REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

On the rights of the manuscript

ABSTRACT

of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

ARTISTIC DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE IDEAS IN AZERBAIJAN SATIRIC PROSE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

Specialty: 5716.01 – Azerbaijan Literature

Field of science: Philology

Applicant: Parvin Aghabala gizi Huseynova

Baku – 2021 The dissertation was performed at the Department of Azerbaijani and World Literature, Faculty of Philology, Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University

Scientific supervisor Academician, Doctor of Philological (consultant): Sciences, Professor Teymur Hashim oglu Kerimli

Official opponents: Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Vugar Mikayıl oglu Ahmed

Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Yadulla Babir oglu Aghazade

PhD in philology, Associate Professor Elchin Huseyn oglu Mammadov

Dissertation council ED 1.05 of Supreme Attestation Commission under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan operating at the Institute of Literature named after Nizami Ganjavi of ANAS

Chairman of the Academician, Doctor of Philological Dissertation council: Sciences, Professor ______Isa Akbar oglu Habibbayli Scientific secretary of the Dissertation council: PhD in philology, Associate Professor ______Ismikhan Mahammad oglu Osmanli

Chairman of the scientific seminar: Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor ______Alizade Bayram oglu Asgarli GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH

Relevance of topic and extent of doing the research. The literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, reflecting the interests of the people, was a mirror of its glorious history, a carrier of nationalist ideas, and united its readers around humanistic ideals and the ideology of independence. It is well known that the ideological invasion pursued by the state policy in Russia and Iran after the Gulustan and Turkmenchay treaties aimed at destroying the national self-consciousness of our people was ineffective. The idea of liberty has continued to live in public opinion through our oral, written literature. Thus, the realism of national unity and the idea of freedom, which has advanced in our literature since the seventeenth century, has reached a new phase in the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, satirical literature, especially the satirical generation, played an important role in the promotion of the ideas of national liberation. J. Mammadguluzadeh, A. Hagverdiyev, and other writers have written satirical methods of internal and external barriers on the way to national liberation and called on the people to fight for national independence. However, just as the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, literature had been hampered by the study of works promoting the ideas of national independence, as artistic ideas of national minority had been eroded. Some of these works were left out of the study, and some were investigated according to Soviet ideology. As Azerbaijan regained its independence, it became possible to evaluate the satirical generation's service to our national independence in a new direction, like many of our literature's problems. As far as the study of the history of Azerbaijan's independence has been concerned, the study of our satirical generation, which is a page of that history, serving the national self, has become an important issue. The study of the satirical generation is also relevant because it opens the possibility for a deeper study of the literary process in Azerbaijan in the early twentieth century, the re-evaluation of the satirical style of literary models, and the socio-political problems of writing satirical works.

3 The study of the artistic features of the satirical generation is also one of the factors that make the work relevant. Also one of the most pressing problems of our science is the study of many problems of Azerbaijani literature, including the satirical generation based on research criteria of the period of independence. We can classify research into the satirical artistic origins of the early 20th century over the course of our research: - satirical literature, as well as satirical literary prose, has been explored as a literary form, with clear directions for ideas, themes, and problems; - Our satirical literary prose has been studied more specifically as the Molla Nasreddin literary school; - New facts on the life and creativity of publishers have been revealed, their artistic heritage has been re-examined, non-research works have been studied, and some of these works have been re- analyzed by modern research criteria; - Certain prose works have become special research objects. A.Mirahmadov's "Studies in Azerbaijani Literature" 1 , "Azerbaijan Molla Nasraddinini" 2 , "History of the publication of N.Ahundov's Molla Nasreddin"3, "Azerbaijan satire magazines: 1906- 1920"4, "Problems of development of Azerbaijan satire" (1920-1980)5. However, only Ahmad Shahov's research involved materials from the 20th century. A.Abiyev's monograph "Satire in Turkish literature (late 19th - early 20th century)"6 examines some of the qualities of satire, in A.

1 Mirəhmədov Ə. Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatına dair tədqiqlər / Ə. Mirəhmədov. – Bakı: Maarif, –1983. 2 Mirəhmədov Ə. Azərbaycan Molla Nəsrəddini / Ə. Mirəhmədov. –Bakı: Yazıçı, –1980. 3 Axundov N. “Molla Nəsrəddin” jurnalının nəşri tarixi /N.Axundov. –Bakı: Azərnəşr, –1959. 4 Axundov N. Azərbaycan satira jurnalları: 1906-1920-ci illər / N.Axundov. – Bakı: AzSSR EA, –1968. 5 Əhmədov B. Azərbaycan satirasının inkişaf problemləri (1920-1980-ci illər): / filologiya elmləri doktoru dissertasiyası) / – Bakı, 2005 6 Abıyev A. Türk ədəbiyyatında satira (XIX əsrin axırları - XX əsrin əvvəlləri) / 4 Mammadov's book "National Liberation Movement in Azerbaijan (first half of 19th and 20th century)"7 in the development of national thinking. Academician I.Habibbeyli's monograph "Jalil Mammadguluzadeh: environment and contemporaries"8 characterized the landscape of the literary and social environment of that time by analyzing the meetings of J.Mammadguluzadeh, the role of the environment in the formation of his legacy, the life and work of his contemporaries. This monograph laid the foundation for the study of the ideas of independence in our satirical prose. The problems of realism and satirical generation in N. Huseynov's "The problem of realism in the literary-theoretical thought of Azerbaijan"9 and B. Babayev's "satire in the realist generation of Azerbaijan"10. The issue of comprehensive study of poetry, prose, and journalism in the magazine "Molla Nasreddin" by I.Agayev "The great memory of our historical memory" 11 is raised. It is also interesting to study the ideas of independence in the heritage of individual authors. For example, H. Hasanov's monograph "The views and activities of N. Narimanov's national statehood"12, article by L. Mehdiyeva "Publication of MS Ordubadi"13 and others. for example. However, because these scientific works investigate one or more issues in satirical literature, and involve the creativity of individual writers, some important problems have been left out of the

A.Abıyev. –Bakı: Elm, –1991. 7 Məmmədov Ə.Azərbaycanda milli-azadlıq hərəkatı (XIX-XX əsrin I yarısı) / Ə.Məmmədov.–Bakı: ADPU, –2009 8 Həbibbəyli İ. Cəlil Məmmədquluzadə: mühiti və müasirləri /İ.Həbibbəyli. – Naxçıvan: Əcəmi, –2009 9 Hüseynova N. Azərbaycan ədəbi-nəzəri fikrində realizm problem: / filologiya üzrə fəlsəfə doktoru dissertasiyası) / –Bakı, 2007. 10 Babayev B. Azərbaycan realist nəsrində satira /B.Babayev. –Bakı: Elm, –2008 11 Ağayev İ. Tarixi yaddaşımızın böyük yadigarı / İ.Ağayev. –Bakı: Elm, –2006 12 Həsənov H. Nəriman Nərimanovun milli dövlətçilik baxışları və fəaliyyəti /H.Həsənov. –Bakı: Elm, – 2005 13 Mehdiyeva L. Məmməd Səid Ordubadinin publisistikası // Mədəniyyət. – 2010, 5 may. 5 study, and these issues have made writing the dissertation work. The object and subject of the research. The research object of the dissertation is to study the artistic reflection of the idea of national independence in the examples of satirical prose written in the first 30 years of the XX century, and the subject is J.Mammadguluzadeh, A.Hagverdiyev, O.F.Nemanzadeh, U.Hajibeyli, N.Narimanov and others. satirical fiction of prominent writers, satirical media, researches of researchers on the problem, scientific works of Azerbaijani, European and Russian literary critics. Goals and tasks of the research. The main goal of the research is to examine and evaluate the role of our satirical generation in promoting the idea of national independence in the early twentieth century, the literary and historical significance, and the specifics of independence. The following tasks have been identified for this purpose: - Characterizing the history of the development of our satirical artistic generation, define the general picture of the national satirical art of the early twentieth century, and the peculiarities of the Molla Nasreddin style; - To study the attitude to the Azerbaijani satirical prose in the researches conducted during the Soviet and independence periods. Methods of research. In the dissertation historical-comparative, philological methods, historical-typological analysis, theoretical research methods and application of theoretical-methodological requirements of modern poetry to the texts were used as methodological aspects. The paper also used theoretical methods of Azerbaijani, European and Russian literary studies, the experience and results of anological studies, and relied on scientific and theoretical considerations. Main propositions set forth for defense. -To reflect the ideas of independence and the call for national unity expressed in the national satirical generation in the early twentieth century, before the establishment of the national government in Azerbaijan and after its collapse; - To explain the national independence ideas sometimes expressed in the satirical generation, using historical, biographical

6 documents, printed archives and printed materials, and authors' and contemporary writings. - to establish scientific evidence for the services of the satirical generation of Azerbaijan in the development of ideas of national freedom. Scientific novelty of the research. The following can be indicated as scientific newness of research: - Many issues that have been left out of the study of the artistic reflection of nationalist ideas in the satirical generation during the Soviet era are being investigated for the first time in this work. - Some of the issues that have been analyzed in accordance with the political ideology of the Soviet period are objectively investigated for the first time in this research. In the satirical generation, illiteracy and fanatism are portrayed as atheistic positions of authors, national self-propagation works are analyzed as works that merely criticize the nation's nationalism and national backwardness, and ignore nationalist and libertarian motives. The involvement of these issues in research is one of the important scientific innovations in the work. - The scientific novelty of the work is the systematic study of the satirical generation of authors who represent national ideas. Although various scientific studies on satirical prose have been conducted so far, many issues such as the artistic expression of national independence ideas in the satirical generation have not been investigated as independent subjects. For the first time, this study explores these issues, as well as the peculiarities and generalities of the creativity of all satirical authors. - For the first time in the collections "Molla Nasreddin", "Gardash komayi", "Sherqi-Rus", "Heyat", In satirical prose works published in Irshad, Taraqqi, Sada, Sadayi-Haqq, Iqbal, Yeni Iqbal, Achiq Soz, Azerbaijan, the motives for calling for national unity and independence have been explored. the heritage of individual writers is systematically involved in the analysis of historical and chronological sequence. In the satirical generation, the features of craftsmanship were examined, and the comparisons were made to the literary relationships and literary succession issues. - For the first time, genres such as satirical narrative, satirical

7 novella, satirical miniature, feleton, pamphlet, parody, satirical question and answer of the Azerbaijani generation were involved in the study of artistic expression of the ideas of national independence. - For the first time in the dissertation the ideas of national independence in the satirical prose were explored in opposite periods. artistic solutions of national independence ideas, forms of expression, similarities and differences between ideas and content quality have been studied. It became clear that in the satirical works of those years, the ideas of national independence were found to be artistic in accordance with the current socio-political situation. These issues, which enrich satirical literature with themes, content, and form, were first clarified in this work. The dissertation is a comprehensive review of the satirical artistic generation of the early twentieth century, an objective assessment of the literary material, taking into account the existing scientific and critical literature, a comprehensive historical and literary work on the satirical fiction of national independence, is the first scientific research. Theoretical and practical significance of the research. The scientific significance of the dissertation is related to the approach to the topic, the scientific novelty of the problem. The practical significance of this work lies in the study of many problems of national literature at the beginning of the 20th century, the study of literary and historical processes such as fiction and national liberation, the study and promotion of Azerbaijani ideology, and the teaching of our modern literary history and literature. The tradition of teaching at school can be as useful as the study of innovation, the creation of critical realism and creative representations in universities, satirical literature, special courses, literature, history, and the development of textbooks. Approbation and application of research. The main scientific results of the work are reflected in articles and abstracts recommended by the SAC (Supreme Attestation Commission) in Azerbaijan and published in the prestigious scientific journals of foreign countries. The subject has been presented at various international scientific conferences and symposiums.

8 Title of organization dissertation was performed. Dissertation was performed at the Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University Structure and general scope of dissertation. The dissertation consists of the Entrance, three Chapter , Findings and Bibliography. The dissertation consists of 326,000 characters: Entrance: 19 thousand characters; Chapter I: 77 thousand characters (1.1 - 36 thousand; 1.2 - 22 thousand; 1.3 - 19 thousand); Chapter II: 142 thousand characters (2.1 - 37 thousand; 2.2 - 105 thousand); Chapter III: 65 thousand characters (3.1 - 44 thousand; 3.2 - 21 thousand); Findings: 9 thousand characters; Bibliography: 14 thousand characters

MAIN CONTENT OF THE RESEARCH

The Entrance part of the dissertation discussed the relevance of topic and extent of doing the research, goals and tasks of research, methods of research, theoretical basis of research, scientific novelty of research and main propositions set forth for defense. The I Chapter of the dissertation is entitled "History of the satirical generation of Azerbaijan and the general picture of the early 20th century" and consists of three paragraphs. The first paragraph, "Spread of satire in Azerbaijan prose" addresses the problems such as the formation, development, and specificity of satire in our artistic generation. It is noted that satire carries serious social content as it exposes more social flaws. “Satire has many different genres in Azerbaijani oral and written literature; satirical aphorisms and idioms, satirical proverbs and parables, atmospheres, carnations, anecdotes, satirical tales, satirical bayat, representations, satiricals, bible, couplets, taverns, barbecues, intermedies, satirical rabai, satirical ghazals , parody, feleton, pamphlet, comedy, satirical miniature, satirical story, satirical narrative and novel, satirical poem, etc. ”14 Taking into account the fact that satire is represented in different literary forms and genres, it is possible to agree with the notion that style is not a genre, but a tendency in the literature.

14 Məmmədov K. XIX əsr Azərbaycan şeirində satira / K.Məmmədov. –Bakı: Elm, –1975.– s.3. 9 The topic of the dissertation has been studied the relevance and the degree of development of the topic, the aims and objectives of the research, research methods, key provisions for defense, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance. The first elements of satire in our literature are found in folklore, and "it is impossible to accurately and objectively assess the position of satire in the nineteenth and twentieth-century literature without knowing how and how satirism in oral and classical literature is manifested" 15 . The satirical laugh that we find in genres such as anecdotes is one of the factors that promote this style in our satirical generation. At the same time, in the early Middle Ages, pilgrimage sculptures gradually gave their place to public satire, and satirical peaks in the works of G. Zakir, B. Shakir, M.B.Nadim, S.A.Shirvani and other poets influenced the "national self-consciousness"16. The spirit of struggle expressed in the satirical poem of the nineteenth century was promoted by the ideas of national independence in the satirical generation in the early 20th century. Satire has been brought up with the idea of freedom in our literature; The call for imperial oppression, national backwardness, the propagation of ideas of independence, and the struggle for freedom were expressed in the light of the critical critique of satirical works. The media played a great role in stabilizing the satirical generation and its new forms, including Molla Nasreddin. In the history of Azerbaijani literature, a satirical artistic prose school based on tradition, meeting modern requirements and serving national interests was formed. The creative and democratic thinking of M.F. Akhundzadeh was the main literary factor in the formation of the satirical artistic generation. The satirical artistic prose that flourished in the early twentieth century was a wave of protest against the nationalist colonialist policy implemented in Azerbaijan, the arbitrariness of the ruling class, religious fanaticism, and women's inequality. In the works of Christians such as J.Mammadguluzadeh, A.Haqverdiyev, N.

15 İbid.– p. 4. 16 Послание будущему. Фольклор и литературные памятники Азербайджана / –Москва: Худож. лит., – 2013.– s.8. 10 Narimanov, Y.V. Chamanzaminli, and in the articles and works of prominent publishers such as O.F. Nemanzadeh, U.Khajibeyov, A.Gamkusar, this is a nationalist. the desire was to stand still. Highly appreciated by this quality of satirical literary genre, academician I. Habibbayli writes: “Public satire and classical poetry have played the role of the main reference point of the writers, as well as the social motives, the expression of citizenship, and the nationalistic ideas. Representatives of the literary front "Molla Nasreddin" have grown up on this ground"17. As a result of the first paragraph of Chapter I, we can say that when we look at the history of satire, we see that under the influence of the factors that create and shape satire, a strong, traditional, modern school of satirical prose was formed in the history of Azerbaijani literature. Summing up our analysis, we can say that the satirical-artistic prose, which became relevant in the early twentieth century, aimed to promote the ideal of national freedom, continued the national awakening, enlightenment meetings of M.F. Akhundzadeh and had the spirit of struggle for freedom. The satirists of the time fought for the freedom of the people with their pens and the promotion of the ideas of national independence. Our article on the problem studied in this paragraph "Spread of satire in Azerbaijani prose " 18 was published in the conference materials. The second paragraph, entitled “The Common Sense of the satirical art of Azerbaijan at the beginning of the 20th century,” presents the characteristic of satirical artistic generation during that period. Regardless of what literary trends were at that time, writers and poets were following the same advice - national independence, freedom, and ideals. The Molla Nasreddin and Fuuzat magazines, which unite the prominent poets and poets of Azerbaijan since 1906,

17 Həbibbəyli İ. Cəlil Məmmədquluzadə: mühiti və müasirləri / İ.Həbibbəyli. – Naxçıvan: Əcəmi, –2009. – s.341. 18 Hüseynova, P. Azərbaycan bədii nəsrində satiranın intişar etməsi // “Davamlı inkişafın milli modeli ve strategiyası” mövzusunda Elmi Konfransın materialları, – Mingəçevir: – 2015, – s.335-337. 11 have been a spiritual bridge between the East and the West, a grand tribute that reflects the thoughts and aspirations of the Azerbaijani people: "Bahlul" (1907), "Zanbur" (1909). -1918), "Kahniyat" (1912- 1913) and other newspapers and magazines were carrying the same ceremony. Satirical prose began to develop thanks to the representatives of the "Molla Nasreddin" literary school. Thus, the stories of J. Mammadguluzadeh are not only the best examples of satirical fiction, but also important in terms of presenting a model of how to write a short story genre in our literature. This trend was continued in the press. Writers moved away from genres such as essays to more satirical works, and as a result, our literature was enriched with genres such as feuilletons and pamphlets. Although our satirists enjoy European artistic creativity and its genres and styles, they have created literary examples that are national in every respect, and have sought to preserve their nationality both in terms of language and image choice. In these writers, satire was the main weapon in the struggle against ignorance, backwardness, national discrimination, oppression, social injustice, class and national exploitation. Generally, the satirists used the micro and macro environment to criticize the perversions of the era. For them, there was a micro-Azerbaijani family, a village or a city in Azerbaijan, and the macro environment was Azerbaijan, the Turkic world or the Islamic world, and sometimes the whole world. Vertical story, situational story, humorous story, miniature, anecdotes are genres that emerge at the request of the national independence ideal. One of the most commonly used genres in satirical print media was a critical, comic mood feleton. One of the authors of Feleton, U. Hajibayli was able to make the most of the opportunities of this genre, expressing his social and political situation and the biased and fake position of Tsarist Russia. According to U. Hajibeyli's comments published in the Novoye Vremya newspaper: “The writer knows that Shah has a fresh mind, probably from cut heads, torn stomachs and hanging bodies. Indeed, it is a fresh idea to tear the belly of the

12 dead!” 19 - reveals the cruel position of the empire represented by Stolypy, as well as the intolerable, difficult socio-political situation. These words can also be applied to other felethones that were formed at that time. One of the most popular literary genre genres in our satirical press is pamphlets. In the satire of the early twentieth century, the disadvantages of not only specific individuals, but of the entire social structure, or of the social class, community, and organization, were the target of satirical laughter through pamphlets. Examples of this genre are found in the works of J. Mammadguluzade, O.F. Nemanzade, U. Hajibeyov and others. To explain the place and peculiarity of this genre in the satirical genre of Azerbaijan, just look at U. Hajibeyov's pamphlet "The Dream of Stolypy." The parodies we found in our satirical literature at the time, especially in the works of M.A. Sabir, were also present in the satirical generation. The parodies written by U.Hajibeyli using folk art are one of the best examples of satirical prose, which exposes social shortcomings and calls for national self-awareness: "The hand breaks the hand, the hand falls on the face," "... there is a rule among Muslims that they always sit straight and on their knees and speak crooked words,"20 and so on. As a result of the study of the paragraph, it can be concluded that the beginning of the XX century was a new renaissance for Azerbaijan in terms of both form and content for satirical prose. The traditions of European satirical prose and journalism came to our literature, our writers were able to use it for national purposes, but also to enrich it with elements from folk literature. As a result, a new style of satirical prose was formed in our literature. It should not be overlooked that the arrival of these new genres, themes and content qualities in our literature was, above all, aimed at promoting the ideas of national self- consciousness and national independence.

19 Hacıbəyov Ü. Ordan-Burdan / Tərt.ed. M.Aslanov, red. S.Dağlı / Ü.Hacıbəyov. –Bakı: Yazıçı, –1981. – s.23. 20 Əmrahoğlu A. Nəsrin poetikası (XIX əsrin II yarısı) / A.Əmrahoğlu. –Bakı: Elm, –1990. – s.516. 13 The third paragraph of this chapter, entitled “Molla Nasreddin” in our satirical generation, explains the role and importance of this journal in the propagation of the ideas of Azerbaijan's independence. "Molla Nasreddin" was a press agency that expressed serious attitude to the socio-political processes not only in Azerbaijan but also in the Eastern countries. The ideas of independence, reflected in the satirical works of the magazine, have played an important role in the national identity of our people, in the defense of independence. The original style of the Molla Nasreddin magazine, which forms a literary school, lived longer than the magazine's existence. The originality of the magazine's satirical style is particularly noteworthy in these factors: “1) the satire's publicity, political activity; 2) the relationship of time and space in most cases21; 3) to express the spirit of the people by birth. From this point of view, Molla Nasreddin was a literary and historical event promoting national awakening with public satire. This journal "is the logical conclusion of self-satirical tendencies, the beginning of a large, mature, acute public satire 22" writes I. Habibbeyli, describing the mullahs as a program that serves the national liberation movement. Another factor that characterizes the style of the magazine is the obvious manifestation of the denial position along with the exposition. Thus, the magazine's employees "were looking for a positive side in life, for the sake of ideal23". The complex social and political events of the early twentieth century are expanding the goals of the satirical generation. Not only religious fanaticism, illiteracy, colonialism, biased policy of strong states, discrimination on ethnic grounds, etc. becomes a target of criticism of the satirical generation. In the satirical prose of J. Mammadguluzadeh and other mullahs, crimes of international imperialism are exposed, issues of women's freedom and protection of human rights are raised and readers' ideas about independence and national freedom are formed.

21 Babayev B. Azərbaycan realist nəsrində satira / B.Babayev. – Bakı: Elm, – 2008.–s.301 22 Həbibbəyli İ. “Molla Nəsrəddin” məktəbi // Azərbaycan. – 2010, 15 iyul. – s.3. 23 Əhmədov B. Azərbaycan satirasının inkişaf problemləri (1920-1980-ci illər): / filologiya elmləri doktoru dissertasiyası) / Bakı, 2005. –s.46. 14 Because of censorship, sometimes leaving the page blank or ignoring the censor's attention, using a barcode that the reader can readily understand, is a key feature of the magazine. In addition to the traditional story, novella, pamphlets, parodies, humorous miniatures, etc. was one of the new genres appealed by the satirical masters. One of the journal's great services was the inclusion of satirical publicism, various genres, themes and forms of the genre that met the requirements of Western literary criticism. Academician I. Habibbeyli, who writes Molla Nasreddin magazine for its high ambition, writes that satirical publicism was almost absent in Azerbaijan until the publication of Molla Nasreddin 24... In essence, "Molla Nasreddin" "The complex has played a role in the school for the generation of new satirists. " It means that the literary school and its style, set up by Molla Nasraddin, maintains its mission and mission not only at the time of its creation, but also at a later stage; the literary tradition of mollusks is still continuing in our literature. The “Molla Nasreddin” style, the “doctrine of fierce mulling” (the term I. Habibbeyli) adheres to the principle of adherence to the truth, passing on to future generations. The analysis proves that the specifics of the national satirical artistic generation can be summarized in two periods: 1. Artistic reflection of the ideas of national independence in the satirical-artistic generation that existed before the formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1905-1917). 2. Expression of the ideas of national independence in the satirical artistic generation that emerged during and after the collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1930). The second chapter of the dissertation entitled "National Independence Ideas in the satirical art of 1905-1917" is mentioned in the first paragraph of "The role and significance of Jalil Mammadguluzade's satirical prose in the artistic reflection of the ideas of national independence". - Mammadguluzadeh played a great role in the development of political satire caused by political events. His creativity "has played an invaluable role in the preparation of the

24 Həbibbəyli İ. Cəlil Məmmədquluzadə: mühiti və müasirləri / İ.Həbibbəyli. – Naxçıvan: Əcəmi, –2009.–s.253. 15 Azerbaijani people for national independence throughout the 20th century, in the deepening and strengthening of the consciousness of independent statehood 25 ". The importance of satirical prose of J. Mammadguluzade can be described in many ways. For example, the writer has served the national unity by turning the social problems of North and South Azerbaijan into the subject of literature. In addition, the language of the writer's works is also an important factor in his creativity. Simple and laconic language stimulates national awakening in the minds of literary readers, describing the essence of the socio- political situation in the country and the level of thinking of the population. With this writer's creativity, he enters our literature into this simple and streamlined way of quickening the thinking of the people. The story of "Iranda hurriyyet" is an example of this, and "this story has begun to talk about freedom in literature 26" Expression in his works, sarcasm, acute objection, the "attacking method of argument 27" is one of the factors that characterize the importance of the writer's satirical prose. His work, "Tanabehi Khan," expresses his democratic views and the state's consolidation in the hands of one person, is a good example of this. In some of his works, the writer expresses his views openly, and in this respect, the article "Azerbaijan" is invaluable: "Come, O broken brothers of the forgotten country! Let's see, what day will our crying leaders, who suck the milk of foreign nations, forget their homeland and not know the spirit of our nation? 28" . Mirza Jalil is a great ideologist who gives ideas for gaining an independent state; He states what they should do by addressing not only ordinary people but also the intelligent class. "His article "The Republic" in 1917 is the charter of the national democratic

25 Həbibbəyli İ. Böyük azərbaycançı ədib // Azərbaycan. – 2010,1yanvar. – s.6. 26 Həbibbəyli İ. Cəlil Məmmədquluzadə - milli istiqlal ədəbiyyatının sərkərdəsi // Xalq qəzeti.– 2010,27 yanvar. – s.7. 27 Mir Cəlal. Azərbaycanda ədəbi məktəblər (1905-1917) / Mir Cəlal. –Bakı: Ziya-Nurlan, –2004. –s.106. 28 Məmmədquluzadə C. Əsərləri: [6 cilddə] / Tərt ed. Ə.Mirəhmədov, T.Həsənzadə; red. Ə.Mirəhmədov / C.Məmmədquluzadə. –Bakı: Azərnəşr, – c.4. –1985. – s.223. 16 statehood29" . According to Mammadguluzadeh, one of the most important factors for national independence is the mother tongue, and the writer's attitude to this issue in the society is also tragicomicalized in "My mother's book". From the writings of the literature published before the February bourgeois revolution, we understand that there was no organization among the people at that time. The February Revolution has been remembered as the most consistent period of the political satire of 1917 on the pages of the Molla Nasreddin, which serves to unite the people as it gives them an idea of their future. The Congress of Caucasian Muslims in Baku in April 1917 also gives great hope to Mirza Jalil. However, it is understood that the author did not consider the results of the congress as satisfactory from the May 5, 1917 article "Zenciri Mugeddes" The main factor that the writer displayed as salvation was the issue of creating a revolution in the minds. For example, the writer writes in his book "Avampesend nitgler": "... O Muslims! Do you want the Poles, the Turks, the Ukrainians and the Armenians, the Georgians? But know this, you know, that you get four wives and marry the girls at the age of nine, and the wives are chewing on the bones in the corner of the kitchen, and you are banning the phones at girls' schools30 ". Here the author proposes that it is impossible to achieve national independence with such people, who are unaware of the concept of nationality and state, and who only seek to eat and drink and who do not respect women and girls. The struggle of Mirza Jalil and his colleagues in the satirical literature for the idea of national independence was an Azerbaijani movement. An analysis of the works of Feleton and his works, published in the above years, reveals the main qualities of the writer's creativity during this time, as well as the new content, themes and artistic

29 Həbibbəyli İ. Cəlil Məmmədquluzadə: mühiti və müasirləri / İ.Həbibbəyli. – Naxçıvan: Əcəmi, – 2009. – s.7. 30 Məmmədquluzadə C. Əsərləri: [6 cilddə] / Tərt ed. Ə.Mirəhmədov, T.Həsənzadə; red. Ə.Mirəhmədov / C.Məmmədquluzadə. –Bakı: Azərnəşr, – c.4. –1985. – s.220. 17 features of the satirical art of Azerbaijan. This paragraph clarifies the peculiar set of Mammadguluzade in 1906-1907 in his satirical artistic generation, as well as his contribution to national independence and freedom. Thus, as a result of the first paragraph of Chapter II, we can say that the situation in the early twentieth century has already led to the emergence of political satire in Azerbaijan, the formation of national identity, national freedom, the call for independence. The paragraph also clarifies Jalill Mammadguluzadeh's unique creative line in our satirical prose of 1906-1907, as well as his ideas on national independence. Articles on the problem investigated in the paragraph "Ideas of national independence in the examples of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh's satirical prose 31 ", "National freedom in the satirical prose of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh in 1917 32" were reflected in scientific journals. The second chapter of the second chapter, "The Artistic Reflection of the Idea of National Liberty and Unity in the Satirical Rational Generation," explores the ideals of freedom, national unity in the satirical generation of O.F. Nemanzade, U. Hajibeyli, A. Hagverdiyev, N. Narimanov and other writers. specific and general principles of artistic expression are explored. “Brothers, be sorrowful, but do not grieve the truth. There is no cure for the disease, 33”wrote O.F. Nemanzadeh in his satirical prose, which addresses the following issues: - Education of the people, education in the national language, moral progress, problems of national intellectuals; - National unity; unity of Turkic peoples; - A call for an end to sectarian conflict and to end sectarian strife; - The call for the benefit of the people from the political crisis in

31 Hüseynova, P. Cəlil Məmmədquluzadənin satirik nəsr nümunələrində milli istiqlal ideyaları // – Bakı: Dil və ədəbiyyat, –2015. № 4 (96), – s.144-146. 32 Hüseynova, P. Cəlil Məmmədquluzadənin 1917-ci il satirik bədii nəsrində milli azadlıq ideyaları // – Bakı: Filologiya məsələləri, –2015. № 10, – s. 451-457. 33 Nemanzadə Ö.F. Seçilmiş əsərləri / Tərt.ed. Ş Qurbanov; red. K.Talıbzadə / Ö.F.Nemanzadə.–Bakı: Yazıçı, –1992. – s.39 18 the country; Mother tongue, alphabet etc. to think around issues. U.Hajibeyli not only reveals minor social defects, but also commentes on the socio-political situation and gives accurate forecasts. He calls his people into national unity, sometimes openly and sometimes superficially. Publicist articles written by Adibin1905- 1920 can be divided into two parts: - Articles written in plain text; - Satellites written in satirical language. It is no coincidence that the newspaper "Azerbaijan", founded by Uzeyir and Jeyhun Hajibeyli, is regarded as the SRR Ripper of ADR34. "True national jihadists are needed to make a real revolution, 35 " U.Hajibeyli, who raised the problem of national leader, appealed to the Caucasus peoples to fight against Tsarist Russia. And in his satire, presenting such great ideals and ideas, he has enriched our satirical generation with literary new techniques such as “Question and Answer”, dialogue and sleep. A.Hagverdiyev's satirical prose touches on all problems ranging from minor public defects to the tragedy of Azerbaijan's separation, with the call for freedom in the language of the Eucharist. His humor is sometimes reminiscent of educational. In his satirical prose, he publicly declares that his enemy is Tsar Russia. In his satirical works, A.Gamkusar also criticizes fanaticism, backwardness and ignorance, women's violence, promotes moral freedom of the people, state independence, and criticizes imperialism. "The best thing is that I share these three languages in the article36" he criticizes those who combine his native language with the elements of a foreign language in the book "Fighting." In the article "Black Holiday," the author expresses his admiration for the neglect of the blood of his brothers in the neighboring states. In the satirical legacy of Nariman Narimanov, the call for

34 Габиббейли И. Азербайджанская литература начала XX века / И. Габиббейли. – Москва: Триада, –2008. –s. 53. 35 Hacıbəyov Ü. Seçilmiş əsərləri / Tərt.ed. M.Aslanov; red. M.İbrahimov / Ü.Hacıbəyov. – Bakı: Yazıçı, –1985. –s. 57. 36 Qəmküsar Ə. Seçilmiş əsərləri /Ə.Qəmküsar / Ə.Qəmküsar. – Bakı: Şərq-Qərb, – 2006. – s.95. 19 independence of Azerbaijan and the exchange of freedom goes as a golden line. In his satirical legacy, along with the problems inherent in the creation of other satirists, the role of intellectuals in the resolution of national conflicts, other important issues in the interest of our people, calls for a struggle against the opponents. In an article entitled The Scream of the Week, the author complains of a lack of unity among Muslims. “Now what can we say about our village schools? Have we seen the community and the community needed by our clergy or the community? 37 "draws attention to serious problems with questions. The satirical prose of M.S.Ordubadi plays an important role in the formation of our national idea and in the development of our literature. His paintings have their own peculiar form; the works are sometimes written in prose and poetry alternation. One of the interesting points in the satirical prose of the novel is the transformation of colleagues into the protagonist of his works. One of the authors who played an important role in the pursuit of the ideas of national independence is Y.V. Chamanzaminli. In the satirical prose of the writer, whose people call for national awakening, the deficiencies that pushed the nation back are compelling. For example, the satire "Talking of Cities" talks about cities like Shusha, Baku, Ganja, Salyan, Tiflis, Guba, Derbent, Ashgabat, Mashhadiyah. Cities each speak of their own distress, and describe the real picture of the social situation. From this talk, it is clear that able-bodied people in Shusha are leaving the city in search of earnings, and the population of Baku is not working in the lucrative business, and local capital is flowing abroad, and people in Ordubad and Salyan are unaware of the social processes going on around the world. The satirical illumination of the literary Russian-Iranian issue, which illuminates serious problems, such as the departure of the Muslim population from Tiflis, the speaking of the population in other languages other than "Muslim" (Azerbaijani); "Urus-headed, clumsy" writes that the city is on the

37 Nərimanov N. Seçilmiş əsərləri / Tərt.ed.T Əhmədov /N.Nərimanov. – Bakı: Azərnəşr, –1985. – s.240-241. 20 border of Mashhad, complaining of the language of the city38, and Derband is asleep, though he wants to wake up again. It is clear that in the authors' works all of the social problems of the time are covered, and each of these authors "has become an irreplaceable crook of the ideas of independence.39 " As a result of the research conducted in the paragraph and in the chapter in general, we can note that J. Mammadguluzadeh, O.F. Nemanzadeh, A. Hagverdiyev, A. Gamkusar, N. Narimanov, M.S.Ordubadi, Y.V, Chamanzaminli in their satirical prose works and feuilletons published in "Molla Nasraddin" magazine and periodicals, always thought not only about the fate of their people, but also about the freedom of Eastern and Turkic peoples. In their satirical works, they promoted the issues of national self-consciousness, national identity, and the call for independence. Thus, the examples of satirical prose created in 1905-1917 were rich in motives and calls for independence, which served the national awakening of the people and called them to struggle. Scientific articles related to the problem studied in the paragraph have been published in various foreign and local scientific journals. In addition, the results of research conducted at international and national conferences held abroad and in our country were published in conference materials 4041424344.

38 Çəmənzəminli Y.V. Hədərən-pədərən (felyetonlar) / Tərt. ed. Ş.Hümmətli; red. T.Hüseynoğlu /Y.V.Çəmənzəminli. – Bakı: Nurlan, – 2004. – s.12-13. 39 Məmmədov Ə. Azərbaycanda milli-azadlıq hərəkatı (XIX-XX əsrin birinci yarısı) / Ə.Məmmədov. – Bakı: ADPU-nun mətbəəsi, –2009. – s.120. 40 Hüseynova, P. Ömər Faiq Nemanzadənin satirik nəsrində milli müstəqillik ideyaları // Gənc tədqiqatçıların IV Beynəlxalq elmi konfransı, – Bakı: – 2016, – s.1007-1009. 41 Hüseynova, P. Ə.Haqverdiyevin satirik bədii nəsrində müstəqillik ideyaları // “Milli mədəni irs və onun qloballaşma şəraitində təbliği məsələləri” mövzusunda Respublika elmi konfransının materialları, – Mingəçevir: – 2016, – s.207-211. 42 Hüseynova, P. Идеи национальной независимости в сатирической художественной прозе Наримана Нариманова // «Научные исследования в сфере гуманитарных наук: открытия ХХI века». Материалы IV Международной научно-практической конференции. Пятигорский Государственный Лингвистический Университет, Пятигорск: – 2016, – с.63-67. 21 The third chapter of the dissertation, entitled "Artistic Solution of the Problems of National Independence in the satirical generation of the 1918-1930s," explores the new artistic solutions of social events in the satirical generation of the period and the factors that make this new approach necessary. The first paragraph of this chapter, "The Ways of Expressing the Idea of the Idea of Freedom in the Satire Generation of 1918-1924," explores the artistic solution of the issue in 1918-1924. It is noted that the social problems that changed the content of the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan () in 1918 make it necessary to change themes and criticism in satire. In the 1920s, the DRA collapsed and the Bolshevik occupation of Azerbaijan caused even more serious problems in society. Propagation of the idea of national liberation in the satirical generation of 1918 was aimed at preserving the national independence. It is often criticized by foreign enemies trying to shatter the ADR, some citizens who do not understand the essence of independence, and the political and social events around the world are analyzed with the help of satire. But since the 20s, there has been an urgent call for a conclusion from the most widespread events in the satirical generation, the loss of hope for national independence and the restoration of national freedom. The satirical generation exhibiting a wide variety of themes and content in every era had a sacred end: the propagation of national independence ideas, the consolidation of national ideology, the ideology of Azerbaijanism, and the struggle for freedom in a democratic republic. One of the activists of the satirical generation at that time was U.Hajibeyli. In his satirical prose of the 1918-1920s, along with the critical look of the "Ordan-Burdan" and "Surna", he also enjoys the

43 Hüseynova, P. Идеи национальной независимости в сатирической художественной прозе Узеира Гаджибейли // – Bakı: Filologiya məsələləri, – 2017. № 2, – s.355-362. 44 Hüseynova, P. Идеи национальной независимости в сатирической художественной прозе Абдуррагим-бека Ахвердиева // – Алматы: Хабаршы Казахского Национального Университета им. Ал-Фараби, Флологическая серия, –2016. № 3 (161), – c. 31-35. 22 refreshing food of a writer inspired by freedom in his homeland. The papers of U. Hajibeyli published in 1918-1920 were written mainly by the secret signatures "Filankas" and "ChI" and the second signature was used in the newspaper "Azerbaijan" from 1919 to 28 April 1920. However, the satirical style characteristic of Uzeyir bay's feletons maintains its reputation in this work, its acute and cruel position on social defects. It is clear that in his earlier writings, the writer, who promoted the struggle for national independence, now calls upon the citizens to unite for the sake of the preservation of this independence, and helps them to understand the essence of the freedom gained. The biased attitude of some nations towards Azerbaijan provides information on literary national enemies and possible threats to satirical laughter. These words can be applied to the works of Mirza Jalil. Although Mammadguluzadeh's failure to appear in articles and feletons in 1918-1920, Soviet explorers argued against the author's opposition to the national government, Mammadguluzadeh, as his fellow soldier, always tried to support the people of his country, regardless of the circumstances. This continued after the occupation of Azerbaijan by the Bolsheviks and the fall of the DRA. From this point of view, his satirical fiction published in Baku since 1921 is more interesting. Although he expresses his thoughts here superficially, he continues to serve national interests. Articles such as “Need for remedies”, “Strong threads”, “Middle East issue” are among his works. The writer, in particular, addresses the realities of the nation by referring to the real facts of the Middle East, and in other works, he "wakes up his readers' feelings.45" "They destroy the beliefs of Muslim children, 46 " warns Mammadguluzadeh, "Where am I going?" The article touches on the issue of Azerbaijan's occupation of the USSR in 1922, the plundering of the wealth of our homeland, and the criticism

45 Şərif Ə. “Molla Nəsrəddin” necə yarandı / Ə.Şərif. – Bakı: Azərbaycan Dövlət Nəşriyyatı, –1986. – s.374. 46 Məmmədquluzadə C. Əsərləri: [6 cilddə] / Tərt ed. Ə.Mirəhmədov, T.Həsənzadə; red. Ə.Mirəhmədov / C.Məmmədquluzadə. – Bakı: Azərnəşr, – c.5. –1985. – s.40. 23 of the new government on the terrain of the "Ispalkom exam".47 Generally speaking, Mammadguluzadeh not only survived the bleeding wounds of the people with the prose patterns he created in the 20-30s of the 20th century but also warned him of the future troubles. The satirical literary prose of this period, as it is evident, served to achieve and succeeded in reflecting on the current pressing problems, regardless of political situation, in the public consciousness of nationalist thinking. We can conclude from the first paragraph of Chapter III that the satirical prose of 1918-1924 acquires a new content due to the events that took place. In addition to the content, the targets of criticism also change in the created prose samples. In the examples of satirical prose created after the collapse of the republic, events were criticized both covertly and openly, and the promotion of the ideas of national independence and national freedom continued. The analysis of the issues studied in the paragraph is reflected in the scientific article “The ideal of independence in Mirza Jalil's satirical prose (in the issues of Molla Nasreddin magazine in 1922-1924).48 The second paragraph of the dissertation entitled "Characteristic features of the artistic reflection of nationalist ideas in the satirical generation of 1925-1930" analyzes new trends in the satirical generation of Azerbaijan during these years by analyzing new features. It is noted that A. Hagverdiyev was among the tireless propagandists of the ideas of national independence. For example, in the story of a dog game published in 1927, criticism of Tsarist Russia's nationalist policy was, in fact, a criticism of the policies pursued by the existing regime. This skill is especially evident in the Soviet era. In these writings, at first glance, the Soviet ideology is propagated, and despite the open criticism of this government, the inside is exposed. In his satirical story "Candle", "Anyway, what is the good of the Council government? " She cried. - "You will be given

47 İbid. – p. 78. 48 Hüseynova, P. Mirzə Cəlil satirik bədii nəsrindəki müstəqillik idealı (Molla Nəsrəddin jurnalının 1922-1924-cü il nömrələrində) // – Bakı: Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyasının Xəbərləri, Humanitar elmlər seriyası, –2016. № 1, – s.83- 88. 24 land and goods!49", - criticizes the new government's fraud; This is a sign that the Soviet government has failed to implement the land reforms promised by the countryside, instead of plowing the land into the countryside and collecting livestock and building a collective farm. In all cases, regardless of how the Soviet literary criticism was treated, the reader was informed about A.Hagverdiyev's civil position and his service to the national idea. One of the writers who continued this position in the Azerbaijani generation of the Soviet period was M.S. Ordubadi. Some of the writings of the writer, written in the 20-30s of the 20th century, have a subversive line against the new government. His story "Forty grocers" published in 1928 in the "New Road" newspaper has an interesting plot line. Russia's colonialist policies, subordination to the will of nations, their opposition to their wishes and aspirations are fueled by satire fire by the officials and the hypocritical local staff who obey them. This satirical work, in fact, characterizes the tragedy of ordinary, innocent people who were arrested, imprisoned and deported by the new establishment at the time the story was written, and the complex, complex socio-political situation in Azerbaijan. One of his works is "The Bosphorus Court." Here, the language of one who presents himself as a scientist, Mirza Niyaz, is criticized by K.Marks and F.Engels, the founders of socialism and communist ideology. Or other satirical works written by the author in the thirties of the repressive nightmare of our nation, including the story of "The grandson of Shakhkulu bay" also protest against the kolkhoz game with textual comments. One of our intellectuals, who, like all his contemporaries after the establishment of the Soviet power, preserved his creative principles and civic position, is Y.V. Chamanzamin. The satirical works that the writer wrote after his return from exile to his homeland in 1926 also reflects his desire to see Azerbaijan as an independent, to protect national rights. Thus, in the satirical story "Nameless," written in 1926,

49 Haqverdiyev Ə. Seçilmiş əsərləri: [2 cilddə] / Tərt.ed. A.Zamanov; red. M.Mirzəyev/ Ə.Haqverdiyev.–Bakı: Azərbaycan Dövlət Nəşriyyatı, –c. 2. –1957. –s.264. 25 Y.V. In the face of Mohammed bay, who was not considered a positive hero for the meadow era, summarizes the tragic fate of wealthy, wealthy people following the October 1917 revolution and the April 1920 revolution. The main focus here is the exposition of the Bolshevik Revolution, the lawlessness and robbery that the Soviet regime committed in the name of law. The writer's "Spiritual Lady" and others. satirical works also reflect his intellectual position on the frontline of national independence. As it turned out, our satirical way of expressing the truths in a veiled way, with tears in laughter, showed us a way out of the real situation, which required only great skill. It was the most characteristic principle for the satirical artistic generation of high quality. As a result of the second paragraph of Chapter III, we can note that at this stage, satirical prose has developed in accordance with the new era, the goals of criticism have changed. We observe that the prose writers did not give up a new approach to the events and the promotion of the ideas of national independence. The results of the research and analysis are reflected in the scientific articles "National issue in the satirical prose of Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli"50, "The ideal of independence in the feuilletons of Uzeyir Hajibeyli written during the Republican period" 51. The scientific results obtained during the research are reflected in the "Findings" section of the research. It is well-known that from the second half of the 19th century, literature and the press criticized the typical social defects that had become a barrier to national independence, saw future problems, and tried to express it in various ways. In this respect, literary-publicist bodies such as "Molla Nasreddin" and "Fuyuzat" were indispensable. Writers and editors gathered around the Molla Nasreddin magazine managed to advance society by publishing progressively literary- satirical and socially-political works and achieve public renaissance in

50 Hüseynova, P. Yusif Vəzir Çəmənzəminlinin satirik bədii nəsrində milli məsələ // – Bakı: Elmi əsərlər, Bakı Qızlar Universiteti, – 2018. №3, – s.59-64. 51 Hüseynova, P. Üzeyir Hacıbəylinin Cümhuriyyət dövründə qələmə alınan felyetonlarında müstəqillik idealı // – Bakı: Filologiya məsələləri, – 2018. №12, – s.365-369. 26 national thought. Their creativity manifested itself in various literary forms and genres. Various examples of satirical artistic genres - miniature stories, novella, feleton, pamphlets, parodies and other genres were widely used in these genres. Editors such as J. Mammadguluzadeh, U. Hajibeyli, N. Narimanov, O.F. Nemanzadeh, A. Gamkusar, A. Hagverdiyev, Y.V. Chemenzamin, M.S. Ordubadi explained the satirical prose and the national state. This thesis, devoted to the study of such an issue of literary and historical importance, has identified many of the issues that are important and relevant to our literary studies and has come to the following conclusions by examining the artistic reflection of nationalist ideas in the satirical generation: 1. At the beginning of the twentieth century, satirical literary prose gained new content in connection with socio-political problems. This innovation is remarkable in terms of theme, content and ideas. It is clear that the satirical artistic generation of the era had to go through several stages in a short period of time, and each stage is characterized by both traditional and shared qualities, as well as new and distinct features: - The satirical art of 1905-1917 promotes national awakening, promoting the idea of national unity and independence, exposing the public defects in the face of national freedom and struggle. - The satirical artistic generation, created in 1918, exposes the enemies of the national government with satirical laughter and transmits them in a satirical manner that is easily understood by ordinary people, in addition to targeting the nation. The satirical art of this period draws more attention to its political essence and calls on the people to protect the Republic and to unite on this path. At this stage U. Hajibeyli and M.S. Ordubadi are also attracting attention as a politician. - The satirical artistic narrative explains the essence of political events from the 1920-1925s to the repression of the 1930s, calls on the people to reconcile with the current situation, to protect national thinking and freedom to restore national independence. 2. C. Mammadguluzadeh and other mullahs show their solidarity not only in terms of the same ideological interests but also in the

27 principles of artistic creativity. In this regard, it was possible to characterize the general qualities of the satirical artistic generation: - The lack of national interests and the ideal of unity is severely criticized in society. - At that time, the role of the literary writers was also played by Mirza Jalil, who played a great role in opening the eyes of the people, in thinking of their rights as a nation, in reinforcing the wave of oppression in society. - Representatives of the satirical generation understand that independence begins with national self-sufficiency, and the national self, as one of the key factors shaping national unity, poses the problem of the native language. The problem of the mother tongue is education, education, secular sciences, integration into the world and so on. as well as many important problems. - The satirists call on the nation to learn from the tragedies, look for ways to achieve independence, and call for unity in thought and action. - In the satirical generation, the issue of independent Azerbaijan is seriously raised. - The need to create a unified North-South Azerbaijan state is emphasized. All peoples living in the whole of Azerbaijan are thought of and the national honor is protected. - The importance of properly evaluating the current political situation and emphasizing the need to benefit from it. - The ideology of Azerbaijaniism is laid the foundation. - National unity; the issue of the unity of the Turkic peoples is raised (more often by Omar Faig Nemanzade). - To break the barrier between the people and the intelligentsia, to create an understanding 3. The propagation of the ideas of national independence also brought to the satirical generation a peculiar style and artistic qualities: - M. Satybaldi's satirical prose draws attention to its content and form; Some of these works are in the form of prose, some in the form of prose and poetry, others are compiled with full control, or complemented by a small introduction to the prose. These prose works often give the effect of a small story.

28 - Cities are presented as artistic images in a satirical generation. The language of cities describes the real picture of the social situation. - Use of literary prizes such as question and answer, dialogue, and dream (in the works of U. Hajibeyli) in the description of real events. - After the 1920s, the truths for criticism of public deficiencies were expressed in the language of images presented in a negative manner (more commonly in the works of MS Ordubadi). It should be seen as a new way to reflect the reality in our literature, which has been under the influence of ideological pressure during these years. As it turned out, in the early twentieth century, the heroic sons and daughters of our people fought for the independence of their homeland, and opposed to slavery and persecution. As always, in this period, our people are on the front line fighting both weapons and pens. Sometimes the pen is more powerful than a weapon, and has been in the forefront for some time. Because it was a time of great awakening in the minds of Azerbaijani people, who had lived in captivity in Tsarist Russia for years, far from the education, science, and even the world, and the intellectuals of Azerbaijan, including the writers and poets who fought in the face of critical realism. satirists have duly accomplished this difficult task.

The main content of the dissertation is reflected in the following articles and conference materials of the applicant:

1. National Independence Ideas by Calil Mammadguluzadeh examples of // // Baku: Language and Literature, 2015. No. 4 (96), - pp. 144-146. 2. Ideas of national liberation in the satirical art of 1917 by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh // - Baku: Philological Issues, 2015. No. 10, - pp. 451-457. 3. Satire's aspirations in the Azerbaijani artistic // // Proceedings of the Scientific Conference on "National Model and Strategy for Sustainable Development", - Mingachevir: - 2015, pp. 4. Ideas of national independence in the satirical prose of Omar Faiq Nemanzade // IV International Scientific Conference of

29 Young Researchers, Baku: - 2016, pp. 1007-1009. 5. Mirza Jalil The Idea of Independence in a Satirical Artistic Edition (Molla Nasreddin Magazine, 1922-1924) // - Baku: News of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Humanities Series, -2016. No. 1, - pp. 83-88. 6. Ideas of independence in A. satiric literary generation // Proceedings of the Republican Scientific Conference on "National Cultural Heritage and its Promotion in Globalization," - Mingachevir: - 2016, pp. 207-211. 7. The Idea of Non-Profit in Satirical Self-Narrative Narimana Narimanova // "Relaxation in the Sphere of Humanities: Opening of the 21st Century." Proceedings of IV International Conference. Pyatigorsk Gosudarstvenniy Linguistic University, Pyatigorsk: - 2016, pp.63-67. 8. Idealistic Idea in satirical creative prose Abdurrahim- Akhverdieva // - Almaty: Bulletin of the Kazakh National University im. Al-Farabi, Flologic Series, –2016. No. 3 (161), - c. 31-35. 9. The Idea of Nationalism in the satirical Godhead Uzzeira Hajibeyli // - Baku: Philological Issues, -2017. 2 No. - pp. 355- 362. 10. National issue in the satirical artistic edition of Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli // - Baku: Scientific Works, Baku Girls' University, - 2018. №3, pp. 59-64. 11. The Idea of Independence in Uzelir Hajibeyli's Felethians Written during the Republican Period // - Baku: Philological Issues, - 2018. No. 12, pp.365-369.

30 The defense will be held on “___” ______2021 at ______at the meeting of the Dissertation council ED 1.05 of Supreme Attestation Commission under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan operating at the Institute of Literature named after Nizami Ganjavi of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS).

Address: AZ1143, Baku, 115 Javid Avenue, Academy campus, Main building, 4th floor, Electronic Hall of the Institute of Literature named after Nizami Ganjavi of ANAS.

Dissertation is accessible at the Library of the Institute of Literature named after Nizami Ganjavi of ANAS.

Electronic versions of dissertation and its abstract are available on the official website of the Institute of Literature named after Nizami Ganjavi of ANAS.

Abstract was sent to the required addresses on “__” ______2021. Signed for print: 15.04.2021

Paper format: A5

Volume: 50219

Number of hard copies: 20