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Dublin Bus Tracking Service Dublin Bus Tracking Service Design and implementation of a device independent passenger information system Eamonn Fallon A dissertation submitted to the University of Dublin, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science September 2000 DECLARATION I declare that the work described in this dissertation is, except where otherwise stated, entirely my own work and has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university. Signed: ___________________ Eamonn Fallon September 2000 2 PERMISSION TO LEND AND/OR COPY I agree that Trinity College Library may lend or copy this dissertation upon request. Signed: ___________________ Eamonn Fallon September 2000 3 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Alexis Donnelly for all his advice, support and patience throughout the year I would also like to thank my family and friends for all their support throughout the year 4 SUMMARY Traditionally public transport has been perceived as the less desirable alternative to the car. The environmental argument of using public transport has not led to a significant increase in the usage of public transport. In order to convince people to leave their car at home, public transport must be at least as, if not more desirable than driving a car. There are a number of ways of achieving this, among them reducing fares, introducing quality bus corridors etc. However the most effective strategy to do this must be to reduce the perceived unreliability of public transport. The most effective way of doing this is through a real-time passenger information system Passenger information systems are large-scale capital intensive projects, which means only large organisations and governments can implement them. The most expensive component of the system is the automatic vehicle location (AVL) system. This thesis proposes a new type of AVL system based on third generation mobile positioning technology that significantly reduces the cost of implementing a passenger information system. A best-of-breed architecture for implementing passenger information systems is described. It uses a service chain architecture to aggregate content and services from multiple sources to provide a coherent interface to the end user. The interface can be delivered to multiple devices with different display characteristics. A prototype implementation of this architecture is implemented in Java. 5 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 THESIS CONTRIBUTION............................................................................................................ 11 1.2 THESIS ROADMAP ................................................................................................................... 11 2 POSITIONING & COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................. 13 2.1 GPS POSITIONING ................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 GPS ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.2 Differential GPS.............................................................................................................. 16 2.2 TERMINAL BASED POSITIONING TECHNIQUES........................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Network assisted GPS - AGPS ......................................................................................... 17 Fixed Reference Receiver....................................................................................................................18 User Terminal.....................................................................................................................................19 The Location Server............................................................................................................................19 2.2.2 Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)................................................................. 20 2.3 NETWORK BASED POSITIONING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Cell Global Identity & Timing Advance (CGI +TA).......................................................... 22 2.3.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA).................................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Angle of Arrival (AOA).................................................................................................... 24 2.4 AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION (AVL) SYSTEMS................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Signpost and Odometer.................................................................................................... 26 2.4.2 Dead Reckoning .............................................................................................................. 27 2.4.3 Radio navigation/location................................................................................................ 27 2.5 MANUAL POSITIONING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................ 28 2.6 SUMMARY OF POSITIONING TECHNIQUES ................................................................................. 29 3 PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEMS............................................................................... 30 3.1 TELEMATICS APPLICATION PROGRAMME ................................................................................. 32 3.2 INFOPOLIS 2 ............................................................................................................................ 32 3.2.1 Passenger Information System Families........................................................................... 33 Public interactive terminals..................................................................................................................33 Electronic bus stop display ..................................................................................................................33 On-board information..........................................................................................................................34 Enquiry office terminal........................................................................................................................34 At home/office information .................................................................................................................34 Hand-held terminal .............................................................................................................................34 Website ..............................................................................................................................................34 3.3 THE PROMISE PROJECT......................................................................................................... 35 6 3.3.1 User needs analysis ......................................................................................................... 36 3.3.2 Service Definition............................................................................................................ 37 3.3.3 Core Service 1: Trip Planning ......................................................................................... 38 3.3.4 Core Service 2: Information Services............................................................................... 40 Public Transport Information...............................................................................................................40 Yellow Pages Information ...................................................................................................................41 Point-of-Interest Information ...............................................................................................................41 Reservation Service.............................................................................................................................42 3.3.5 Generic PROMISE System Architecture........................................................................... 43 3.3.6 Level 3 Reference Model.................................................................................................. 46 User Terminal Manufacturer................................................................................................................46 Value Added Service Provider (VASP)................................................................................................46 Content Provider Centre (CPC)............................................................................................................46 3.3.7 Level 2 Reference Model.................................................................................................. 46 User Terminal Layered Reference Model.............................................................................................47 Value Added Service Provider (VASP) Layered Reference Model........................................................47 Content Provider Centre (CPC) Layered Reference Model ...................................................................48 3.3.8 Level 1 Reference Model (Functional Architecture).......................................................... 49 Content Provider Center (CPC) functionality........................................................................................49
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