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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO the Politics of Equality

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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO the Politics of Equality UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO The Politics of Equality: Negotiating Reproductive Rights in Highland Guatemala A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Marianinna Villavicencio Miranda Committee in charge: Professor Nancy Postero, Chair Professor Suzanne Brenner Professor Gloria Chacon Professor Christine Hunefeldt Frode Professor Saiba Varma 2021 © Marianinna Villavicencio Miranda, 2021 All rights reserved. Dissertation Approval Page The dissertation of Marianinna Villavicencio Miranda is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. University of California San Diego 2021 iii DEDICATION Dedication To all the mujeres in my life who inspired me and who made this possible, thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Dissertation Approval Page ........................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... viii Vita .................................................................................................................................................. x Abstract of the Dissertation ............................................................................................................ xi Prologue .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 The Discourse of Development ............................................................................................... 9 Development and Human Rights as Discourses of Modernity.............................................. 14 Modernizing a Nation: Understanding the Role of NGOs in the Discourse of Development ............................................................................................................................................... 23 Ethnographic Context: Understanding What NGOs Do in Guatemala ................................. 36 Outline of Chapters ................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter—One Empowerment as Reproductive Governance: Human Rights and Narratives of Christian Salvation ........................................................................................................................ 49 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 50 Christian Cautiverios and the Promise of Salvation .............................................................. 57 Vernacularizing Human Rights: How Global Discourses About Rights Shape Local Ideas About Empowerment ............................................................................................................. 61 The Empowered and the Un-Empowered Distinction ........................................................... 72 Teenage Pregnancy as Damnation: Discourses of Salvation and the Coloniality of Human Rights ..................................................................................................................................... 84 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 97 Chapter Two—Mujeres Empoderadas: Reproductive Health and Everyday Politics in Guatemala ....................................................................................................................................................... 99 Introduction: Politics as an Analytical Tool ........................................................................ 102 Policing ................................................................................................................................ 103 Politics ................................................................................................................................. 108 Everyday Politics: Becoming “mujeres empoderadas” ....................................................... 113 v Family Politics: Expanding Political Action Beyond the Public Sphere............................. 123 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter Three—Interpellating Identity: Masculinity and Indigeneity in the Neoliberal Era ..... 133 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 137 Empowered or Indigenous: The Socioracial Hierarchy and Superación. ............................ 145 Education and the Desire for a Good Life ........................................................................... 149 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 161 Chapter Four—Alternative Development: Lessons from a Guatemalan Grassroots Organization ..................................................................................................................................................... 164 Introduction: Grassroots Politics in the land of NGOs ........................................................ 166 Las Mujeres: The Collective and Cultural Politics .............................................................. 171 The Hegemony of Vaccines ................................................................................................ 176 Anti-Vaccinations: The promise of radical development .................................................... 181 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 188 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 191 Continued NGOization ........................................................................................................ 193 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 197 vi List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Photo by Evelyn, 2017….……………………………………………. 50 Figure 1.2: Photo by Helen (group interview), 2017….…………………………. 61 Figure 1.3: The Simplified Declaration of Human Rights (Spanish), The Population Council 2011….…………………………………………………….... 65 Figure 1.4: Photo by Adelaida, 2017….………………………………………….. 72 Figure 1.5: Photo by Roberto, 2017….…………………………………………… 73 Figure 1.6: Photo by Evelyn (2), 2017………………………………….………… 83 Figure 1.7: Photo by Mariela (group interview), 2017…………………...……… 84 Figure 1.8: Photo by Ronal, 2017………………………………………………… 85 Figure 2.1: A Rainy Self-Portrait …………………………………………...……. 123 Figure 3.1: Roberto Boils Corn with His Mom…………………………………… 151 Figure 3.2: Roberto Makes Tortillas with his Mom………………………………. 151 vii Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many who helped me along the way on this journey, and I want to take a moment to thank them. First, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my dissertation committee for their continued support and constructive advice. Dr. Gloria Chacon, for her motivating assistance and invaluable introductions to Indigenous artists, scholars, and activists throughout the years. Dr. Christine Hunefeldt and Dr. Suzanne Brenner whose enthusiastic encouragement and patience throughout the duration of this project helped me in an immeasurable way. Dr Saiba Varma, who has helped me grow as a social theorist, for her practical advice and insightful suggestions on my work. I am especially indebted to Dr. Nancy Postero, my Chair, for her unwavering guidance throughout my graduate career. You have set an example of excellence as a researcher, mentor, and instructor. I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my friends and writing companions at UC San Diego, for their solidarity and emotional support. Special thanks to Sofi Lana, who stood by me during struggles and successes, and whose supportive presence during countless hours of in-person and virtual “writing times” was instrumental in my ability to complete this dissertation. I also very much appreciate Belinda and Alexia for their friendship and care. Along with Melli, our Tuesday meetings for the past year have been invaluable in preserving my mental health. Rachel, for sharing with me her strength, invaluable advice, and many pizzas. “The Fellowship” of Nancy’s students for both their stimulating conversations as well as happy distractions to rest my mind outside of my research. Thanks also to the Dissertation Writing Workshop in the Anthropology Department and the supportive staff at the Writing Hub for the encouragement to keep writing. viii I gratefully acknowledge
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