was buttressing the preserve to project a developed Mission Archaeological Withsite. the of integrity Italianthe mind, in principle this and authenticity the preserve to order in importance crucial of is approach of kind This monuments. the on reflected is it will be possible to preserve the seismic history of the site as the keep to of impact is intention the that so minimum, The the monuments the to interventions moment. the Professor Archaeological at Italian by the Mission directing proposed is who been D’Andria F. has park archaeological seismo- in a as site the present to earthquakes idea The monuments. the several of several on visible are by earthquakes of marks the history; destroyed was Hierapolis of Hierapolis. to and both preserve the the elements natural archaeological earthquakes will continue to be visible. Thus it it Thus visible. be to continue will earthquakes

83 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 84 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY h rsaces eiv ta tee s osblt t have region. to possibility is Cappadocia there that the believe researchers within The studied and discovered been have settlements underground twenty-six present At the 57. to increased now is research, number more With region. the in thirty monuments seven investigated Jerphanion de G. century, twentieth the of half first the in Cappadocia to expedition his During forms. and spaces interesting of full landscape enchanting the see and come to others many publications, in aroused their was interest With visitors. century nineteenth the among were Texier C. and W.F. Ainsworth territory. Hamilton, the unknown J.H. this to in drawn was attention region 1714, in the visiting century. eighteenth P. After diary his travel started published Lucas travellers French Göreme Valley. the within churches decorated richly the of are number a There quite painting. figurative with decorated richly were the churches 842, crosses. After painted or tempera sculpted to mostly minimum; the to of restricted were decoration sanctuaries the the (725-842), period Iconoclast the During characteristics oftheruralandmonasticcohabitation. the and Ages Middle the to during place took which changes important stylistic very the region, the of are Christianization the understand monuments The century. tenth Byzantine the and Ages Middle Early the of a record as unique regarded are Cappadocia of churches rock-hewn The the population. local to protection good offered and sight from settlements hidden were underground The Derinkuyu. and Kaymaklı as such towns subterranean or villages troglodyte in took refuge region the of inhabitants the centuries, nineth the of and beginning the eighth to during order resist attacks Arab In rock. the in spaces living their carving stone, soft the worked on valley; Göreme the in refuge for looked attacks or massacre from escaped who Christians, century. fourth the

site. For natural properties, the following criteria were were criteria following the met: properties, natural For site. cultural/natural mixed a as nominated was valley Göreme criteria to according i,iii,v andvii. 357, item as Heritage World of List the in inscribed were National sites rock Göreme Cappadocian the and including Park Cappadocia, of part 1985, In idea an give about thelivingconditionsinthesespaces. rooms dark systems, ventilation floors. Interesting the of ceilings vaulted or flat the support rock solid of out cut carved Piers rock. the into deep cut floors several with spectacular many,are settlements Derinkuyu the and Kaymaklı of Two investigations. their continue and more ean h fsiie iae s t ee o a rvne of province a of 4 the were, between Empire it Byzantine as image fossilized the retain churches and convents villages, dwellings, rupestral The iii) period post-iconoclast to Byzantine art. testimony achievement irreplacable artistic unique offering a constitute Cappadocia of i) Owing to their quality and density, the rupestral sanctuaries of naturalandcultural elements. iii) Superlative natural features and exceptional combinations deposits. tuff underlying the on processes landscape eroded The processes. patterns are spectacular examples of the effects of weathering geological going On ii) previous volcanicactivity. of evidence vivid are past the in created has it deposits tuff the and active still is volcano Dağ Erciyes nearby The evolutionary history. earth’s representing example Outstanding i) combined effects of natural erosion and, more recently, recently, more and, erosion tourism. natural of effects the combined under vulnerable become has which settlement traditional human a of example outstanding an is Cappadocia v) which hasdisappeared. of a civilization vestiges essential the are they Thus, invasion. th etr ad h Turkish the and century 85 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 86 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Cappadocia, eroding tuffs With 1973. in place took paintings and mural the of the conservation restoration for mission international first The and guidance control. direct ICCROM’s churches under two several restored; team, were restoration competent a trained ICCROM treatments. good conservation to have prior to documentation (METU), University Technical East the Middle of and Department Restoration the UNESCO by made were by surveys out Photogrammetric churches. carried major the preserve to ICCROM were missions Several museum. this of constituents important the among are Barbara St. and Yılanlı Karanlık, Tokalı, of Çarıklı, churches Elmalı, Basileos, St. of of Ministry Chapel the Tourism. and by Culture museum air open an into turned was valley Göreme the of part eastern The region. the of archaeological assets and natural the protect to order in 1986 in Park as a National designated was hectares of 9576 An area and Ürgüp covers Park National Göreme township. Avanos. Yeşilhisar Kayseri’s within is village Soğanlı of settlement Karlık, the Yeşilözold province; are Nevşehir within villages National Göreme The Karain, cities, and subterranean Park, Kaymaklı Derinkuyu provinces. Kayseri and within area and large Nevşehir a Park covers Cappadocia National of Sites Göreme Rock of the site Heritage World The parts is also within the World Heritage site. Several spaces, spaces, Several site. World Heritage the within also is parts the of part two of constitutes which valley this Soğanlı Site. World Heritage in monuments important the among are thirteenth Geyikli and Üzümlü Balıklı, Direkli, nineth- of Churches centuries. the during center religious important an been has It Park. air National Göreme open the within another museum is valleys three of consists which Zelve, Tourism and implemented theprojectin1997 Culture of Ministry The Yorulmaz. M. by Prof. lead team a by in University Technical developed Istanbul was at 1989 project A church. the of consolidation initiated a project to identify the measures for the structural Tourismand Culture of Ministry the 1987, In losses. serious to lead could damages of level advanced The supports. main its of one losing after position safe a in not was church the of space central the over dome the the of and broken floor was The church lost. been had entrance the and apse was of the walls thin The structure rock. conical standing domed free a into The carved factors. hydrogeological and the in climatic by churches caused damages medieval from suffered valley, the Göreme of one is which Nazar, El significant naturalelementsandculturalheritage. to losses the stop to measures preventive take to important is it collapse, to tend rocks cracked the Since rock. and the into erosion of process cut are which The churches the to damage great causes cracking mass. rock the of the of loosening result a as appear cracks large slopes, are are near that located Valley churches the Göreme In problems. the instability by in affected churches hewn rock Several Saklı and treated. Nazar were churches El paintings Kılıçlar, Kızlar, wall Elmalı, the Karanlık, 1990 of and 1981 Between murals. the conserving and plasters detached the fixing Church, Tokalı in worked conservators the 1980, and 1973 Between the 1990. and METU until lasted campaign ICCROM, the Tourism, and Culture of Ministry from experts of contribution 87 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 88 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY area. It was an important religious center during the the continued periods. It Ottoman and Seljuk the during through bishop. developing a center of seat the religious with period, important Byzantine an was It area. conservation built densely a settlement. within town the large of a is quarter Ürgüp deserted a revive to Ürgüp in as individuals private owners. Recently a and project was conservation initiated foundations municipalities, state, the from sources; from different is areas provided and archaeological urban the of protection and conservation for Funding based GIS inventory oftheWorld Heritagesite. a of establishment the to allocated was budget This Göreme. and Istanbul save to Campaign International UNESCO’s through Cappadocia to provided was assistance take to to and Nevşehir projects financial Some needed. when action at immediate for decisions restoration of established review the was facilitate Property Cultural of Preservation the for Commission regional A Cappadocia. in areas urban historic the of several for Tourism and Culture of Ministry the by commissioned were plans Conservation rehabilitate theabandonedandruinedareas. and repair to need the is there settlements, preserve historic of integrity to Cappadocia, To of Greece. heritage cultural and the Turkey save between population of the exchange of because deserted evacuated. were and which areas areas also are There disaster natural as declared from were arising threats the districts some collapses, to rock or cracks problems, Due geological life. rural or urban for essential were which cotes pigeon like buildings other and granaries fountains, churches, mosques, houses, of form the as in is centuries last protection the from habitation under Recent sites. are urban and designated small These are facilities. settlements other and houses many with sites urban are Çavuşin and Uçhisar Ortahisar, caves. some to small as next houses building by period, Ottoman developed late in settlements been have Cappadocia in sites Rocky valley. the of walls steep the also and rocks conical the into carved been have frescoes with decorated and chapels rooms Decorated façadeof ahousecarvedintotherockforpigeons by KA. BA Architecture, with funding from VASCO Tourism implemented and developed was project Kayakapı Church. to the project by the of sponsoring conservation the Kayakapı contributed has which UNESCO, of attention the attracted private a have Kayakapı is at efforts positive The government. local the 2002 in from support administrative initiated and legal with but investment was which project Environment The Natural historic section of the a town and use it and for touristic purposes. restore to aims Project Rehabilitation Cultural and Conservation Kayakapı The 89 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 90 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY architectural details has to be achieved. achieved. be to has details architectural and paintings to damage involuntary or voluntary avoid to activities tourist of Control surfaces. rock the on erosion of problems serious creates people of number the in increase The Cappadocia. evident to is appropriate It not site. is tourism the mass of that integrity the to risk great a are landscape the about care not do which investments tourism development; of pressure the increased. from has arising hotels risks are of There number the which of result a as Since 1990’s, number of visitors to Cappadocia have increased Europa the Nostra Award awarded in2007. was project The stone. natural with façade eroded the of renewal and system drainage new a of construction the paintings, wall of restoration the involved project The cracking. water, of infiltration from suffered It Cappadocian landscape with a so called fairy chimney and caves carved into the rock medieval The Ürgüp. Mustafapaşa, church is dated roughly between the 10 Sarıca in the located restored and Church project the prepared Kabaoğlu, Cengiz architect by lead firm, architectural same The firm. th and 13 th centuries. centuries. Cappadocian landscape with a so called fairy chimney and caves carved into the rock be established. established. be to have units monitoring and implementation conservation, local and site. followed be should damages the the of monitoring The at specialists employed time full maintenance, enough not There are Basic needed. is paintings exists. mural to relation barrier in especially no when abrasion direct and humidity visitors, the the by attacked churches are paintings visited heavily but natural guarded and the In vandalism agents. from disintegration of danger there is churches unguarded and is isolated the consolidation In essential. structural preventive and Maintenance 91 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 92 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY setclr iig uig h acns f ilos n the and hilltops of accents the using siting, spectacular a with city a develop to possible it made has peninsula the of topography The Peninsula. Historic the called is walls city the within contained area the Istanbul, old of site The links. administrative cultural, commercial, its with times ancient since World Mediterranean the of part a been has Istanbul the Bosphorus. along villages the and the side on Asian settlement Ottoman the Scutari, Peninsula; Historic the of west the to walls, the district which developed after the fifteenth century outside of Eyüp Horn; Golden medieval the of the part northern Galata, the on are settlement city the of parts historic Other century.nineteenth the of end the until walls sea and land part of its population lived within the area surrounded by the the Golden by Horn, the surrounded Bosphorus and peninsula, the a Sea. The on major located is Istanbul Old than thousand years. more of period a over interruption without were produced designs quality top where place a been has means, Istanbul financial and political of support the with time; of periods limited to reserved not was architecture of field in the excellence for strife The activity. building in vigor with along arts, and science foster to chance the Istanbul given has Mediterranean the around ruling empires of capital the Being strait location. unmatched the an on is Europe position and Asia Its between world. the of cities ancient the With its long history, Istanbul has an important place among HISTORIC AREASOFISTANBUL improved. presentation andconservationofthesiteshavetobe the the sites; about the tourists to inform are needed centers Visitor improved. be to needs areas Heritage World the in management visitor the yet facilities; shopping and services the regulate to effort of the Open Göreme surrounding Air with car Museum park, the taken has Culture of Ministry ean o Bznin r vsbe bv gon today; ground excavations. from above obtained finds the visible are steles coins, some are physical Byzantion No of Bosphorus. remains the through travelling ships on Its shore. imposed taxes and agriculture fishing, on depended Horn economy Golden the along the and of Peninsula hill Historic first the over developed colony Hellenistic The BC century seventh to dated is Byzantion of foundation The after him. across promontory Byzantion, named the was established he colony of the ; tip the at settled he So “blind”. much superior place on the European side, must be considered a was there while side, the Asian on settled who people that on the Asian side of the strait, presently Kadıkoy, and decided he approached the Historic Peninsula, he saw the settlement Bosphorus. As the of entrance the reaching and Dardanelles the through passing Megara, from north travelled and out sailed He blind”. the a of country found “the and Chalcedon, across go city to told was Byzas Delphi, in oracle the to Byzas, visit his son, During Greece. a Megara, in had lived and they up grew who and sea married the of Keroessa god Later the Poseidon, Horn. Golden the passing after Io was pregnant and she gave birth to a girl named Keroessa, to and fro ; the trajectory of her escape defined the Bosphorus. excitement with away ran Io Horrified, Io. annoy to gadflies sent and affair the about learned Hera Nevertheless, cow. white a into her transforming disguise, in Io put Zeus Hera, amtyhological with beautiful Io. To protect her from the wrath of has his consort love in was mtythology,Zeus Greek to also According beginning. some Istanbul with figures. connected are mythological cities many of foundation The Urban historyofIstanbul ninetenth centurydominatetheskyline. the world to fifteenth the from complexes the Ottoman impressive and of history architectural in landmark a is which Hagia the like monuments an where museum became air open city the result, a As shores. the of advantages 93 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 94 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY in awaytohave sevenhills. organized also was Rome, Constantinopolis hills, seven ancient had which with parallels draw To city. Constantine’s the city was called Nea Roma/New and Rome or Constantinopolis, built were walls New buildings. public and settlement new for area square km 6 additional an enclosing enlarged, was city capital city.The the of history the in point turning a and decision great a was Empire Roman Byzantion the of capital the make to Great the Constantine of decision The Empire enteredtheurbanscene. the of grandeur the fitting buildings monumental flourished; to make up for the destruction. Under Roman rule, Byzantion tried he Later walls. its destroyed and fire on city the set he Severus. Septimius angered army Roman takeover,the After the against resistance The once. at surrender not would city the of century second the but city the sieged Severus Septimius AD end the at power Roman by pressed was Byzantion of thelaterculturalstrata. Buildings andmonumentswerecoveredbytheconstructions Istanbul, skylineoftheHistoricPeninsulafromnorth smai, dacd oad te ot, pil passing uphill, north, the towards of shore advanced Marmara Psammatia, the near started wall the that opinion an is Generally, there surmise. to difficult are features and line exact its wall, Constantinian the of remains visible no are there Since peninsula. the of hills five the include way to as a fourth such in the was in Great, the area Constantine under settled century, the of expansion The needed. were lines defense new city, the of enlargement each With direction. westward the in be to had growth its west, the in Since the city was founded on a peninsula with the mainland monumentality oftheRomanarchitectureincity. the about idea an give Basilica Medusa the in reused gigantic heads the Palace, Topkapı of courtyard second the in standing capitals Valens,colossal of the the Aqueduct 11 May 330. The Hippodrome with its surviving monuments, Empire. The inauguration ceremony of the town took place on the of parts new different from brought were the objects interesting at settle to stature, its with accordance in city invited the Toembellish capital. were Rome from Families 95 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 96 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY his handtogive thechampioncharioteer Hippodrome, base oftheobeliskwithEmperor Arcadius holdingawreath in abe lb; n h mdl rs te 0 hg high m 50 the rose middle the in slabs; marble was circular in plan, to look like the ocean. It was paved with The design. original its about discernible, descriptions are longer there no is forum Constantinian the of form the Although Constantine. of Forum the reaching west, the to the Augusteion from ran called street, Acolonnaded south of the major church, there was the forum of the ToAugusteion. stands. Sophia Hagia present the where atthe place same Sophia important Hagia first built the established and He monuments. city the enlarged Constantine today. ancient city. the of stands necropolis the was Column there walls, Constantine’s the Outside the at approximately where was place city a the of boundary western the period is rather schematic. Before Roman becoming the Constantinopolis, during city the of layout the about Information on theGoldenHorn. Lycos valley, to went up the hill to and reached Unkapanı down descended then Cerrahpaşa, at Kapı Ese through start campaignsinthewesterndirection. to Edirnekapı at city the of gate main the towards advanced as he and his retinue moved out from the Topkapı Palace and processions, for sultan the by used was It period. the Ottoman during Divanyolu became name The period. Ottoman the during continued city the of thoroughfare main the as survived through the centuries. The significance of the Mese, completely was has city ancient the of structure road basic the But changed. texture urban surrounding the and time in considerably rose ground the of level The statues. with adorned were forum the of gates western and eastern The (the columnwithrings). Turkish in Çemberlitaş name the acquiring thereby rings, iron by braced was and fires from suffered column porphyry changed to look like the Emperor. During its long history the was head his only ; god to belonged originally statue The Emperor. the of statue bronze the with topped column, A large Corinthian capitalwithmasksinthe abacuszone 97 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 98 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY the BasilicaCistern a Medusaheadfrom A reusedfrizeblockwith Ottoman period, the column had fine carvings over its shaft, its over carvings fine had column the period, Ottoman by damaged seriously the from drawings some to been fires. According and earthquakes has monument The Forum. Arcadius which originally stood in the middle of the Arcadius of Column the is them of One houses. private of garden the in enclosed becoming appearance, public their lost columns urban fabric was changed in The the Ottoman period; some of the fires. from middle suffered or their earthquakes in by disturbed standing were later monuments in the changed of were some forums times, ancient the of shape The southwest ofthecity, closetotheConstantinianwall. the to located was Arcadius of forum The road. main the on city.the space of public center next the the was Bovis Forum in image impressive very a creating high, metres 21 about elements structural was monument the of part central these The trunks. tree like look making shaft, their on carved reliefs had shafts The special. very are columns gigantic tall m 10.5 the of design and form The foundations. the around architectural the scattered blocks marble the from and situ in discovered evidence information Archaeological the German the using from Institute, Naumann, R. Prof. by made was Arch Theodosian the of drawing reconstitution A osatna wl. eea other the Several reaching wall. Constantinian west, the towards Bayezıt and Aksaray. the colonnaded street was extended rm h Frm f Constantine, of Forum the From ie od osrce between constructed road wide uig h ecvtos o the for excavations the during ee icvrd n 1957-58 in discovered were monumental arch of Theodosius oa. h rmis f the of remains The today. ous ee salse on established were forums aeı Sur i located is Square Bayezıt The Theodosius the where about located was of Forum town. The the of axis main the century destroyed its timber roof, also causing damage to the ninetenth late in fire a until maintained well was It period. afine of is Studious was converted into a mosque during the Ottoman church the floor, example of early Christian art and architecture. The Basilica sectile opus and architraves marble carved richly columns, serpentine buautiful its With near .Psammatia, at town, of part southwest the in located is It Monastery. St. Studious of the within Basilica located the John, is Istanbul in church surviving oldest The roofs. timber had and plan Christian in basilical Early were churches erected. many were thespread monasteries flourished; and With architecture churches religious centuries. Christianity, sixth of and fifth the during buildings religious and civil with embellished was city The other armies. the and main wall, has been wall very helpful in defending front the city against ditch, triple the of its consisting system with defence Wall Theodosian the but Constantinople, towards campaign of expected death the start the not With did Huns north. Attila, the on walls Horn Golden and shore Marmara the on walls sea with combined is Walland the of assaults the from approaching Huns. This defense line is called the Theodosian city the protect to Anthemious prefect by built was fortification new century, a fifth the In the monument isvisiblefromlongdistances. it, towards directed streets several with crossing; a at stands column Todaythe circus. new a of centerpiece the as it used and monument ancient this of value the appreciated region the for planner The adopted. was plan street new Fatihdistrict, a of the portion alarge devastated which fire 1912 the of After house. a of column garden the in standing the also was century, eighteenth the During the in garden ofaprivatehouseandnotvisiblefromthestreet. stands it preserved; is monument the of part lower spiral. Todaytop. the to lead stairway a a column, the the only Inside of form the in it surrounding band a in arranged 99 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 100 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY column Capital oftheMarcian’s oatr Cuc hglgt te ee o te decorative the of level the highlights Church Monastery Chora frescos, and mosaics figural preserved well its With Kyriotissa Theotokos Camii, Kilise (Kalenderhane). Camii), Paşa Mustafa (Koca Andreas Hagios Camii, Gül Camii), (Fethiye Pammakaristos Camii), Imaret (Eski Pantepoptes Camii), (Bodrum Myraleion Camii), (Kariye Monastery Chora the of Churches (Fenari İsa), Pantocrator ( Camii), Churches Monastery Lips The plans. cross-in-square had usually They programs. building for available sources limited the to due scale, in smaller were them of from Most structures. earlier these different quite was churches medieval of design age. The remarkable and a of Sergios projects and extraordinary were Eirene Bacchos , period Hagia Justinianic (532-565) the from monuments major three The quality ofthemarblecarvingmonument. fine the and beauty the about idea an give gable western the from block pediment a and lambs of frieze a with decorated island, Proconnessian the from marble of built architraves column surviving The bases of the second Hagia Sophia are preserved in situ. Huge Sophia. Hagia present the of level marble columns and entablature. Today,entablature. and columns marble e bu 25 ers eo te atrium the below metres 2.5 about be the second Hagia Sophia was found to found was Sophia Hagia second the of Hagia Sophia in 1930’s. The floor of floor The 1930’s. in Sophia Hagia of uig h ecvtos n h atrium the in excavations the during this basilical structure were recovered were structure basilical this h mnmn hs o of n its and roof no has monument the ps etl for s xoe tothe exposed is floor sectile opus eot n 3. h rmis from remains The 532. in revolt fire which started during the Nike the during started which fire elements. Theodosius II was devastated by a sabl a sfee fo fires from suffered has Istanbul second Hagia Sophia founded by founded Sophia Hagia second throughout its long history.The long its throughout Theodosian Wall, Towers T17-T20 had today) of (near harbour Neorion coasts. northern and southern its on harbours several had city ancient The also hadimperialloggiasreservedforthesultan. like the Hagia Sophia and the south church of the Pantocrator foundation II Mehmet to connected Mosques exteriors. their to minarets and interior their to added were vand the old churches were converted to become mosques; of most II, Mehmet by Constantinople of conquest the After Latin ritual, were returned to Orthodox rite. convertedbeento churcheshad which therestored andwere Paleologanrecoverytheof dynasty, damagedthemonuments monuments and taken to Europe, especially to Venice. With the marble revetments were removed from churches and the other capitals, statues, , materials, valuable the of many 1264, During the Latin occupation of Constantinople from 1204 until occupation ofthecity. Latin the and damages earthquake sever to due decoration other and mosaic its of from survived interior.much the Not in preserved revetment marble original its of some and floor Pantokrator sectile opus an only the has Camii, Monastery,Zeyrek presently of Church South the churches, medieval the of largest the Though period. Medieval the during arts 101 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 102 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Hagia Sophia amphorae of loads with wrecks ship twenty than to More light. brought were tied were ships the which to posts timber and walls harbour the of ruins harbour, the of part western Inthe city. the of the history about details significant and harbour. Theodosian at Yenikapı silted interesting conducted very Excavations revealed the into research out carry to opportunity the provided subway the for excavations rescue recent the until harbours the about known was little Very considerably.sea the affects that wind south strong the from protected is which Horn Golden the preferred Ottomans city; the of coast southern the on harbours ancient the of Instead Limanı bytheTurkish people,wasalreadysilted. noted century Kadırga called was which sixteenth harbour old the that the during Istanbul visited who P.Gyllius period. Ottoman the during use of out and silted arched openings to let in the ships have . Both they of the harbours walls; were sea by protected as depicted are harbours /Sophianae/ the coast: Kontoskalion and Marmara the Eleutherios/ harbours. The the on harbours two indicate century, fifteenth the of end the from drawing Schedel’s H. and Middle Ages the from engravings old Some time. in silted were coast south the on harbours Sophianae and Theodosian The period. Hellenistic the since use in been insight into the organization of the Great Palace. The finds The Palace. Great the of organization the into insight new provided prison old the of west and north the to located and ruins courtyard the from finds interesting the The area. surrounding in the conducted were excavations some and later prison building dating from early twentieth century, detention old the Tevkifhane, the of restoration the During the MosaicMuseumandisopen tovisitors. to protect it from the climatic conditions. The site has become site, the over original built was roof new Aconservators. by their position in replaced and the stabilized from cleaned, removed ground, were sections deformed The Tourism. and Culture of the Ministry and ScientificTurkish Academy the Austrian between venture joint a as 1983-1994 between place took mosaics the of Restoration century. sixth the to dated was mosaic The Palace. the of courtyards the of one a as identified was location The scenes. life daily and hunting figures, mythological with floor mosaic uncovereda Complex Ahmet Sultan the of Arasta the at 1930’s Excavations during conducted possible. made were researches first the and ruins the above houses the removed 1912 in fire The coast. Marmara the to Sophia Hagia the from area wide a covers Emperors Byzantine the of Palace Great the of remains The be can Mese interpreted asanindicationoftheirimportance. the to proximity Their lost. ben have which many the of representative as considered be can was palaces two capital Constantinian the These Rome. in tradition architectural the to related in closely palaces the of design aae wr dsoee. The discovered. were Antiochos Palaces and Lausos the of Justice Palace in 1950’s, remains the of construction the During Constantinople. of palaces early Very little has survived from the city. the of provided seafaring Medieval the of nature the goods about information other and 103 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 104 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY ulig, sd o euainl upss r bit within built are purposes educational for used buildings, temporary Some playgrounds. and parks as used are Some of open cisterns are surrounded by densely built neighborhoods. Municipality the century, Istanbul cleaned the accretions twentieth inside the cisterns. Today, the late In century. the inside developed masjid sixteenth the after cistern Aspar a with quarter small Athem. inside houses built or activity agricultural for them used people Some period. Ottoman the during abandoned were cisterns open The disappeared. have have withstood time, but the conduits and the mechanical walls systems high and thick Their water. of quantities large Marmara/ Seyitömer cisterns are of this kind; they could hold Exi and Edirnekapı Selim, The Aetious/ Aspar/Sultan roof. a without basins large have they cisterns; open the called are There are quite a number of cisterns in the historic city. Some heavy the by generated traffic runningunderit. soot the and vibrations the from suffers monument 1990’s.The the in up taken the was structure of restoration major A monument. the of maintenance the for responsible is Municipality Metropolitan the Today part of the aqueduct collapsed during the earthquake of 1509. eastern The it. above systems, placed were individuals by established conveyance new to belonging Pipes sources. new from water transfer to period Ottoman the during used be to continued It repairs. several with centuries the through come has structure storey two The construction. its for used Some claim that the stones from the walls of Chalcedon were Forum. Theodosian the near hill fourth the reaching and hill It spanned the valley between two hills, starting from the fifth town. the in system conveyance water surviving earliest the is Hadrian, Emperor to reference with it Aqueduct Hadrianus called store also Valens, of and Aqueduct siege. city and war the of times to for water bring to constructed were cisterns and Aqueducts town. the of part northern and west the in sources from city the to water fresh supplied Romans Great the Palace awaitprotectionandpresentation. part are which remains other and gates vaults, decorated walls, remains, in-situ The Istanbul. of Museum Archaeological the within exhibited now are digs the from Parekklesion ofKariye Camii/MonasteryChurchofChora cisterns werenotusedandtotallyforgotten. Byzantine the of many so sources, natural the from directly water fresh use to preferred Ottomans period. Byzantine throughout the use in was and Sophia Hagia the to close located very is It century. sixth the in constructed was plan, in more the impressive. are cisterns which measures 138x64.6 Binbirdirek meters and Basilica the them, the vaults, brick Among visit. to spaces fascinating and are cisterns underground columns spaced closely their With and presentedinabetterway. structures. vast carefully,conserved more treated be these to deserve monuments of out ancient these significance, most archaeological their Considering the make to them, 105 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 106 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY recovered at Yenikapı Conservation and documentation workatoneoftheship wrecks and system lighting new included project restoration material. The reused the of quality exceptional the of because exciting was discovery The Byzantines. for practice common was columns. monuments ancient some from for capitals and bases columns as Reuse used been had these heads; Medusa gigantic with blocks frieze the was discoveries the of One light. to brought were details interesting project, the of implementation the During monument. exquisite this of structure the restore and cistern the inside debris the clean to undertaken was project comprehensive a 1980’s During Istanbul. of Municipality Metropolitan the to over was handed cisterns and aqueducts of care the Republic, Turkish the of establishment the With interior. mystical its of ends far the reach to boat a used visitors and bottom its at water nineteenth the in century and became a rediscovered tourist attraction. There was still some was cistern Basilica The Mosaic Museum A detail fromthemosaicsofGreatPalace, exhibitedatthe and otheractivities. exhibits for used be to restored, been and have cisterns Selim Zeyrek Sultan Nakilbent, Recently, restaurant. a into TopkapıPalace the and Sophia Hagia to close cistern small for tourism. The Touring and Automobile Club converted this reused and restored be to first the of one was Sophia Hagia near Street Soğukçeşme cultural on cistern city. the The the of of during heritage part as public, the discovered to accessible make been and have them clean to important is It buildings. new for cisterns excavations other Several meetings andartexhibits. special for used is interior the public; the to open now is It neglect, the interior was cleaned and restored by an investor. of years Foundations. After Pious of Directorate General the to belongs century.property ninetenth Todaythe the during top of each other. Its dark interior was used as a silk on workshop Binbirdirek placed shafts two of composed columns tall exceptionally of its with unique construction is cistern The century. the sixth the to cistern date stamps brick the Though attributed to Philoxenes from the time of Constantine, its extraordinaryatmosphere. of advantage taking cistern, the inside organized are events cultural and performances artistic occasionally public; the to open now is cistern The visitors. the for platforms walking 107 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 108 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY the town by viziers and high ranking officers. These projects These officers. ranking high and viziers by town the of parts different in founded were bath a and school primary a madrasa, a mosque, a included usually which Complexes in thefifteenthcentury. settled and came people which Anatolia, central in Aksaray originated. Thus the name of the district Aksaray comes from formed newly settlers the which places the from names their took quarters The capital. the came in people settle to which groups from large in places the of two are Karaman Aksaray,and Anatolia. and the from brought were Newsettlers back. come to the siege during away fled had To revive the city, an appeal was made to the inhabitants who needs, commercialactivityandthedefensefunctions. educational and institutions religious administration, basic state the for of needed some as served buildings These three bedestens and including a cannon foundry outside buildings, of the Eyüp walls of commercial Galata. and several Fatih complexes, Castle, Yedikule Palace, Topkapı the of construction the started He conditions. living and the city improve the restore to projects initiated Conqueror”, “the Ottoman II, Mehmet Sultan Fatih the realize. to time long a took into capital Constantinople of transformation The Ottoman Period of walls the of north Galata, intheareacalledBeyoğlu. the to area the in established were grow outside the walls. The embassies of European countries to a started The settlement into security. and turned fire for was watchtower settlement the above II. tower Mehmet great Sultan The by center the in built was bedesten A the reshaped. was coast to the near center had commercial follow.The changes After several but there live administration. to continued people own Genoese Constantinople, in rule Ottoman its of establishment with settlement the in independent an city; Horn, walled a Golden was This the Galata. called of area north the to settle to permit the given were people Genoese rule, Byzantine the During the reinforcement oftheendangeredstructures isgoingon. for project Amedreses. the and guesthouse the mosque, the in cracks some caused 1999 of earthquake recent The time. in lost been have kitchen and caravansaray the bath, double inthe place Complex over the centuries. The taken primary school, hospital, the have modifications and losses Several reconstructed aftertheearthquake of1766. also were Hatun Gulbahar wife his and Fatih of tombs The new scheme, a composed of using a central dome rebuilt and four was semidomes. interior the mosque the but preserved was century fifteenth the from courtyard The mosque. the of reconstruction the necessitated damage scale structural the The of collapsed. dome central mosque The the madrasas. to the and damage great caused 1766 of earthquake The changes. several with day our to come has complex The dome intheqibladirection. development of Ottoman mosques, had a big dome and a semi the on step and a as considered is north which mosque The south. the the on symmetrically arranged madrasas and organized like a great campus, with the mosque in the center was complex The wife. his and founder the of tombs the bath and double a hospital, a school, primary a house, guest a caravansaray,a schools, prep eight medreses, eight mosque, grand a included project The ruler. new the of complex the orthodox the neglected; been patriarch declined to had stay there. So the site was used to build tomb the and church old The before. stood Constantine of tomb the and Church Mehmet II was built on the fifth hill where the Holy Apostles of compound educational and religious the Complex, Fatih and Kadıköyonthe Asian sidestarted togrow. Üsküdar Galata, of north the to Tophane town, historic the of west the to Eyüp, walls; city the of outside developed also settlements city.New the reviving in active been have who Paşa, Koca Mustafa Paşa, Murat Paşa are İshak some of the viziers Paşa, Mahmut them. around formed neighborhoods satisfied the religious, social and educational demands of the 109 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 110 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Aqueduct ofValens, withmadrasaofGazanfer Ağa intheforeground taken care century.The sixteenth the of projects major the were Süleymaniye and Complexes of Bayezıt II, Sultan Selim, Şehzade educational and buildings. mosque imperial an to addition in tombs Their centuries. the and bath seventeenth a guesthouse, a hospital, a and included programs sixteenth the in built foundations imperial the for taken was Complex Fatih the of service to their neighborhoods and also to the city. The educational model and religious social, several offered complexes The imperial state. of officers high by as well as members, embellished was family their and city sultans by founded complexes several the with century, sixteenth the During Interior ofthecistern onSoğukçeşmeStreet P.of thesixteenth GylliuswhovisitedIstanbulinthemiddle the complex, some earlier buildings must have been removed. of construction the During Arch. Theodosian the was there Bazaar,grand the is there east its to area; wide a west its on covers complex The complex. the of establishment Bayezıt, the after name the acquired town the of part This capital. second imperial complex founded by the Ottomans in the new the is It Forum. Theodosian ancient the to close Peninsula, Historic the of center the in raised was Complex II Bayezıt to exaltandeternalizethememoryoftheirfounders. aimed complexes the compositions, monumental their With are indicators of the city care taken the in dealing with in urban topography. locations their them, execute and design to 111 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 112 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY General viewofGalata The mosque. the to close group a and the primary school constitute caravansaray imaret, The sultan. the of tomb the and bath double a medrese, a school, primary a kitchen, public caravansaray,a a also is There monumentality ofthemosque. tall minarets attached to the ends Twoof the entrance wall add to the mosque. the to attached guestrooms with period, Ottoman early of tradition the followed mosque The scale. in a centraldomeflanked bytwo semidomes,butmuch reduced structural has it Sophia; The Hagia by influenced was mosque the of design marbles. coloured with decorated arcades Bayezıt of and gates monumental three with courtyard mosque beautiful a has The arcades. courtyards domed spacious with have surrounded to for mosques thetradition imperial Ottoman it became century, mid-fifteenth about Starting 1501-1505. years the between built was Complex According to its Arabic inscription, the mosque of the Bayezıt ago duringtheconstructionofBayezıtbath. of Column the years see 40 about removed was it that to learned and Theodosius wanted he that mentions century at f h bidn i a oe ia; roe sae but space roofed a the keep to porch a like ; was part This courtyard. the to open domed a is building the of part first The parts. the two of to consists It lies mosque. the which of southeast building small a is school primary The Sinan for his design of Haseki and other public kitchens. public kitchen; in fact, it has been taken as a model by architect Ottoman the example fine for arcadedcourtyard.aan sets It around organized are bakery refectory, cellars, the kitchen, buildingthisIstanbul.ofintype functional Its units,thelike earliestpublicimportantkitchenthesurvivingisas example library.public The Bayezıt the of part as serve kitchen public caravansarayand The intact. still members its of most with integrity, its retained has complex the that important is It further damagestothemosque. caused 1766 of earthquake The reinforced. were piers and arches supporting the structure, the stabilize To damaged. was mosque the of dome main Istanbul’sThe to monuments. from the 1509 earthquake which caused considerable damage suffered complex the of members other the and mosque The achieved be here, duetotheexistingbuildingsinarea. not could Complex Fatih the of planning site other buildings are detached from the mosque. The geometric children warminwinter. The medrese of the complex is to the west the to is complex the of medrese The the artofcalligraphy. for museum a into converted been has it century.Recently,twentieth the in library The medrese was transformed into a public details. elegant and proportions good its with type this of example fine a is Medrese Bayezıt architecture. Ottoman in popular very was which typology a U; a of form the cells and in courtyard arcaded an around classroom organized a has It other buildings. the from detached mosque, the of 113 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 114 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Istanbul, Castleof Yedikule atmosphere. colourful its within continues where life places the daily are Bazaar Grand districts, Tahtakale activities. The Egyptian Bazaar (Mısır Çarşısı), Mahmutpaşa, old commercial center is still active and thriving with similar port for lemons), Hatap İskelesi (the port for timber), etc. The activity which took place along the shore. Limon İskelesi (the of type and the reveal ports small tradesmen the of names The the citizens. the of needs the serve to built were baths period. schools, medreses, Ottoman mosques, inns, bedestens, shops, the Several through activity commercial the for use its continued area the harbour, the with relation close in Being sea. of way by city the entering goods the for place landing the as used was which coast, the to Constantine and Historic Peninsula. It stretched from the forums of Theodosius the of hillside northern the on located was Constantinople of center commercial buzzing the period, Byzantine the During used asaplanetariumandmuseumofastronomy. be to University Istanbul by restored been has it Recently, almost symmetrically organized sections for men and women. dressing halls and beautifully decorated interior spaces; monumental with has bath double The Theodosius. of Arch from the blocks marble re-used some revealing exposed, were bath the of foundations the 1950’s, in operations widening city. When the level of the street was lowered during the road the of streets main the of the one on medrese, to the of located southwest building monumental a is bath double The were watched. Especially the circumcision feasts of the young tribune a square public like the on place taking ceremonies the which from used was It role. special a had Palace Paşa Ibrahim Hippodrome, the on position its to Due altered. and size in reduced though survives, Hippodrome the on vizierial Place Pasha Ibrahim impressive the the only city, the Of around city. scattered palaces the of attraction the to added Suleymaniye surrounding palaces vizierial grand The pavillions andbathsintheHaremofTopkapı Palace. several aqueducts. He stabilized Hagia Sophia, designed some the including system conveyance long a with north the to from constructing city water drinking engineer brought He civil bridges. and a aqueducts like worked Sinan Mimar Besides his service as the designer of magnificient complexes, the as image Ottoman capitalwasoutstanding. Istanbul’s of emergence the to contribution Sinan’s Mimar complexes. Süleymaniye and Şehzade the of more attractive and pleasing to the eye with the construction even became city the of panorama The Peninsula. Historic life, as well as having an impact on the general outlook of the programs building the which contributed to the of improvement of the quality of urban some as cited be can complexes Süleymaniye, Sokollu Şehzade, Paşa, Rüstem Sultan, Mihrimah Paşa, Ahmet Haseki, Kara launched. were projects important several (1538-1588) Sinan Mimar of leadership the Under century. sixteenth the during highest its at was activity architectural to support economic and political The other parts. to the with it integrate and carefully; town of part commercial the revive fabric historic the restore and accretions the remove to plans are There area. the of rehabilitation the for projects developing is Istanbul of Municipality Metropolitan The transformation. serious a of verge the on is city historic unsuitable functions. At present, the commercial center of the of crouching and maintenance of lack ownership, of change seventeenth century have suffered from earthquakes, neglect, Büyük the or century fifteenth the from the from Han Valide Han Kürkçü the like caravansarays, important the of Some 115 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 116 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY uem ulig wr rie o te oten ie f the of side southern the on Janissary raised were the buildings and Museum Forestry and Mining for Ministry The kitchen. public the of façade northern on buildings new two of construction the was century nineteenth the of end the at the and cellars bakery kitchen, of the complex into the its incorporated has and active still is school The century. nineteenth late in and school crafts arts an into transformed was hospital The centuries. twentieth and nineteenth the in area Complex the the and surrounding buildings the in place took changes Several public square. complex. As a result, the Hippodrome became a much smaller the of buildings kitchen public the and hospital the build to used was are This grounds. construction the within included was Sphendone, the Hippodrome, the of end southern The pulled down. expropriation; some of the palaces near the Hippodrome were land for the buildings of the complex was acquired mainly by center, town the the in place vacant proper large a finding of difficulty the to Due rent. for shops several and houses bath, public a hospital, a kitchen, public a darulkurra, a founder, mosque with an imperial monumental pavillion, a medrese, a the tomb of of the comprised It Hippodrome. ancient the of period. The complex covered a vast area to the east and south at the beginning of the century, was the leading project of the energetic building program. Sultan Ahmet Complex, initiated an support to enough strong not was situation economic the Ottoman power started to decline in the seventeenth century; during the1980s. restoration major a after material, ceramic ethnographic and carpets, ware of collection rich a housing Arts, Islamic and Turkish of Ottoman Museum the late into turned in is it Today purposes period. other for used was palace The games, or processions from the loggia overlooking the square. the watched princes the and sultan the and Hippodrome the on gathered crowds large when occasions the were princes premises. Another major change enabling the impressive Yeni Cami to be visible again. The again. visible be to Cami Yeniimpressive the enabling themosque. century,twentieth the of middle and the in removed were These the coast between buildings to office demolished build were shore the near walls sea the century, by the ancient sea walls in the north . During the nineteenth Originally, the outer courtyard of the mosque was surrounded venture oftheseventeenthcentury. building imperial second the of program the up make Egypt from coming spices the to due Bazaar Egyptian the called her tomb, a monumental fountain and sabil, a covered bazaar, day.our to come Turhanof lodge imperial The Valide Sultan, has which name a Mosque”, “New the meaning Cami, Yeni mosque andtheadditionalbuildings.Thewascalled Jews. The queen paid for the expropriation of the land for the by inhabited and city byships. commercially important was the locality to The brought goods the for the office from customs comes Eminönü, place, the of name The Sultan. was taken up and completed by queen mother Turhan Valide Eminönü, at shore the near century sixteenth the of end the at initiated was which structure a Sultan, Safiye of mosque century,seventeenth the of half second the In unfinished the its auditorium. and University Marmara of Rectorate the house to restored were buildings two the 1979, in fire a economics After commerce. of and school a as used be to century twentieth the Hippodrome. The two buildings were united internally during Süleymaniye fromtheGoldenHorn 117 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 118 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY n uoe on ter a it te toa cptl In capital. Ottoman the into way their found Europe in fashion in were century,which nineteenth styles the During Küçüksu andEmirgancanbecited. Üsküdar, Azapkapı, Tophane, at fountains decorated and richly eaved wide the beautiful, most the Among fountains. beautiful several with embellished were town the of spaces open frequented most the and streets The period. the from compositions sabil-fountain the of impressive and elegant the supported Fountain in front of the entrance members to TopkapıIII Palace Ahmet is The city.the the family most in fountains several of their construction and sultans The in architecture. style baroque the of development the reflect Eyüp and Laleli some Kağıthane, at pavililons at Topkapı Palace, kiosks the mosques of Nur-u Osmaniye, Several relations. diplomatic and goods imported of way by Istanbul to introduced styles were baroque and rococo century, eighteenth the During were built tomaketheplacelooklikeaheavenonearth. pavillions cascades, several marble; with paved was grounds palace the through passing river the of section The at palace Kağıthane, near a the river called had the “Sweet III waters of Ahmet Europe”. Sultan Istanbul. in leisure and poetry flowers, in interest the for famous time a calledthe Era; Tulip was century the eighteenth of quarter first The attached touniversitiesorculturalassociations. fountain. Today the madrasas are used as research institutes a and founder the of tomb the school, primary a madrasa, a comprising complexes Merzifonlu small established Paşa Mustafa Pasha, Kara Mehmet Köprülü Paşa, Bayram Paşa, Ahmet Ekmekçioğlu Paşa, Murat Kuyucu like notables and Grand viziers activity. in construction reduction significant a to lead century seventeenth the of economy restricted The fish markets keepattractingcrowdstowalkthroughitsstreets. and coffee spice, the life; with vibrant still city, the of squares busiest the of one is mosque the surrounding area Ibrahim PashaPalace ontheHippodrome taken have II Mahmut of reign the during Istanbul visiting travellers the of Some image. its transforming city, the in raised were ministries museums, offices, hospitals, stations, barracks, schools, military and civil several administration, nineteenth century. As part of the westernization of Ottoman the during Istanbul in buildings administrative and palaces They were responsible for the design and execution of several architects. court been have who members its for famous is family Balyan Istanbul. to styles current the adapted and introduced Europe in architects as trained citizens Ottoman addition to European architects working for the sultan, some 119 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Istanbul, Sultan Ahmet Mosque

122 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Istanbul, Yeni Cami National First “The named style the leading time, the of figures local prominent the were Bey Kemalettin Mimar and TekVedat air. Architect the in was revivalism when time a was It architecture. Ottoman in involvement his show which School, projects the of Medical some are Vallaury), A. Paşa with collaboration in (Haydar School Medical Imperial Museum, Janissary University), Marmara the of Rectorate the (now Mining and Forestry Agriculture, of Ministry The Edirnekapı. at Mosque Sultan Mihrimah the like monuments important the Bosphorus. He also contributed to the restoration of some on and Palace Yıldız in designs Nouveau Art his for known well is and architect palace the became He Istanbul. in work architect from Udine was invited by Sultan Abdülhamid II to After the earthquake of 1894, Raimondo D’Aronco, an Italian loss ofthecity’s character. notice of this rapid change and expressed their sorrow for the Pavillion of Yeni Cami Restored domein the Imperial in fashion. Several important summer houses in Art Nouveau with their timber residential architecture. Revival styles were the north and the Prince’s islands in the south were important east, the Bakırköy and in Yeşilköy on the west, the Bosphorus villages to Feneryolu and Göztepe directions; several in Towards the end of the nineteenth century, suburbs expanded from earlytwentiethcentury. landmarks be to considered are Han Vakıf Fourth the and (Tapu Registers State Kadastro) Mescid, Hobyar Office, Post Central the Like Peninsula. Historic the in located buildings significant figure of the First National Movement. Some of his is hotel. a into transformed Vedatnow Architect It Tek another is Peninsula. Historic first the the in designed be complex to housing known is project (1919-1922) Apartments Harikzedegan The 1918. of fire big the after Laleli of district new the housing complex designed which was raised on the site Bey of the destroyed Kemalettin Architect Movement”. tl atat h ee with eye the attract style e ea tdys İstiklal today’s Pera, de city.Rue the of population Christian inhabited the by mainly were These areas housing. multi- storey with districts developed Pangaltı and in walls, several directions. Beyoğlu its of outside nineteenth expanded Galata the century, of half second the in fire a After Prince’s islands. the Yeşilköy, or Göztepe Bakırköy, at the coast of the Bosphorus, their refineddesignsalong 123 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 124 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY cisterns, imperial churches and mosques, palaces, madrasas, palaces, mosques, and churches imperial cisterns, underground Walls, Theodosian Palace, Great the of ruins and Byzantine Roman, Ottoman of periods; the Hippodrome, vestiges the Column valuable of Constantine, Istanbul, In Istanbul asWorldHeritage worth mentioning. Social Security Buildings at Zeyrek by S.H. Eldem (1963) are the Tunca(1969), Muhlis and Çilingiroğlu Günay by Center Sedat Hakkı Eldem and Emin Onat (1944), Istanbul Publicity by Letters and Arts of Faculty the these Among Peninsula. Historic the in in buildings activities important designed their and Istanbul continued architects prominent Some invited fromEurope. architects the by capital new the to introduced was design architectural in direction new Astyles. revival outdated the to sticking than rather idioms new the of part be to wanted state established newly The architecture. on outlook the in effects its had which system administrative and legal the in change conscious a by followed was Period Republican to the Ottoman industrial the from and transition The country. economic the of cultural, center the as importance its sustained it officially, in priority its lost Istanbul Although capital of the Turkish Republic and the center of state affairs. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Ankara became the new The RepublicanPeriod centuries. twentieth early and nineteenth new late the from with neighborhoods of surrounded became outside city the of located areas settled were the which barracks military Maçka Taşkışla, Gümüşsuyu, Taksim, districts, new of expansion way.the WithEuropean the in live to preferred who society Teşvikiye and Şişli. This became the fashion for the Ottoman Nişantaşı, to moved and gardens with houses private their starting. left Peninsula was Historic the in style formerly living families life Many new a where Şişli and Harbiye to Caddesi, extended from Galata to Taksim; was further linked surviving members ofthetraditionalarchitecture. the toprotect means the find to tried and changes drastic and its surviving elements. Architects were critical about the city historic the for concern aroused change This Peninsula. Historic the to scale urban new a introduced avenues new the on blocks high of construction the permitting regulation building new The locations. other to transferred were or monuments moved Some city. historic the preserve to much care without through cut was fabric were urban streets the widened, narrow boulevards, Millet and Vatan the of 1950’sconstruction early the the during In , traffic. facilitate By the middle of the twentieth century, there were attempts to on thelossofsurvivingurbanfabric. impact great had scale and materials different with layout, new a to according city the of reconstruction The adopted. according to the old notbuilt street pattern but a grid-iron scheme was were districts the fires, the Following city. the of parts large devastated Vefa and Fatih, (1912), of Paşa fires Ishak great The rebuilt. be to had and collapsed several structures; masonry damaged in earthquake buildings 1894 region. surviving the the to damage further traffic in of resulted movement facilitate to measure and a as Alemdar Divanyolu like streets main the Widening Divanyolu. and Sirkeci around area the to damage great caused 1865 in well so not Paşa Hoca of fire The catastrophies. several is to due protected Istanbul of architecture civil the heritage, monumental the of maintenance regular the to contrast In are some functions, original adapted toserveasmuseumsorotherculturalinstitutions. their with live to continue some city; the enrich also years, hundred exquisite five last the from elegant, with capital its monuments. Several important Ottoman monuments, dating in expressed best is Empire Byzantine of grandeur The repertoire. architectural and archaeological of variety wide a present caravansarays 125 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 126 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY time. In 1984, the population of Istanbul was only two and two only was Istanbul of population the 1984, In time. Their report summarized the risks Istanbul was facing at the past. its of representative and city historic most the of prestigious the as areas selected the regarded experts ICOMOS -Balat districtswerenotincluded. of town, including the Grand Bazaar and urban quarters like center commercial the like areas, historic Other considered. were districts Zeyrek and legal Süleymaniye Walls, Land Archaeological Park, under the sites protection, the only Istanbul, for file nomination the In 1984, during the preparation of conservation areas. were as houses, timber their for which noted districts, and Zeyrek Süleymaniye designate to Istanbul in Board Protection the for possible was it Thus, passed. the designation of urban sites was In 1973, a new law, which enabled 1973. until streetscapes or buildings, of groups designate to possible not was It designation. for eligible be to order in interior, decorated richly a or façade monumental a like features special some have to had houses individual Historic houses. of designation the only permitted of heritage cultural protection for law the time, that At century. twentieth the gained city of half second the old in momentum the of fabric urban the protect to efforts The sign atZeyrek Istanbul, World Heritage i, ii,iiiandiv. criteria of basis the on 356, number as List Heritage World 1985 and the Historic Areas of Istanbul were included on the World Heritage Committte adopted the proposal in December Istanbul”. of Areas “Historic title the under combined were 4) Thezoneoftheramparts, 3) TheZeyrekquarterand 2) TheSüleymaniyequarter, 1) The Archaeological Park, Four separatelyprotectedsites, urban growth. and traffic from emanating pressures the underlined report today.of The millions 12 the to comparison in million half a hamam, hospice,cemetery,of etc.)providethebestexamples its annexes (Caravanserail, madrasa, medical school, library, Topkapıwith of mosque Palace Süleymaniye The the iv) and Ottoman civilizations. and Byzantine the to testimony unique bears Istanbul iii) influenced theEasternand Western Christianart. Constantinople of churches and palaces the of mosaics the before and mosques later and churches of family for entire an model a became Sophia’s St. before even architecture defences, of line second its military for references leading the of one was 447, in created with II Theodosius of wall both in Europe and in Asia. Thus, the 6,650 meter terrestrial architecture, monumental arts and the organization of space, of development the on influence considerable exerted center have city the in monuments the history, Throughout ii) Sinan architecture. of masterpiece a mosque, Süleymaniye the and 532-5337 in which was built by Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Milet Sophia as such architecture, universal of masterpieces and i) The proposed cultural property includes unique monuments 127 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 128 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY ak Atog frse i te ra pa, u t lc of lack funds, the to Archaeological Parknevercametolife. due plan, urban the in foreseen Although park. archaeological an within finds order archaeological the in present to removed and expropriated be would plots owned privately The funds. public with maintained and State the by owned mainly are They area. vast this within complexes and monuments important most the among are Binbirdirek and Cistern Basilica Palace, Paşa Ibrahim Complex, Ahmet Sultan Emperors, the of Palace Great the Palace, Topkapı city and proposed to preserve and present them to the public. foresaw archaeological research to reveal plan the ancient remnants of the The south. the in Sea Marmara the to the north in Horn Golden the from west, the in Hippodrome the and Cistern Basilica the to east the in Bosphorus stretched the from Park The Park. Archaeological an Historic as the Peninsula of end eastern the designated and city the of Istanbul. The planner appreciated the archaeological potential by the Municipality in 1930’s to prepare a regulatory plan for Mr.planner Urban researched. fully invited was Prost Henri the same site, there are areas and levels which have not been the Romans and Ottomans. Due to the later settlements over by then and Greece from colonists by inhabited was which Byzantion, with starts city the of history known better The be to analyzed inrelationtothetectonicmovementsarea. needs settlement human of chronology the So level. sea the under were found were remains physical the which at level the yet Peninsula, Historic the at existence human This revolutionary discovery provided a much earlier date for Theodosius, of times. prehistoric to back harbour dating existence human ancient revealed the within Yenikapı, at of levels which go back 2,700 years. history Recently rescue archaeology the start cultural has to city the that claim and Byzantion with Istanbul customary was it recently, Until Archaeological Park period. ensembles of palaces and religious complexes of the Ottoman esre prl ad ry gen wie n hny colored honey and white green, grey, and purple tesserae, silver and gold with Mosaics sides. three its on galleries by surrounded was covered nave The 537. in inaugurated was two semidomes and dome magnificent a by covered church Construction which started in 532 proceeded quickly and the monument which would be a monument used for coronations. a erect to was desire Justinian’s . from Isidoros and outstanding technicians of the period: Anthemios from Tralles the designtotwo revolt in532.EmperorJustiniandelegated Nika the during initiated fire basilica. the from suffered nave church This five preserved a was bases Sophia Hagia column second the the situ, in and walls the to According from 415. Sophia revealed the portico of the second Hagia Sophia dating Hagia of atrium the within 1930s, in conducted Excavations spot. same the on erected one third the is today which standing is Sophia The Hagia reconstructions. and fires to due time in modified or changed been have churches early The monuments. Christian with embellished was Constantinople Empire, Roman Eastern the of capital the becoming After Hagia Sophia and presentedbelow. selected are ones major the these, From ruins. ancient and Within the Archaeological Park, there are several monuments and presentthePalacetopublic. protect manage, to hard it makes situation This institutions. public several among acquired and divided been has Walls) Sea and Sultani (Sur-u walls the within contained grounds Palace The Palace. Topkapı of management the to related Similarly,problems whole. are the there of presentation and are protection integrated for remains measures the establish and located the which on plots the unite to initiative the take to essential is It public. the and experts by discussed recent was which problem a is Season’sHotel Four the of extension The development. tourism by threatened and area wide a over dispersed are Palace Great the of remains The 129 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 130 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Istanbul, HagiaSophia, mosaicovertheImperialdoor as wasremoved; the church in decoration figural the all period, Iconoclastic the During 563. in place took church the dome was erected on top of the pendentives. The reopening of hemispherical a dome, saucer earlier the of Instead changed. by Isidoros the Younger, the form and height of the dome was conducted restorations the During ambon. the and ciborium altar, the destroying 558, in collapsed It earthquake. an by damaged was meters, 33 than more spanning Sophia, Hagia Twentyof dome large the 557, construction,in its after years patriarchate, the containing baptisterium andthetreasury-Skeuphylakion. complex larger of part was church The interior. the of grandeur the to added marbles creation of a densely built area to the south of the monument. constructed in the garden of Hagia Sophia, Architect which by resulted Sinan. Later in the designed tombs of the Murat III was and Mehmet III were also tomb monumental his Sophia; Hagia of south the to buried was he 1576, in died II Selim When monument. the of façade south the repaired and walls Sophia’s Hagia on crouching houses the away cleared Sinan Mimar II, Selim from acquired permission the with 1573 In mahfils, objects broughtfromancientruins. mihrabs, panels, calligraphy furniture, new with sultans. Through the centuries, the interior has been enriched additional inner fittings by and annexes by the donations of the succeeding further Ottomanized was monument grand This added. were minarets more Later complex. and a mosque initiate a it make to constructed were minaret a and medrese A centuries. the through maintained well be to it large sums of money for the repairs of Hagia Sophia, enabling allocated II Mehmet mosque. imperial an of status the had it TopkapıPalace, to mosque nearest the As mosque. a into Following the Ottoman conquest, Hagia Sophia was converted elevation ofthemonument. eastern the on seen be can damage this from The remaining scar 1353. in completed was catastrophe this after Sophia Hagia of restoration The 1346. in collapsed dome main the of part eastern the of third one and semidome eastern the structure; the in cracks new caused 1343 in earthquake The the westernsemidomeandfifteenribsofmaindome. carried out by the Armenian architect Trdat. He reconstructed was damage serious this after repair The renewed. be to had direction that in semidome the which of result a as dome the The earthquake of 989 destroyed the western arch supporting its long history. The earthquake in 869 caused some damages. The structure has been exposed to severe tremors throughout in Hagia Sophia arefromthemedievalperiod. mosaics figural existing the all which of result a 131 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 132 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY HagiaSophia,E-W cross-sectionbyW. Salzenberg public kitchen to a the complex was important; as all of the major addition The façade. south the on stack a and Sophia, squeezed It has a reading was room accessible from the interior of the Hagia library The between two buttresses on the south façade of courtyard. the monument. the architecture, of embellishing piece monumental and decorated richly a is fountain ablution the dome, and roof eaved wide its With Complex. Sophia Hagia the to kitchen public a and library a school, primary a fountain, ablution an added I Mahmut the of decoration building. mosaic original the from survives little probebly Veryconversion. the was during fashion Ottoman interior the in painted The also. I Ibrahim Sultan bury to of the monument preserved. Later the baptisterium was used bury the sultan. The font is preserved and stands basin in the porch to removed marble probably was The building original the Sophia. to belonging Hagia of garden the imperial in of tombs group the to included became thus I, Mustafa storage place for candles. In 1639 , it was used to bury Sultan of the church into a mosque, it stopped being used, becoming a octagonal in plan and covered by a dome. After the conversion is It side. north the from entrance its had and church the of south the to located was Sophia Hagia the of Baptistry The a rttd rud h cnrl ra utl l o te dome mosaics wereexamined, recordedandrestored. the of all until area, central The the around mosaics. rotated was dome the area floor the of of quarter one only covered which scaffolding, restoration the for specially designed was scaffolding high m Tourism.55 and A Culture of Ministry the and Fund Monuments World from funding with started with continued 1990’s, early in which UNESCO the of support mosaics the dome the of restoration The maintenance worksandsupervisesthem. operations, for firms contracts conservation Directorate Monuments and Survey and the monitoring conducting for responsible is laboratory conservation the museum, the of administration the of charge in is directorate museum The administration, conservation and restoration of the museum. and Tourism. There are three departments responsible for the present the monument is protected by the Ministry of Culture At public. the to them present and mosaics figural reveal to plasters the under researches museum. have to possible a it made This became Sophia Hagia law, special a of means by In1935 amuseum. into edifice religious this convert to the establishment of the by Turkish Republic, there was started an intention was campaign WaqfFoundations/ Pious adinistration. of the Ministry After restoration Hagia a in and damages some Sophia caused 1894 of earthquake The (clock muvakkithane room forsettingtheprayertimes). the and medrese the are repair this gallery.north the of end the to during added buildings Other added was construction. Awall sultan’slodge alternating an plastered and painted with red and white stripes to simulate was monument the of exterior the documented, were They them. over plaster the removing by revealed were mosaics by directed were Italy.from brothers the Fossati operation, major this During works The Abdülmecit. Sultan of the order by 1847-1849 between restoration major a underwent Hagia to damage monument the major condition, deteriorated its to due no yet Sophia, did 1766 of earthquake The meals tothestaff,studentsandpoorpeople. serve to kitchens had Istanbul in establishments imperial 133 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 134 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY ninetenth century, the first Ottoman museum was established religious building but was used as a repository of arms. In the which detached it from the public. It stopped functioning as a grounds, Palace Topkapı the within included was it period, Ottoman the During renewed. was decoration and gallery its of top the 740, in earthquake the After synthronon. and structure naved three atrium, its like features original its of some preserves still it earthquakes, to due times several Justinian in the sixth century. Though repaired and modified is one of the major churches founded by Emperor Hagia Irene the conservationworksonstructure. national and international members to discuss and supervise has both which committee scientific a established Tourism and TurkishCulture Universities. of Princeton Ministry and Bosphorus the by Sophia Hagia of structure the monitor to cause might which 1988 in started future. was Athe project in damages serious earthquakes of because important is Sophia Hagia of structure the of monitoring and study The Hagia Irene,main domeandthesupportingarches the silhouette of the city over the centuries. A huge area huge A centuries. the over city the of silhouette the and structure the affected has which decision important an was Byzantion of acropolis old the over Empire the of on the skyline of the city. To place the administrative center palace a of impact century. great fifteenth a the has from It surviving examples rare the of one is Palace Topkapı of agood looking andimpressivecapital. building the in influential been have centers important found and repair to taken decisions the of Some institutions. commercial and administrative educational, social, religious, of establishment the to related projects significant most the among are buildings commercial Palace and Topkapı Complex, Fatih the of construction The city which had been deserted and neglected during the siege. were initiated. One of the priorities was to rehabilitate the State was moved to Istanbul and several important projects Ottoman the of capital the Istanbul, of Conquest the After TOPKAPI PALACE Risk Seismic supported bytheWorld Bank. (Istanbul ISMEP is which Project Preparedness) Emergency and Mitigation the within assessed being is Eirene Hagia of vulnerability The meaning. and significance its to contradictory be not should it in place taking activities of type the but public the to Hagia open Irene have to important is It reconsidered. be to needs monument important this of reuse and presentation The city.the in locations different at digs been rescue in had recovered which mosaics the house to reorganized were atrium the around arcades the alteration, recent a During and interior, itisanattractiveplaceforconcerts. Withactivities. similar and exhibits acoustics beautiful its performances, musical for used be to started monument the 1973-74, between conducted works restoration After to beusedforotherculturalpurposes. ready was Eirene Hagia and there moved were objects the here. With the foundation of a military museum at Harbiye, 135 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 136 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY point of the first hill. Originally, the imperial gate hadan gate the imperial Originally, hill. first the of point highest the at located is and Gate Imperial Hümayun/The Bab-ı the called is grounds Palace the to entrance main The cannons. with out shooting for designed were towers the of walls at the first floor level of the towers. The platform levels level. roof a and Athe of part lower the above runs walk wall towers most of which are square in 28 with plan. reinforced Towersand thick meters three have is two wall The floors 1481. in death his after completed was and lifetime II’s Mehmet during continued it 1459, in Starting years. many took wall huge this of construction The Gate). Iron (the Kapı Demir called point a at terminating and Horn Golden the towards down going north, the towards advances wall the here From to Hagia Sophia. This is also the highest point of the first hill. the Marmara coast and rises uphill nearing a point very close Sur-u Sultani (The Imperial Wall). It starts from Ahırkapı on already was and south. The western wall of Mehmet II’s Palace are called north founded the from is fortifications Byzantine Palace the by the surrounded which on area The can befoundintheHarempremises. century eighteenth late from decoration Baroque rich with Interiors Museum. TopkapıPalace the within exhibited and kept are objects art and antiques Books, collected: and used sultans the objects interesting the All TurkishRepublic. the century,of twentieth establishment the the in after museum a became Palace The Bosphorus. the on palaces the at live to move and Palace Topkapı desert to II Mahmut Sultan of its use as the abode of the Ottoman sultan. It was the decision both from the early days of its foundation and the last days of Topkapı structures incorporating treasure, renovations, architectural an is Palace building, and use of centuries With walls andsubstructures. retaining on supported terraces by modified were hill the of lines natural The Byzantine grounds. its in and incorporated were periods Roman Hellenistic, of ruins The grounds. palace the to allocated was meters square 700,000 covering the contemporary monumental buildings of Semerkand. Its Semerkand. of buildings monumental contemporary the four comprising design recalls it dome, high a by covered hall central a surrounding interior special its With Sultan. It was built in 1472 near the javelin playing grounds. the of enjoyment the for places the of one was Kiosk Çinili Çinili Kiosk. access to the public park, the Archaeological Museum and the part of the palace grounds. This gate is still in use, providing northern the to access providing of purpose the for opened park. public a Ait was making gate Istanbul, new of citizens the to grounds Palace the of part (r.this donated 1908-1918) Reşat Sultan 1910, In Garden. Rose the Gülhane, called was courtyard the of north the to area The courtyard. this within also is Eirene Hagia arranged. were areas keeping farming boat places, food, and wood for areas storage palace, the of hospital guards, palace the of dormitories city,the the of the first courtyard several workshops, the office of the mayor Palace. Around the of parts inner the towards moved one as courtyard was first open to The the public; courts. the level inner of privacy three ascended around developed Palace The of theearliarPalaceunderoneadministration. grounds the unite to attempts are the there but Palace, original of core the only occupies Museum Palace Topkapı the within the northern part of the outer gardens. established At the moment were the institutions of Military half century. second nineteenth the in railroad the of construction the during demolished was Wall Imperial the of end northern The institutions. several among divided Topkapıis of Palace centuries twentieth and nineteenth resulted in the loss of some of the walls and the management the in changes The features. special or location their to according named were Some design. in modest and scale in smaller gates, smaller the entrances to the Topkapı Palace grounds; there are several corbelled cornice. Bab-ı Hümayun is the most monumental of upper floor was removed and the building was finished with a century,nineteenth late the in century. restoration a During nineteenth the from drawings floor, in upper visible is which 137 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 138 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Istanbul, Topkapı Palace,ÇiniliKiosk Yalı century, nineteenth the from engravings some In ceremonies. certain for and the . Some of the kiosks were used or Bosphorus the over view sultan beautiful family,a his affording the for coast, the along built or walls sea the on Topkapı Palace had several small summer pavillions perched 2004-05 andopenedagainwithanimprovedpresentation. in restored was Turkey.museum in The production ceramic glazed the of history the about idea an give collections lamp medieval and Ottoman monuments. The ceramic utensils, oil from collected inscriptions and mihrabs like elements tiles, of architectural made an interesting is There of 1981. collection since extensive Museum Tile the as serves and 1880 in museum a into turned was monument unique This and wasrestoredinstone. century eighteenth the in fire a from suffered Uzbekistan, original in contemporaries The its like columns, Asia. timber had central which porch and Iran from invited were or came craftsmen several centuries fifteenth and fourteenth the During influences. eastern reflects also decoration tile n ae 19 late in railroad the of construction the During preserved. well been not have kiosks coastal the Unfortunately, seas. far the in sailing from return its on Horn Golden the entered fleet the when place took ceremony similar A Kiosk. Yalıat harbour the leave ships Ottoman the watched retinue his and sultan The ceremonies. for used building the as depicted is kioks international pressmeetings. the by restored was government in early 1990s and is now used for symposia and It 1980s. until state ruined a in was kiosk The Horn. Golden the from out sail fleet Ottoman the watch to harem the of ladies the by used was kiosk this that claimed is It dome. a It with covered walls. hall and sea veranda the a had over 1643, in built was grounds. kiosk Palace Sepetçiler with kiosks coastal the of connection the Incili the of Kiosk and Sepetçiler kiosks remained. The railroad damaged substructure the only destroyed; completely Alay Kiosk, which is situated over a tower located on the western Wallswestern Topkapıof role. important an had Palace, It was the loggia from which the sultan watched the th etr, hy ee eoe. aı is was Kiosk Yalı removed. were they century, parade of Istanbul’s guilds. The first kiosk, first The guilds. Istanbul’s of parade 139 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 140 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY General viewofTopkapı Palacefromthenorth,with SepetçilerKioskontheGoldenHorn of north the to of is which The Museum Civilizations Oriental Ancient excavations. from finds the house to Vallaury A. by 1891-1907 between built and designed was added in late nineteenth century. The Archaeological Museum were which museums the are buildings of group second The Ministry ofCulture. the to over handed were buildings historic the and premises new to moved it 1980s, century.After twentieth the of half continued to function at its historic premises Mint until the second The century. nineteenth the from are buildings mint which starting from firstEirene, half ofMint buildings, theHagia eighteenth century.of Thewest existing the to area the Royal in develop to the started is first The centuries. nitneteenth and eighteenth the in Palace the of courtyard first the to added been have groups building important Two used bytheMinistryofCultureandTourism. are rooms and halls spacious Its ramp. a by approached is attracts the attention. It is dome accessible from Gülhane Park monumental and its Palace, the of walls the along walks one As north. the towards makes wall the turn a over Port, High the to Gate the across located is It II. Mahmud of reign the during 1819, in built was Kiosk Alay present The kiosk. this past parade the in proceeded architects the how detail in relates Çelebi Evliya (1574-1595). III Murat of reign the during constructed timber,was of made probably was which of a rectangular reception hall, surrounded by high arcades. high by surrounded hall, reception rectangular a of consists It guests. foreign their received sultans the where of Hall, Reception the is domain there entrance, the sultan. Across the private the was Enderun courtyard, third The baroque canopywasinsertedin themiddle. the arcade on the eastern part of the courtyard was cut and a of part central of the reign I; the Abdulhamid under 1774, in restoration major a underwent gate The gate. in this place of front took ceremonies coronation The Felicity. of Gate the Saade, Bab-üs called is court third the to entrance The of twentyfourcooks,ninebakersandthirteentasters. from1478, consisting bakery; and kitchen the in documents worked men fourtysix tohistoric According 1574. in fire aftera Sinan Mimar by remodelled were century fifteenth the from kitchens The courtyard. the of part southern the on lie cooks the of dormitories and cellars its with kitchen, The revival styleduringthenineteenthcentury. current the in remodelled was top its and heightened was It sultan. the of justice the symbolized tower The century. the engraving of Melling from the beginning of the nineteenth the miniature of Matrakçı Nasuh from sixteenth century and was lower in the fifteenth century design, tower as can be This seen from room. council the to attached Adalet tower from the Kulesi, window a of latticework the behind secretly, the discussions, the to listen could He ministers. the of meetings in participated occasionaly sultan The side. north the on is rooms, domed two of consists which room, council The courtyard. second the surround kitchens outer the ministers, and treasury of council the Divanhane, like buildings on gate this through horseback. Others had to walk pass in. Administrative and service could sultan the Only octagonal towers. two by flanked gateway monumental a through is Palace Topkapı of courtyard second the to entrance The later transformedintoamuseum. and school art an as built was Museum, Archaeological the 141 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 142 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY the ReceptionHallby Ahmet IIIintheeighteenthcentury. Another I. Selim of east the to Sultan library a of addition the was change important by Egypt of Conquest the after the Suite for the Holy Relics of in the sixteenth century, of the Has Oda, the Sultan’s Room, to Hırka-i Saadet Dairesi, course of later centuries. One of these was the transformation The fifteenth century layout of the Palace was modified in the were sultan trained wasalsointhiscourtyard. the of service the at guards the where school the courtyard, there is the mosque for the guards. The Palace at the southeast corner of the courtyard. On the north side of located is Fatih of kiosk The stairs. with area the surrounding to connected is and courtyard the of point highest the at stands Room Reception The east. the towards inclined is The third courtyard is built over a sloping terrain. The ground features original though renovatedafterafireinthenineteenthcentury. its of much preserves kiosk The envoys. old Some engravings show the gilding. sultan sitting and on the tiles throne and glazed receiving marbles, coloured with The interior and the exterior of the hall are lavishly decorated Alay KioskontheSur-u Sultani/wallssurroundingthe Topkapı Palacefromthewest Topkapı Palace, thirdcourtyard Goths of Column the is there Kiosk, Mecidiye of east the to spot a project. At this with associated were house guard and the Topkapı Palace overlooks the Bosphorus. A small mosque within built kiosk last the is which Kiosk Mecidiye him. for kiosk a design to Balyan Sarkis architect asked Abdülaziz Sultan events. or ceremonies some for occasionally, Palace the visited Sultans place. the of history the of part as kept and guards were collections and women. Yet,library elderly to archive, the Palace Topkapı leaving Bosphorus, the on palaces the to moved sultans the II, Mahmud with Starting tortoises carryingcandles. with entertainments, night for used was Palace the of part Tulipthe this During Period, Palace. the in buildings timber oldest the of one is It Palace. the of part this within also is Mustafa Pasha which also dates from the seventeenth century enjoy the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus. The Kiosk of Kara and Bagdad kiosks were built for the sultan to rest, read and Revan Iftariye, the pavillions, decorated beautifully Several Palace. the This part of the of Palace developed in the seventeenth century. gardens outer the like was courtyard the third of east the to area the century, seventeenth the Until 143 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 144 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY h hrm a a ey ope srcue i hs grown to has attached was it it Since structure; centuries. the complex over spontaneously very a has harem The in severaldocumentsfromthesixteenth century. at pavillions TopkapıDavut and Sinan Mimar by recorded Palace are Ağa some of construction section The harem develop. the to started Suleyman Sultan of reign the During from the New Palace came to an end in the sixteenth century. family the of separation TopkapıThe of Palace. construction the before Tauri Forum the near Bayezıt, at Palace Old the design of the Topkapı Palace; the family of Mehmet II lived in There are doubts about the presence of a harem in the original courtyards. third and second the of part northern the in located wards and pavillions apartments, rooms, the within lived people Harem courtyard. third the into opens door Another Hall. Council the of north the to point a at court, second the from is entrance Its services. the out carry to working maids and guards also were There sultan. the vives, of the children concubines, for reserved Palace the of section the is Harem Harem historic wallsandtowers. some pavillions belonging to the Palace, as well as damage to of demolition the in resulted This grounds. Palace Topkapı the through cut to permission gave he city.So the tothe of center coming railroad the of benefits the was about Abdulaziz convinced Sultan gardens. Palace the through cut to had railroad the Sirkeci, reach to because, impossible almost was center the in station a Yedikule.Tobuild city,at the of outskirts the at stopped it but constructed was railroad The Paris railroad is noteworthy for its impact on Topkapı Palace. Istanbul- the of construction The Istanbul. in projects realized were important several century, ninetenth the During abeautiful has capital withaneaglecarvedinlowrelief. column tall meters fifteen The Goths. the which was put up to celebrate the victory of the Romans over Topkapı Palace, courtoftheBlackEunuchsin Harem from harem the separating wall retaining high the over projects which jetty a has century.kiosk eighteenth The the from designs attractive most the of one is III Osman of kiosk The centuries. eighteenth and seventeenth the in growth its view towards the Golden Horn and Galata. Harem continued beautiful a afforded north the towards land the in drop The substructures. and walls be retaining over to north, had the towards development new Palace, the of wall north the 145 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 146 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Topkapı Palace after the establishment of the Turkish Republic. This was the Topkapı Palace was transformed into a museum in 1924, soon meals wereservedfromthekitchensinsecondcourt. the own, its of kitchen a private have not the did harem into The grounds. trespass to outsiders let to not guarded, the mother, queen the carefully were harem the of gardens The guards. the of ward of premises the sultans, some for built suites private baths, like spaces special many are there corridors, long the and women for rooms many the Besides style, in reflecting theinfluencesfromFrance. baroque purely is interior Its Park. Gülhane the t s n te xetoa pee o svnenh century seventeenth of pieces exceptional architecture. the one is It its with dome restored. original and revealed was hide deer on decoration exquisite The century. nineteenth late the during ceiling timber a of construction not the of because visible was prince crown the of Pavillion the the Dairesi, Veliaht of dome original the of discovery The restoration. and cleaning of process the in uncovered were details Interesting restorations. phases. The harem was opened to the public after the lengthy earlier the from findings the indicate to sections small only with preserved was decoration of period last the risk, at is interior the of unity the where areas At Bosphorus. the on palaces the to move to TopkapıPalace left family his and II in late nineteenth century, by those left behind after Mahmud made additions inappropriate the of cleaned was harem The their and are visibleandreflectthechangesintastestyle. structures the of transformations. Some to of the evolution different phases of conducted, interventions the were understand researches restorations, the During of mosques,castlesandbridges. with many along other documents related to repairs and reconstructions archive, this in preserved are Complex Ahmet imperial family. the It is of worth noting activity that the construction construction books the of Sultan and Palace the of the personal life of the to imperial family and the other inhabitants related documents of collection its with rich very is archive The sultans. the by founded buildings several and archive for the documents related to the history of the Palace the became cellars The collections. armory the and jewellery treasury were transformed into exhibition halls for the china, large library the for manuscripts. The kitchens, Fatih’s pavillion, outer present and restore complex as to a museum. The mosque of the guards became the Palace different the the of on sections worked Anhegger Eyüpoğlu Mualla and its movable and immovable heritage. Architects Selma Emler starting point for the systematic study and documentation of 147 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 148 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY one lookstowards theHistoricPeninsulafrom north. like a mountain over the top of the hill and catches the eye as rises It position. central a in is mosque the Complex; Fatih the of axiality the follows complex the of layout general The founder. theimperial of and generousity might the reflects program Its century. sixteenth the in Empire Ottoman the of glory the reflecting establishment grand a is It name. its district the gave Complex Süleymaniye the Peninsula. Historic of silhouette Horn Golden the within place important an has it around settlement the and Complex Süleymaniye Istanbul to University arelocatedwithinthisdistrict. attached Institute Botanic Muftu, Istanbul of headquarters the Rectorate), University Istanbul the (now War of Ministry Ottoman the century, eighteenth the from the sixteenth century Shehzade Complex, Atıf Efendi Library church, medieval a Camii, VefaValens, of aqueduct ancient the Süleymaniye, of complex extensive the Besides west. the in Boulevard Atatürk to east the in street/Macro north to Shehzade Complex in the south and from Uzun Çarşı the in AvenuePasha Ragıp from spans early site The complexes. in fires the from twentieth century as well suffered as very significant monuments and not have which houses Süleymaniye quarter incorporates a goodcollection of timber 1.The SÜLEYMANİYEquarter in 30years. of Ministry the by expected project earthquake Tourismthe and for Culture prepare to a is there Recently collapses. and cracks the followed restorations and earthquakes history long several its in to exposed been has Palace treasure. Topkapı exceptional this of protection the for way the on is Laboratory.plan Conservation management A the of staff the Tourismand and Culture of Ministry the of Department Monuments and Survey the by implemented and developed and artifacts regularly from the Ministry the of Culture budget. The of projects are maintenance architectural treasures of the Palace requires funds allocated and restoration The t ciig a a oie Te ramn o te structural the of treatment elements, especially the buttresses on The the side elevations was novice. a was ceiling its from water of jets with fountain decorative a In courtyard, the mosque. the of walls theablution side the on placed architecture, were fountains in Ottoman time first the For used inthecreationofSüleymaniye. stone of were time the of works craftsmen other and quality workers tile masons, best The monument. grand this were brought from different places of the Empire to embellish columns porphyry granite, Marble, architecture. Ottoman in unique is courtyard the mid-career.of gate western his storeyed three of The work the as Süleymaniye regarded He details. new important, many with design mosque century sixteenth the to contributed Sinan Mimar Sophia. Hagia of dome wide meter 33 the to contrast in diameter, in meters 24 the is Süleymaniye of to dome The due risk. earthquake probably imminent more design, a mosque his chose for Sinan scale modest Mimar however, Sophia, Hagia by inspired was mosque Süleymaniye of scheme structural The west, allofthethreebuildingshavebasements. the towards slope the to Due tabhane/guesthouse. the and major three refectory-kitchen the hospital, for the complex; the of reserved buildings is side northwest The mosque. the of sides southwest and northeast the on are Madrasas to the qıbla side of the mosque, in the garden to the southeast. placed are wife his and founder the of tomb The sides. three courtyard surrounds the mosque and its arcaded couryard on shops. Aspacious several and bath a room, reading Koran a a caravansaray, a guesthouse, a refectory, a kitchen, a bakery, primary school, five madrasas, one medical college, a hospital, a tombs, two mosque, grand a of consists which complex the of retaining walls. It took nearly nine years (1550-59) to build the north and west, terraces were created by the construction acquired by expropriation. Due to the sloping terrain towards was rest The grounds. Palace Old the was from allocated Complex partly the of construction the for needed land The 149 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 150 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Süleymaniye Complex, firstandsecondmadrasas inner with plan octagonal an used Sinan Mimar Süleyman, Sultan of tomb the for design his In architecture. Ottoman in tombs for often very used was plan history.Octagonal of depth a them giving and designs his enriching works, major his in architecture ancient to references used Sinan Mimar a noveltyinthefaçadedesignofOttomanmosques. of the rythmic two-storeyed arcade and its projecting roof was very ingenious. They were nicely articulated; the combination in his works. The interior of the tomb is richly decorated with architecture Seljuk to references several had architecture; Sinan Seljuk Mimar from derived is typology This inside. the sided sixteen but outside, the on octagonal is plan Süleyman The scale. of wife dear the Magnificent is located very close to his but is quite modest in Roxelane, of tomb The architecture. Roman from elements borrowing ambulatories, outer and Süleyman, Mimar Sinan used an octagonal plan with inner with plan octagonal an used Sinan Mimar Süleyman, Sultan of tomb the for design his In architecture. Ottoman in tombs for often very used was plan history.Octagonal of depth a them giving and designs his enriching works, major his in architecture ancient to references used Sinan Mimar a noveltyinthefaçadedesignofOttomanmosques. of the rythmic two-storeyed arcade and its projecting roof was very ingenious. They were nicely articulated; the combination in his works. The interior of the tomb is richly decorated with architecture Seljuk to references several had architecture; Sinan Seljuk Mimar from derived is typology This inside. the sided sixteen but outside, the on octagonal is plan Süleyman The scale. of wife dear the Magnificent is located very close to his but is quite modest in Roxelane, of tomb The architecture. Roman from elements borrowing ambulatories, outer and 151 WorldWorld HeritageHeritage SitesSites ofof TURKEYTURKEY 152 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY ymtia i lyu, ih hi etacs oae on located entrances their with layout, also in are They symmetrical Horn. Golden the overlooking mosque, the of side northern the on are madrasas fourth and third The the library. of conservators are employed for the care of the rare books in Istanbul. of libraries historic the of collections Athe for team library manuscript the as Tourism and Culture of Ministry the by used are madrasas two Todaythese street. a of sides two on symmetrically arranged are They north. the towards are located on madrasas the southwest side two of the mosque, first on a land sloping The . Rabi) and Salis Sani, (Evvel, They were called the first, second, third and fourth in Ottoman The first four were the highest level universities of their time. Süleymaniye. of Complex the within madrasas six are There it. on carved Madrasas Quran Ottoman the in from unique verses is with tomb architecture, the of drum cylindical The glazed tiles. The exterior is sober with regular ashlar masonry. Tabhane/guesthouse oftheSüleymaniyeComplex hospital building. Originally, there was probably a colonnade the in place took exercises practical and the courses theoretical both Probably, lectures. for used be could which room in plan. Within the present arrangement, there is not a large square are others The . two with covered and plan in rooms twelve are arranged there in a line. The two rooms Todayat the ends are rectangular century. twentieth hospital the a in to converted was college Medical services. and staff the for spaces other and students the for rooms eight were there that means This medrese. the in were students eight there Complex, Süleymaniye of deed foundation the of to end According dealers. tobacco western of bazaar the the Çarşısı, Tiryaki above placed cells its with madrasa, Sani of west the to located is It Istanbul. in school medical first the was it studies; medical for was madrasa sixth The trace someoftheoriginalfeatures. damaged seriously in the course of time; today it is difficult to and a row of cells arranged on a broken line. classroom The raised madrasa a was of consists It built. was it when Empire, Ottoman This the in madrasa Mohammad. ranking highest the prophet was madrasa the of sayings forthe the of amadrasa teaching the Darülhadith; is madrasa fifth The although thebuildingdidnotfunctionasamadrasa. were later named Mülazımlar Medresesi, rooms the Madrasa of Scholars, These scholars. poor of accommodation the to third and fourth madrasas , there is a row of rooms dedicated the of wing northern the Under contemplate. or read sit, to students the for sofas have arcades western and eastern The steps. of means by building the of wing northern the reaches One terraces. several has courtyard The land. the of point the to highest the adapted at located are classrooms The steps. with terrain but level not are courtyards their special; very is madrasas twin northern the of design The 1558. as function to started they date the provide documents historic located on this street. The also madrasas do not have is inscriptions; Sinan Mimar of tomb The Street. Sinan Mimar the 153 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 154 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Istanbul, Süleymaniye, timberhouses it around accretions the 1950’s, in A.S.Ülgen by out carried restoration the During buildings. by surrounded is and roof its lost has darülkurra the photo, old an In classroom. the as waterways of Süleymaniye Complex, this building is indicated the showing map a In reading. Quran of styles different the teaching for building the Darülkurra, the is garden tomb the of wall eastern the to attached building domed single The semi-open spacebutwalledin. a longer no is arcade the place; took changes Several cells. or an arcade with a timber roof along the southern side of the from the road along the west wall. The interior is a La is interior The wall. shaped west the along road the from gate large a and building the of south the to street sloping the from one small a after.stable; the to looked entrances two are were There and stable the at stayed animals their stay could and period, this During charge. any without days, three for there complex the at welcomed were guests the Complex, Süleymaniye of deed foundation the to According animals oftheguestsstayingatguesthouse. the for stable the as used was basement Its tabhane. the entertained at guests the as well as complex, the of staff the courtyard. It is a big structure which served the students and arcaded a around units the of arrangement and organisation public the kitchen of to the Bayezıt similar II Complex in is Istanbul with its imaret compact the of design architectural The office. administrator’s the refectory,and bakery a a rooms, kitchen, storage a of consists It hospital. the of north the to is complex the of kitchen public the darüzziyafe, The center inIstanbulwhenitwasbuilt. healthcare second the was hospital Süleymaniye projects. expensive such afford could family foundations. his and sultan of the Only part as people, benevolent by established were hospitals so century; sixteenth the in duty public a as assumed not was services Tohealth hospital. provide this in complex lists the qualifications of the doctors who could work the of deed foundation The it. to attached were bath small a west. It is organized around two courtyards. A the pharmacy and towards sloping terrain a on mosque, the of southwest the to located building, spacious a is darüşşifa hospital, The for childrentoday. is rectangular in plan. The primary school is used as a library school the of part closed The classroom. summer the as used semi-open space covered by a dome at the entrance. This was a is There garden. a enters one Street, Süleymaniye on door small a From Bazaar. Tiryaki the of end eastern the above The primary school is located to the east of the Evvel Medrese, were removedanditsdomewasreconstructed. 155 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 156 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY pcaie i basok rdcn smvr, braziers, samovars, craftsmen producing where brasswork bazaar in a was specialized This shops. these faced madrasas, fourth and third the of wall south the to attached of row, side long Another shops. of north row long a the is there on mosque, the terrace the Under areas. storage or built, shops as is used were which built, be to had basements several Complex the which on terrain sloping the to Due but afterarestorationinlate1980’s, itisinserviceagain. 1930’s, after functioning stopped bath The hall. dressing the space for the customers. A timber gallery , şırvan was added to century. Its three bay porch was walled in to create additional nineteenth the in alterations some cells. undergone has corner bath The four and iwans four with dome central a has section hot the of planimetry day.The the of hours different at women and men serve can it that meaning one, single a is Complex Süleymaniye of bath the it, build to place suitable a finding in constraints the to due Probably completed. be to buildings last the of one was bath the construction, its to related documents historic the to According programs. their in hamams baths, double have usually complexes Imperial damage toitsstructure.Conservationworksareontheway. some caused 1999 in earthquake The public. the to open not is It Archives. State the of part as used be to assigned was guesthouse the Period, Republican the In kitchen. the from served were meals The resting. and sitting for rooms the of front in sofas small also are There chatting. or meals have together,to come to guests, for reserved was It composition. whole the of element conspicuous most the is entrance across the iwan The center. the in pool a has and slab marble with paved is iwans courtyard The and courtyard. a rooms around arranged with building spacious a is guesthouse The reached. is building the which from forecourt a to leads kitchen. The monumental gate on Süleymaniye Imaret Street The guesthouse, tabhane is situated to the north of the public the ventilationandilluminationofinterior. for used were windows Slit vaults. with covered hall, large omril itit ee uld on o ie a t large to way give to down pulled were district commercial the of proximity the in houses timber the boom; a was there 1950’s century.After twentieth the until boundaries earlier its within continued Süleymaniye of north the to area the in activity Commercial shops. of lines arastas, forming streets, a on workshop century. its fifteenth had the craft since Each activity commercial to reserved was area this of strip coastal The area. harbour the to close very located is Süleymaniye street orthebackgardenwithjetties. the street by a few steps. The upper floors project towards the from raised are entrances The tiles. traditional with covered nineteenth the century. The from houses usually have two houses or three floors and roofs timber the of mostly consists major before transformations took place. The urban fabric of Süleymaniye looked area the how about idea good a century,gives eighteenth early in Istanbul visited who Loos, C. by panorama The shops. and magazines baths, rooms, 300 of with Paşa Siyavuş of palace impressive the was complexes vizierial the most The officials. ranking high attracting centuries, the over continued district the of popularity The Palace. Old the to close was houses with quarter quarter fashionable a Süleymaniye century, sixteenth the During as asocio-culturalinstitutionofitstime. site the present carefully,to selected order be in should uses modern The care. with preserved be to has complex the of and the arts and crafts of the sixteenth century. The integrity an Ottoman imperial complex, illustrating the building types of concept politically. the and reflects economically It strong, very were Ottomans when time a at built was It Istanbul. in projects Sinan’s of greatest the is Complex Süleymaniye evidence forsomeofthesupportingelementsarepreserved. which protected the goods exhibited in front of the shops. The eaves wide had Originally,they time. in changed been have plan in façades their on shutters timber rectangular The vaults. by covered and are shops The bazaar. founders’ the Dökmeciler, called is street The located. were candlesticks 157 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 158 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Zeyrek Camii,eastern elevation North the Then Church. Church dedicated to Lady Mary South was added. The queen died the in with 1118 in started construction The II. Comnenos John of wife Eirene, Queen the Pantocrator Monastery founded in the twelfth century by of part originally was which monument, medieval important is famous for its timber houses surrounding Zeyrek Camii, an significant quarter The Süleymaniye. and Horn Golden with the overlooking neighborhood traditional Byzantine and Ottoman structures . It is located on a hillside a is Zeyrek 2. TheZEYREKquarter than todayandreflectedthespiritofplace. the timber houses within the district were in better condition opportunities. During Istanbul’s listing to the World Heritage, job for looking bachelors and background rural with families by purchased or rented were houses the all Almost center. commercial the to proximity its to due there live to preferred many immigrant with families from southeast Anatolia. The inhabitants dramatically changed district the of structure a nice view over the residential Golden Horn, lost its attraction. a The social was quarter during the which Ottoman period, with konaks commanding Süleymaniye, Thus structures. storeyed multi these occupied workshops plants industrial Several small and buildings. concrete reinforced scaled f h mnmn ws sue b te eea Directorate General the by assumed was monument the of not are which documented. During the twentieth century, repairs the responsibility by followed were earthquake the 1894 by caused damages The mosque. the to of added southwest the was lodge Sultan’s A sections. cross larger with piers by replaced were churches South and North the both in columns the damages, the of result the a of As Church. columns South the in north deformations the produced of and dome church central the of collapse the probably in earthquake resulted 1766 The interventions. of date the history.long about evidence provides repairs the of style The its during earthquakes several from suffered monument The the latefifteenthcentury. since mosque a as used been Monastery has and Camii Zeyrek became Pantocrator The there. madrasas constructed the Fatih Complex, the students at Zeyrek moved to the newly city. The madrasa use was temporary. After the completion of the in power establishing after Ottomans the by Monastery who taught at professor the madrasa the established from within comes the Zeyrek Pantocrator name the The time. in of course lost been have monastery the of dependencies The after theytookoverthecityin1261. The Europe. monastery and the churches were restored to by the Byzantines sent were they before city, the from goods looted the for place storage a as partially used was It 1261. and 1204 between rule Latin the during Venetians the by elderly, a hospital and an eye clinic. The complex was occupied the for house a comprised monastery the document, historic provides the and which charity institutions monastery attached to it. 1136 the According to this of important from program the deed about information foundation a is There called theFuneraryChurch. was structures, larger two between squeezed building, This tomb. her over constructed was chapel a and churches north the and south the between in interred was she project; the 1134 before the complex was finished. Her husband continued 159 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 160 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Zeyrek, with technical support from UNESCO and ICOMOS and UNESCO from support technical with Zeyrek, at assets an the heritage to save Association, established specifically Zeyrek NGO and Association Timber Turkish by out carried been has work implementation and projects exemplar Some architecture. timber the of demolition to stop measures urgent take to Turkey warned conservationists. has to UNESCO concern of source great a is Zeyrek of Neglect, vandalism, fires and bad repairs to the timber of houses worthy site, spectacular a designation asaWorld Heritagesite. it making Istanbul, old of early twentieth centuries reflected the traditional atmosphere and nineteenth the from dating houses timber The Fatih. of part this in preserved was city the of pattern street earlier century. twentieth early in fires the big So the by devastated not was town of part Luckily,this 1833. in Çırçır Mosque at started Zeyrek damaged and houses the destroyed which fire big last The centuries. twentieth and nineteenth the in Several fires devastated large parts of the Historic Peninsula care oftheoldhouses. take to means financial the have not did they their environment; about careful very not were newcomers The district. due to the low rents and its proximity to the central business quarter this in live to preferred jobs for Istanbul Anatolia, to coming southeast from immigrants but them, or inherited built had who families the by inhabited longer no were of the Zeyrek neighborhood changed dramatically. The houses century,profile twentieth social the the of half second the In in thecentralpartofnaos. South Church, revealing the beautiful opus sectile decoration the timber floor, Dumbarton Oaks conducted research within the for renovation for the for decisions need a the Following interventions. explaining there documentation 1950-1970, much not between is undertaken restorations the From F.Çuhadaroğlu. and A.S.Ülgen Directorate, the General for working architects by treated were monument the of façades northern and western The Foundations. Pious of Istanbul, Tekfur Saray the in extended and today stands tower Marble the where Sea, Marmara was at started Wall line defense Theodosian new The constructed. the called wall, new A west. the to further Constantinopolis of boundary the extending city,by the enlarge to decided II Theodosius development. new demands for the meet to able not was and populated densely became Wall Constantinian the within contained area the With the increase of the city’s population in the fourth century, 3. ThezoneoftheRAMPARTS training craftsmenandsupervisingtheworks. is Istanbul of Municipality Metropolitan the by established center assistance technical and control a KUDEB, Istanbul. of Governorate the from support financial with houses some restoring is Fatih of Municipality the Recently losses. and and area the warn the responsible authorities about the bad interventions monitor to initiative taken has Association TimberSokak. İbadethane on 46 no. house of restoration the in used were materials and methods traditional site, the and building the of authenticity the preserve Turkey.to order In 161 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 162 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY The main towers were about 16 m high and had three levels. three had and high m 16 about were towers main The the chancetoshootfromdifferentangles. provide to pentagonal, is plan its So shore. the and sea the the first tower is very critical. It could defend the attacks from of position The shore. Marmara the from starting numbers, given are towers The angle. an makes wall the where points at placed are towers Octagonal plan. in square usually are wall main the of towers The apart. placed meters 50 approximately 99 towers, with fortified was Wall Theodosian The the coastofGoldenHornat Ayvansaray. reaching north, the towards stretches and TekfurSaray the of north the from starts It time. the at dynasty reigning the from the medieval period landwall is called the Comnenian the Wall due to of section The city. the defend to constructed were walls medieval new and the enlarged was Palace During Blacherna period. Palace. this of walls the at roughly palace overlooking the Golden Horn. Theodosian Wall stopped imperial an with suburb a was century, Blacherna fifth the During region. Blacherna the reaching direction, northern Comnenian Wall, Towers B15-B18andfrontwall ofLeoat Ayvansaray western partof the citywereused. the in sources the that assumed but known, not are water for sources The filled. is it water,when the hold to ditch the in walls partition several are There horizontal. be not could theditch area, the of the topography to Due fortifications. the of element important another was ditch wide m 16 The the mainwall. as refined as not is wall front the of construction The walk. wall the above battlements the from also and towers the of windows the from arrows shoot to possible was It line. front the of part weaker the in attack of points additional create to possible it make they towers, main the between located in size but important in strengthening the defense line. Being towers are rectangular or U shaped in plan. They are smaller Its meters. 50 at placed towers with reinforced and thick m is3.85 wall lower The front a towers. wall, with fortified front also the structure, is there wall main the of front In original constructiontechniquewasalteredorchanged. coursed regular with covered ashlar blocks made of local limestone. After earthquakes, the are walls of exteriors brick. of The bands with courses limestone of built were crenellated. They and thick meters 5 about are walls main The and catapults. arrows with enemy the at shoot to possible was it level, this from crenellated; were towers the of top The walls. curtain high with enemy the by shooting from protected were stairs with tower.The the towers of side the eastern the to of attached stairs narrow top the to climb to possible is It level. platform the called towers, the of roof the is level third The to theeasternsideofmainwallleadupwalk. attached Stairs arrows. with shoot to possible it made which towers, the of walls the on windows are There walk. wall the the ground level in peace time. The first floor is at the level of used they and people to belonged land the Usually wall. the of east the to land the from accessible was level ground The 163 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 164 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY h Ln Wl hs en ujce t qie nme of used technique number construction The a erection. its quite after tremors to subjected been has Wall Land The part ofthewallduetoattacks byforeigntroops. this to repairs several were There constructed. was Pempton Tocalled line front a wall, main the from far enemy the keep Golden city. the attack to easy it Making flat. the is land the coast, Horn to close area the In use. in still is which Kapı, Eğri Caligaria, Porta is walls land the of part this on gate only The towers. high by supported defence, of line one only Wall;Theodosian of the consists as it components three with designed not was wall new the it city.So the made defend to easier topography The terrain. sloping a over built was Wall, Comnenian the Wall, Land the of part medieval The next toTower 1,near theMarmaraSea. situated is on first The military. the by used mainly gates, and Edirnekapı. There were also several secondary Topkapı/Cannon,Pempton/ Mevlevihane, Silivri, named are north the towards gates other The period. Ottoman the in it around settled Belgrade from came who people gate because the to given was Belgrade name The it. around lived who people or for heading are they direction the to according The Gate. ancient names of some gates are not known. They are Belgrad named the is located Gate, Golden gate, the of second north the The to blocks. marble of made towers beautiful two by flanked was entrance city.The the entered they as emperors victorious by used one, was important most the Gate Golden Aurea/The Porta city. the of topography the and pattern street the with linked were which points at The entrance to the city was provided by seven gates, located to due reconstructed earthquakes. be to had towers some undertaken; be to had repairs several Yet time. of ravages the resist to towers and walls its helped workmanship and design Good years. thousand than more ancient armies different of of attacks the example resist good could and strong very a was It fortification. Hellenistic represents Wall Land The along the coast changed the relationship of the walls with the twentieth century. In 1950s, the construction of the motorway the during continued development modern and urbanization to related changes The 8. and 6 towers the between cut was which passage a through city the entered trains The event. railroad connecting Europe to Istanbul was another important to the southern end of the Land Wall. The construction of the next constructed were factories other several and workshops New east. the towards expanded century fifteenth the since important Kazlıçeşme at located was which industry leather The walls. century, nineteenth the of end southern the the of vicinity the in place took changes of end the Towards of thearea. tranquillity the about idea an give artists century ninetenth the fields and cemeteries. The engravings and sketches to of the wasreserved theexterior and walls vegetation the within still confined wild was city The the towers. the of watching crevices the town, from growing the of exterior the a along walked become artists and travellers had Many ruin. picturesque fortification Theodosian the of towers and walls ruined the century, nineteenth the of middle the By of theapproachingVenetians. attack the for city the prepare to order in walls sea and the land to repairs some out carried Paşa Bayram vizier grand century, seventeenth the of half first the During capital. the towards the Dardanelles and some precautions were taken at at the frontier. Yet the Venetian fleet occasionally approached situated longer no was city the because period, Ottoman the Land the sifnificance of military The during diminished Wall caused also 1894 damages totheTheodosianwall. and 1766 1509, of earthquakes famous The centuries. eleventh and nineth the in earthquakes the after reconstructed were towers Some date. to inscriptions easy thus and with marked are earthquake, some 740 different; are the however after repairs The original. the from differentiate to hard therefore building, original the to detail in similar very was earthquake 440 the after repairs the in 165 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 166 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Theodosian Wall, Towers T5-T6at Yedikule rehabilitation the of component another was area industrial Kazlıçeşme the of transfer The to theLandWall. next buildings modern the remove and land the expropriate to sued were cases several so operations, legal required This took action to clear the area adjoining the Wall from accretions. of Istanbul as World Heritage, the Metropolitan Municipality Areas Historic the of listing the After area. had the in which croached structures the remove to out carried was work systematic No ditch. the over and walls the to next existed Wall.Land the for protection Yetof buildings private several the urban plan in 1937, it was decided to form a 500 meter the care band of the Land and Sea Walls. During the preparation of for responsible is Istanbul of Municipality Metropolitan The of theseaandaforementionedtowers. The sea was filled to build the road, changing the relationship the Marble Tower and the first tower of the Theodosian Wall. between wall curtain the through made was cut new Asea. etr, hr i a is there century, seventeenth the from drawing a On centuries. the through use its during castle the within developed settlement small A high. meters 12 about are walls through The gateway. northeast, arched the an from is castle the to entrance The plan. in cylindrical are part eastern the in three The Wall. Theodosian the to belong side western its on towers four The plan. in pentagonal nearly is It kept. was treasury state the Gate. It was built by the order of Mehmed II, as a castle where Golden Porta Aurea, the Wall,to Theodosian next the of end southern the to close located Towersis Seven of Castle The The CastleofSevenTowers of conservationprojectsforthetowersandwallsections. preparation the about discussions had Experts registration. not been registered and presented to the Protection Board for had which assets cultural for prepared were cards Inventory Wall.Land the along areas green the developed of landscaping the was for project A Wall. Land the of expert belt protection engaged the within heritage cultural the of Istanbul survey a The make to teams Wall. of Land Municipality the of Metropolitan environs the concerning project ml msu and mosque small 167 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 168 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Panorama ofIstanbulatthebeginningnineteenthcenturyby A.I. Melling has leased the Castle grounds to a private firm, which firm, private a to grounds Castle the leased has Recently,nights. Culture summer of the Ministry during the corner of the garden in order to use the castle for performances southwest the at created was theater air open 1970. Asmall responsible for the works carried out between the years 1958- was Tamer Cahide century.Architect twentieth the of half second the in Antiquities for responsible directorate general the by the taken was Action mosque. of the from survives minaret part lower the only today disappeared; houses The castle. the inside settlement the devastated which 1905 in fire a was There 1895. in museum Yedikulea became Castle imprisoned fromthegraffitionwalls. “ambassadors’ the the of some of names the called see to possible is it also Inside, tower”. is which tower, the Inside prison where occasionally foreign envoys were put in custody. the sixteenth century, one of the eastern towers was used as a roofs. conical by After covered are towers the houses; several annexed totheWorld Heritagesitesof Istanbul. be to deserves city the of center commercial the importance, architectural and historic its with but caravansarays, the to damages caused has maintenance of lack and Earthquakes date. later a at site historic a as designated was it site, the at working of hardships the to city,due historic the of part twentieth century. Though the area constitutes an important and many caravansarays, built between the fifteenth and the Bazaar Grand the of consists Istanbul of bazaar historic The was notaccomplisedatthetime. because the registration of these areas as historic urban sites file the in included not were island Prince’s the and Scutari villages, Bosphorus Galata, Eyüp, town, of part commercial the WorldList, the Heritage to Istanbul’sinscription During the Castle. inside performances other and concerts pop several arranges 169 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 170 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY cultural layers, enabling all the world to appreciate and enjoy its presenting of means better for look who professionals and it. citizens its of support the with value universal outstanding its preserve to continue will WeIstanbul goal. that this hope towards hard work volunteers and professionals of Teams values. its appreciate and know who people of efforts the by vandalism and pressures city.from protected historic be to the has Istanbul for risks great presents city historic the on impact their of care taking without tunnels underwater Tocare. roads, and bridges, work skyscrapers, new construct of lot a demands properties cultural and assets of natural the protection The city. the of future Istanbul the of about Turkey citizens and the among concern common is There and Üsküdartothe“Historic Areas ofIstanbul”. integrate the basic elements of the old city, like Galata, Eyüp going monuments with to taken be to need steps Necessary period. medieval to back fabric urban dense a has Galata 1995. in later, much accomplished was areas conservation as districts historic Beyoğlu and Galata of designation The a b se i te iiiy I adto t arclua and agricultural to addition In vicinity. the in seen be can caravansarays several of ruins the Aleppo; to south further walls. The town was on the the road linking Sivas inside to Malatya and settlement the from survives 1181 in Süleyman time, only Kale Camii, the mosque erected by Şehin Shah bin of ravages and wars several to Due hill. steep and a on perched Divriği around period short Erzincan. At Divriği, Menguceks had a well protected a citadel, for reigned dynasty Mengucek Seljuks, century.the to attached state vassal a As eleventh the of end the towards area the in hegemony their established Seljuks The Hittites. the to back traced be can since inhabited was area prehistoric The times; the name Tephrice, used by the Byzantines Sivas. of southeast the km to 100 about Anatolia, eastern in town small a is Divriği OF DIVRIGI GREAT MOSQUEANDHOSPITAL

During the 13 have supporteditseconomy. must activity,town commercial the near sources ore iron the built by cutting into the hillside, the visible part of the eastern was complex the Since decoration. rich its with monumental very is and mosque the of walls the above high rises portal north tall meters 14 The attached. was Shah Ahmet whom Keyhusrev,bin Keykubad sultan to Alauddin Seljuk the and The citadel. inscription the over the north facing portal gives the entrance name of the main founder the with direction, larger part of the compound; it lies almost in the north-south the occupies mosque the plan, in meters 30x38 Measuring Great Mosque carvings. rich and size their with attention the attract and structure main the from protrude which portals, with elaborate adorned is exterior The structure. solid one like buildings look two building the outside, rectangular from long meters; 32x64 a measuring is structure composite The and his wife Turan Melike Sultan was a innovative foundation. hospital did not exist before. So, the compound of Ahmet Shah were scarce and the composition hospitals incorporting a mosque and a of number the Anatolia, medieval In prayers. by blessed is soul his/her and remembered is person benevolent the that so them, to close founders their of tombs the have Turkish medieval in theme buildings educational and religious the of Most architecture. common a was founder of the tomb the and mosque a madrasa, a of combination The but thesituationhaschangedoverrecentyears. buildings, of free is complex the around century,hillside the twentieth early facilitate from photos old to In site. the to compound, approach the the of southwest the to built was city.lower the overlooking hill Aterrace a and wall retaining constructed in 626 H/1228/9, outside of the city walls, on the was complex The Divriği. in tomb a and hospital a mosque, a comprising complex a founded Sultan Melike Turan wife th century, Mengücek ruler Ahmet Shah and his 171 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 172 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Divriği, generalview oftheGreatMosqueandHospital The mihrab is situated in a symmetrical position on the qibla later intervention. a of part as regarded are wall western the of part lower the in windows four the restricted; quite are windows of number dome with a lantern, which provides light to the interior. The ribs forming a four pointed star. Over the third bay there is a heavy with vaulted is nave the of bay second The bays. five are There aisles. side the than wider is nave The columns. of rows four by aisles five into divided is interior mosque The portal ofthemosqueisinmiddlewesternwall. third The façade. eastern the of feature main the is mosque the of corner northeast the at located lodge imperial the to wall is quite low. The muqarnas portal which provides access Fault, earthquake impacts are unavoidable. The fact that the caused damages. Since Divriği is close to the North Anatolian and problems structural the aggravated which earthquakes also were There side. west the on terrace the filling soil the century,of sixteenth subsidence the to as due early probably as problems structural had mosque the that evidence is This Magnificient. the Süleyman in of reign place the under took 930H/1523, intervention this base, the over inscription the to According plumb. of out is which shaft the stabilize to order masonry,in thick in enveloped was base square Its corner.northwest its to attached minaret a has mosque The design ofthemosque. of the upper structure adds to the high quality of the original decoration for paint also and stone coloured two of use The complex. very sometimes detail, with rich are pieces center the of execution their ribs; opulent have vaults shaped star and Cross vaults. and design the in exhibited is ingenuity and variety rich A proportions. beautiful their hides which masonry additional with enveloped been have them of some problems, structural to Due piers. slender by supported are of significant buildings. The interior is covered by vaults which result, a sophisticated technique was used in the construction period. the from caravansarays a and As madrasas mosques, the in reflected is which building, stone in tradition strong a century,had thirteenth architecture the Seljuk In Anatolian cap, whichhighlightsthepositionofmihrab. above this dome is in the form of a steep and folded pyramidal roof interior.The the to light additional provide dome the of drum the in windows small four The colonnettes. with drum elaborate an from stemming ribs twelve has which dome a by accentuated is mihrab the of front in bay The sides. the not are to Two attached adorned. are mihrab figures abstract torchlike large the surrounding moldings the into frame, carved the or attached elements sculptural special Except some frame. rectangular a by surrounded arch, pointed a with niche decorated richly a is there center, its At wall. 173 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 174 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Divriği, GreatMosque, detailfromthenorthgate from furtherinfiltrationofwater. structure the protect to sheets, metal with covered now is compound the of roof The structure. stone the the of degradation stop to taken were measures the drastic structure; to upper damages caused neglect of Seasons region. this in winter. in snow Originally, of the roof of the mosque was flat, as is the tradition lots with climate, harsh a has Divriği in thesixteenthcentury. of the extent of the damage to the western part of the mosque decorated vaults are replaced by brick domes is an indication Divriği, GreatMosque, detailfromthenorthgate Professor to According decoration. relief the low its of to patterns due portal” “textile the named is portal west The be may sculpture a interpreted asanoutburstofartisticgenius. such of conception The dynamism. additional portal the give to rotated sometimes and surface period, but three dimensional, with figures detached from the the of monuments other in common is as relief, low in not is decoration The portal. north the on carved was flowers lotus A symbolic tree of life with lots of foliage, palmettes, sun discs, The north portal is very monumental and unique in its design. to compose thisextraordinarymonument. architect the by orchestrated were and places different from came craftsmen masons, the that of suggests decoration range wide The monument. extraordinary this have studied who historians architectural the by noted are Egypt decoration. Influences from Central Asia, Iran, Armenia and execution. The monument incorporates different traditions of and design their in exceptional are mosque the of gates The 175 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 176 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY the gateoffersto itsspectators. surprises the to adds and Turkisharchitecture Anatolian in feature unique a is entrance the above window rectangular the column, like mullion its With discs. and stars crescents, palmettes, with decorated is portal The decoration. intricate the west wall is a masterpiece with its finely carved arch and on entrance monumental The inner arrangement. storey two its with higher little a rises hospital the of façade western the mosque, the than meters) (24x32 size in smaller Though mosque. the of wall southeast the to attached is hospital The The Hospital to theoriginalconception. have any inscription but their style confirms that they belong not do pieces The carving. quality high very have and portal the on fence panels show similarity decoration to the patterns used in The the north preserved. been have panels fence its but condition good very in not is Shah, Ahmet of loggia worshipping private the maqsura, the of structure timber craftsman, who was Ahmet, son of Ibrahim, from Tibilisi. The the of name the and H/1240 638 date the down giving inscriptions come has It condition. has good quite in tree century thirteenth walnut the from of made wooden A and wellknownforitsstonemonumentsmasons. from Mughith of VanLake of coast west the on town a Ahlat, son Shah, Hurrem was He hospital. the inside other the and the of complex is builder recorded in two architect/master inscriptions, one inside ingenius the mosque the of name The is claimedtorepresent Ahmet Shah. head, bent a with depicted is which falcon, The Shah. Ahmet of suzerain the was who I, Keykubad Alauddin represents eagle was the badge of the Seljuk sultans and here the figure headed Double design. original the from are hawk the and that only some parts of the portal like the double headed eagle claims Kuban reconstructed. and damaged was wall western the century; thirteenth the from not is gate this Kuban, D. Divriği, GreatMosque, doubleheadedeaglefromthewest gate western sides. A steep staircase attached to the entrance wall and south the on rooms with partial, only is level upper The supported byoctagonalpiers. is structure upper the side, north the vaulting On side. south the the on support them, on patterns interesting have from separated the sides by arcades. is A pair of building cylindrical columns which the of part central The higher. rises iwan north the height; same the of not are iwans Side side. south the on level upper the is there not; is interior the of Although the plan seems symmetrical, the spatial organization inner courtyard. level, three iwans and several rooms are arranged around an lower the In above. oculus an and center the in pool a with The interior of the hospital is similar to an enclosed madrasa, 177 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 178 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY symbolism ofhospitalsfromthemedievalperiod. the to related is iconography The horoscope. the of symbols elaborate endings. The main iwan is also interesting with the the star has a spiral motif fit into a circle. The ribs have the of walls are decorated with a fan like relief. The central piece parts of upper The decorated. richly most the is iwan main The composition. vault different a have level ground the on iwans three the of Each center. octagonal decorated meticulously a with of vault cross a vestibule by covered is The hospital the vaults. stone by covered is hospital The reach theroof,whichwasflatinoriginaldesign. to used was stairway small floor. Another first the to leads Divriği, detailfrom theentrancetoHospital World HeritageListin 1985onthebasisofcriteriaiandiv. the on inscribed was Divriği of Hospital and Mosque Great the mausoleum. of position the marking roof, the above high rises and drum The outer form of the roof is pyramidal; it rests on an chamber.burial octagonal the covers squinches on dome high Adrum. the and wall east the on windows small by lit is interior The decorated withgypsum. is sarcophagi the of One tiles. glazed the on written “YaAllah” and medallions gold with all, of most decorated the elaborately is Shah Ahmed of sarcophagus The tiles. glazed colored turquoise with decorated are sarcophagi the of Three Shah. Süleyman son his and Melike Turan wife his Hatun, motherFatma his Shah, are ofAhmed ones tombs the decorated as identified the sarcophagi, the are on there incriptions Although no chamber. funerary the inside graves visual connection with establishing the mosque interior. There windows are sixteen also are there but hospital the from is access the hospital; the and mosque the between is located tomb room The hospital. big the of the iwan main in the of north buried the to are family his and Shah Ahmet The Mausoleum rooms attheupperlevel. day the used have for could caretakers and assistants only The patients. clinic, a like used been have might building The found. been not has staff the and doctors the of duties the describe would which deed foundation The clear. not is functioned hospital this how Anatolia, of hospitals medieval in surgeons the by conducted operations the and sick the for treatment of types the preparation, their medicines, of types the about information provide documents historic Although spaces. built beautiful most Architecture’s Islamic of one represents i) A unique artistic achievement, this cultural property in itself 179 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 180 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY organized inits vicinity. were wood and Cinci vegetables grains, around cattle, for markets grew Han; Safranbolu of center commercial The goods. their and tradesmen the for rooms and animals the for withstables structure masonry storey two magnificent a is Safranbolu hometown his in founded he monumental caravansaray The 1648. and 1642 between administration Ottoman in positions high assigned was He town. this from came Ibrahim, Sultan on influence his of because Hoca Cinci as known Efendi, history.Hüseyin its in was time important an century seventeenth Ottomans; the under flourished town The rice. and sweets of coloring the especially cooking, the production of the plant which was used for medicines to and related is and saffron from comes Safranbolu name The belong totheCandaroğullarıdynasty. century, like the Süleyman Pasha mosque, medrese and bath fourteenth the from Monuments south. and east the towards on the castle hill; the town developed on the southern slopes, probably was settlement first Turkish century.The next the of years early the until Seljuks and Byzantines the between hands changed and century twelfth the of beginning the in spot. The region became part of the Danishmend Principality the at settlement fortified a was there period Byzantine the and tumuli During town. the of surroundings the in exist tombs cut rock several Paphlagonia; was region the of ancient The name Era. Palaeolithic the to back go region the in settlement of signs first The of Ankara. north the to km 200 Safranbolu is a small town, located in northwest Turkey, about SAFRANBOLU interesting thankstoaprincelycommand. more even ensemble exceptional already an makes hospital contiguous the foundation, charitable A area. enclosed an in functions religious all organizes climate) the of harshness the to perhaps (owing which but basin ablutions uncovered an nor colonnades courtyard, a neither having Anatolia in mosques iv) The Divriği mosque is an outstanding example of Seldjukian Safranbolu, houses tinners, blacksmiths, coppersmiths, to belonging shops with lined streets has Safranbolu of area bazaar husbandry.The animal and agriculture to related crafts on and leather copper, working guilds several were There Anatolia. cities central other of and Gerede to Sea, Black the on route Sinope, trade from the on point stopping a was It commerce. and agriculture were Safranbolu of activities economic main The grand vizierisavaluablecontributiontohistown. Anatolia during the eighteenth century, so the donation of the in rare quite were libraries Public style. Baroque in library a and mosque beautiful a comprising complex a founding by from originated who Safranbolu. He contributed to the embellishment of the town statesman level high another is III, coffehouse Selim Sultan to vizier grand the (1743-1812), Pasha Mehmet a Izzet and well. as Pasha Mehmet shops of foundation the its to belonged with shoemakers, of arasta nearby The time. in lost been has madrasa the but function in still is 1662, to dated is which mosque, domed single The time. some for Safranbolu in exile in been had who Pasha, Mehmet Köprülü vizier grand the of complex the is century seventeenth the from buildings of group important Another 181 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 182 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Safranbolu, atimber framehousewithshopsonthestreet façade all preserves and structure timber interesting an has which Safranbolu, of tannery deserted century.The mid-twentieth hide dwindled and the tanneries of in Safranbolu had export to close by the century, ninetenth the in technology tanning the the of modernization near the to Due tanning. located for essential which was water was to access easy Safranbolu had thus of stream; Tabakhane tannery old lifestyle. The the in the changes from arising difficulties the overcome to effort an the with active, still of are crafts traditional Some Safranbolu. in developed very was delicacies other and delights Turkish seeds, sesame of made sweets saddlers and makers of pack saddles. Production of traditional its inner fixtures, is an exceptional piece an exceptional is fixtures, inner its of industrial archaeology from the from archaeology industrial of nineteenth century. arnou s urudd ih od wih upy good supply quality which timber for building. The woods houses have good solid with timber surrounded is Safranbolu on thestreets. animals the of movement the ease to chamfered were walls garden the of corners The around. things carry to people the helped horses or Donkeys wall. garden the on gates or door house the through enter guests the and household The high. passers-by,the of gazes the from family are walls garden the the of domain Toprivate slope. the the protect down it drain towards the middle line, in order to collect the rainwater and The streets are paved with cobblestones. The roads are inclined streets; somehouseshaveshopsontheirgroundfloors. the along continues activity commercial town, of center the dead end streets, which is typical for many Turkish towns. In topography.the to suited winding, and narrow are are There such a way that they have nice views. In urban areas, streets in hills the over arranged are Safranbolu of houses The pit. the meaning Çukur, called was valley Akçasu the of bottom the at located town of part residential and commercial The its musicalsound. to listen and water to close being enjoy to chance the people with a primary school and a coffee house which gives the local built over a bridge on Akçasu brook. The mosque is connected is minaret timber elegant its with Kaçak/Lütfiye of mosque with relationship close water the is also exhibited in the houses and of Safranbolu. The small nature of love the water; the over build to hesitate not did Safranbolu of builders The about fifteen small are bridges joining the there two sides of water; the brooks. with relationship organic an has city The become Tabakhane stream. and meets converge they town; of center the in brook Akçasu and north the from down flows Gümüş winds. winter strong in deep valleys cut into the hills which protect the town from run streams small These brooks. around Gümüş and Akçasu into a high plateau. The central part of Safranbolu developed The topography of the town is exciting with deep canyons cut 183 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 184 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY timber is reddish brown, the infill with clay or brick has a has brick or clay with infill the brown, the reddish of is timber color The exposed. are braces and studding spaced closely Their plastered. not are houses the of Many shutters. So and frames window washed. posts, corner white the except white and are they plastered are houses the of Some patterns and made withlaths. carvings timber medallions, elaborate with decorated beautifully are ceilings The houses. the of element common a also are windows Bay combinations. offering interesting richly variegated, is the jetty of first system the The floor. of geometry the correct to projections triangular have streets winding on houses The street. the or garden the over view good a offering cantilevered, are floors upper The high leveloflivingculture. andchat, pool the enjoying the sound of the water. sitaround This is a luxury, exhibiting a People floors. first their on in the open space. Some of the houses have fountains or pools time spending and guests entertaining for used bowers were which kameriyes, had Many recreation. for and growing vegetable or flower for used were Gardens garden. the in or to level ground spaces the on the either were and either them carts accommodate and animals many pack activity, had agricultural families with relationship the to Due an attractivetexturetothehousefaçades. floor, first add the openings or these floor ground the as high as Sometimes latticework. the through in came light of lot a air; of movement the allowed also and privacy for good was work trellis thick This angles. at or vertically arranged laths house from the street, the openings were screened by gilistes, the separate to order In glazing. without windows are These entrances. the to next or gates the above placed apertures ofbig the presence is elevations floor ground the of aspect have masonry walls but are open to the garden. An interesting nearly square are in plan and have tiles Houses on their roofs. The ground floors earthquakes. resist can which frames, for jobs attracted many people from the villages to this newly Possibility 1939. in production started plant the and 1937 in Iron and Steel Factory of the country. The decision was made first the establish to location the as chosen was Safranbolu from km 7 is which Karabük, TurkishRepublic, the of years destroyed many of the historic centers in Turkey. or In the early damaged which pressures development and areas from rural bymigration not affected was Safranbolu fields. the The people of Safranbolu were closely related to farming and trade. and agriculture on depending economy sufficient self a had century,Safranbolu twentieth the of middle the Until quarter wasdeserted. Greek the 1923, in Turkey and Greece between population of exchange the of result cellars. a center.wine As had Some the in ones the to form and structure in similar were houses Their builders. craftsmen, merchants, were Greeks houses. Hagios Stephanos (now Ulu Cami), several schools, shops and of the center, was the Greek quarter. There was the Church of multi-ethnic. Kıranköy, the high part of the town, to the west was town the of population the period, Ottoman the During prepare syrupsanddriedfruitsforthewinter. to households the gave houses summer the of gardens the in trees fruit and vineyards The beautiful. and impressive is setting natural the orchards; within houses of constitutes pattern settlement the Bağlar,where at mansion summer a also and center the in houses had families do to well the of city.Many the of west the to gardens spacious the in refuge took Safranbolu of people season hot the during valley, the of bottom the at air of ventilation much not is there Since under theeaves. placed are which medallions Masallah or decoration, dates some except little have houses the of exteriors the general In blacksmiths. local the of art fine the reflect doors the on striped look a to the gives Safranbolu materials house. The two padlocks and the latches of alternation The color. creamy 185 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 186 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY hs ih eiae hr hs o e eua mitnne It maintenance. regular be to has there heritage rich preserve this to order In fabric. urban the up make that baths several and buildings commercial numerous bridges, fifteen mosques, thirty about fountains, hundred a 800 than more are protection. of worthy Safranbolu houses were as registered. Besides the houses, there scheduled were buildings historic 1131 of total A achieved. was it and priority a was monuments planning its and town of the of protection the elaboration for decisions The conservation. its and fabric urban the of documentation the to contributions academic as developed were projects restoration and surveys Several the town. of conservation the towards movement determined a of point starting of the end was the 1975, at August place took which heritage. Safranbolu Architectural Assets and Folklore Week, cultural of conservation scholars for responsible artists, authorities the and people, its by known European value Safranbolu’s the make and of awareness raise framework Year, to Heritage Architectural the within Safranbolu, in organized was symposium a 1975, In plan. develop conservation a and protection legal under town whole the put to Restoration of the Faculty of Architecture to lead a campaign Istanbul the with Technicaland University,History for Architectural Institute cooperated He town. his save to action taking in interested was Ulukavak K. Safranbolu of mayor In early 1970’s, there was an attempt to preserve the city. The technical and assistance couldresultinitsloss. funds of lack and disrepair into falling was town preserved well the because moment critical a was This changes. and repairs make to free felt and houses old the of to change hands; people coming role was from the villages bought its some started town in acenter; houses The town. dormitory a to diminished as significance its lost Safranbolu tremendously; expanded Karabük passed, years the as Yet integrity. its preserve could and sprawl urban uncontrolled of pressure the spared center,was established Safranbolu so n h Wrd eiae it s ubr 1 o te ai of criteria ii,ivandv. basis the on 614 number as List Heritage World the on inscribed were area Bağlar and center Safranbolu’s 1994, In Safranbolu aspecialcharacter. period. The use of timber in construction and decoration gives Ottoman the from town traditional a illustrating buildings, city. It has a rich repertoire of civil, religious and commercial In Safranbolu there is great harmony between nature and the and decorativefeaturesofthehouses. typologies plan materials, building city,the the of evolution and history the about information providing 1981, in houses of Safranbolu the of study comprehensive his Ministry published Günay the by restored Tourismand Culture Dr.museum. local a into turned and R. was House Kaymakamlar The it. restored a good example to the local people for investment in tourism. and house timber conversion of a Safranbolu house into a small hotel was to historic set a Konak, Asmazlar bought Turkey of Club Automobile and Touring investigated. were development tourism for possibilities The heritage. cultural of restoration the in work to staff technical train to dilapidated a in state, was was saved. A vocational which school was established Bağlar,in town, Emirhocazade in House The Bey cooperate. Ahmet to invited were carperters craftsmen, Old skills. traditional the revive to essential was bases. Safranbolu was not affected in this way and as a result a as and way this in affected not was Safranbolu bases. raison d’etre, and most of them were adapted to other economic their lost abruptly towns these century, 19th the in railways of coming the With route. its along up grew type characteristic a of towns result, a As Europe. and Orient the between link commercial main the centuries for was trade caravan The iv) area oftheOttomanEmpire. that architecture domestic large a over development urban on influence great a exercised and public in standard a set it result a as and prosperity many great enjoyed Safranbolu centuries, over trade caravan the in role key its of virtue By ii) 187 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY 188 World Heritage Sites of TURKEY Heritage values. World with accordance in projects conservation the guide and control to site, the to available be should funding and supervision Expert needed. A urgently restaurants. is or plan cafes management to levels ground of conversion or parking for modified or removed be not should façades floor ground and walls Garden solved. be to need establishments touristic the and population local the of needs parking and Traffic site. the of authenticity the keep to requirement the with clash may demands renovation houses; historic the to changes the about careful be to has one But houses. their of care good took and it for cared citizens its because preserved was town the buildings; traditional and texture urban its for remarkable is Safranbolu integrity. its with outstanding is Safranbolu Turkey, but in towns historic several are There office buildingontheOldCastleareaintolocalmuseum. Waqfsof Directorate governor’s old the conversion of the and big projects were the restoration of Cinci Han by the General other The area. bazaar old the into life new The injected project atmosphere. attractive and lively a has it revived center; shoemakers the of arasta the of restoration The city. the of regeneration the supports tourism of dynamics The In the recent years Safranbolu has become a tourist attraction. preserve thetraditionaltownscape. to made be must efforts continuous so and pressures, external to vulnerable still is it but role, socio-economic new a it given has Steelworks Karabük the to proximity Its Safranbolu. on effect catastrophic a had trade caravan the of collapse The v) extent. remakable a to buildings and form original its preserved has