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Studying the Frequencies of the Monthly Middle-Level Cloud Cover CM in Iraq

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Studying the Frequencies of the Monthly Middle-Level Cloud Cover CM in Iraq PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 5447-5460 ISSN: 00333077 Studying the frequencies of the monthly middle-level cloud cover CM in Iraq. 1-Budoor Mohammed Dawood Al-Najjar [email protected] 2-Professor Dr. Ali A Kazem Prof.dr.ali. [email protected] University of Baghdad / Ibn Rushd College of Education for Human Sciences / Department of Geography ABSTRACT The concept of the research is based on the study of middle-level cloud cover, and its upper span reaches 6 km, and it may exceed that up to 7 km, as it may overlap slightly in the level of high clouds.In terms of frequency, the upper and lower limit for the period 1988-2018 and spatially for the nine types of middle-level clouds by choosing 13 climate monitoring stations distributed geographically. The study showed that the highest annual average monthly recurrence for the first type was recorded for the Diwaniyah station during April, the second type for the Mosul station in December, the third for Baghdad in December, the fourth type for the Diwaniyah station in November and the fifth in the Al-Hayy station in January, the sixth for the Baghdad station in October and the seventh for the Khalis station in March and the eighth station of Nasiriyah in November. As for the ninth type, it was found from the study that the stations did not record frequency of this type, as the annual rate of the monthly recurrence of its presence is almost non-existent for all stations. Article Received: 10 August 2020, Revised: 25 October 2020, Accepted: 18 November 2020 INTRODUCTION Research limits Clouds have an important effect on the climate The spatial boundaries of the research are represented because they are the source of rain and snow that by the political borders of Iraq where 13 climate reach the earth. They also affect solar and terrestrial monitoring stations represented (Mosul, Kirkuk, radiation which determine the amount of penetration Khalis, Baghdad, Hilla, Al-Hayy, Al-Rutba, Najaf, from the sun heat to the earth or from the earth heat Diwaniyah, Samawah, Al-Amara, Nasiriyah, Basra) to the upper atmosphere. Whether it is day or night, are chosen and studied, because they represent meteorological data and cloud cover are used in difference and disparity of the surface sections Iraq weather analysis which is very important for solar topographic (Map 1) energy, air traffic management and weather forecasts. The temporal boundaries were represented by Research Objectives studying a major climate cycle (30 years) for the The aim of choosing the topic of the research is to period 1988-2018, based on observational data for study the nine types of middle-level clouds and their eight daily observations. frequencies to determine the most and least frequent Research method types and to know the minimum and highest levels The research required some procedures, including the during the months and seasons of the year in time and availability of data for middle-level clouds from the place, in addition to linking this to factors and causes, period 1988-2018 and processing them. They resulted whether they are highlands and lows, pressure in numerical tables and charts in graphic forms, using systems or natural and local factors. Microsoft Excel 2013. The monthly frequencies of Research problem middle-level clouds were extracted based on hourly The problem is trying to answer the following observations and from the main tables for each of the question: stations classifying them in secondary tables for each What are the types of middle-level clouds affecting of the nine types of middle-level clouds for all Iraq and which type is the most frequent? stations in the study area. Research hypothesis Map (1) of the study area stations There is a variation in the frequency of the middle- level cloud types affecting Iraq, in time and space. www.psychologyandeducation.net 5447 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 5447-5460 ISSN: 00333077 The source / the study is depending on the Ministry - Study the monthly frequency of middle-level cloud of Transport, the Iraqi General Authority for cover (CM) Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, Climate Section Characteristics and indications of types of middle-level clouds as shown in Table (1) Their characteristics Symbol Clouds type In most of its parts, it is formed as a result of As1 Middle-level layer thin the continuous and gradual development of translucent the Cs They are so dark clouds that they obscure the Ns2 Stratigraphy sun and the moon, and they are often accompanied by more low clouds that form under its base or mix in it at times. It is in the form of stacked pieces on a single Ac3 Middle-level clouds translucent flat surface, and it tends to spread gradually and slowly in the sky It is pieces irregular and its shapes change Ac4 Middle-level clouds almond constantly and the reason for the change is that these clouds are thin and translucent and are often seen over mountain areas In the form of thin and translucent bundles Ac5 Middle-level Beam clouds consisting of one or a few continuous layers, this type tends to spread in the sky with an increase in its thickness in general It is formed as a result of the spread of the Ac6 Middle-level aggregate arising upper parts of the Cu cumulus clouds, which from flatulence of aggregate have a large vertical extension and be in the form of large, dark and thick swellings, and then they soon thin and tear www.psychologyandeducation.net 5448 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 5447-5460 ISSN: 00333077 Some parts of it are usually dark and do not Ac7 Clouds type tend to spread in the sky, and it may be opaque and be accompanied by a middle or stratified cloud. And it is in the form of pages or layers on Ac8 Middle-level layer thin different levels, translucent or opaque, and its translucent parts do not change constantly and do not tend to spread in the sky It is a middle, stratified, and medium-weight Ac9 Stratigraphy rubble, and these clouds cannot be seen due to darkness, dust or sand storms, or any other phenomenon that blocks the view of the sky Source / the research relies on Maha Eisa Tawfiq al- depressions of the Mediterranean (frontline), Dalu “the general trend of cloud cover and its impact especially the warm and applied front, as well as the on precipitation in Iraq, study in climate geography, impact of the Sudanese depression during the spring College of GirlsType 1: Altostratus (As1) months, specifically April. Spatially, the highest intermediate layer. annual rate of the monthly recurrence of this type was - Altostratus (As1) translucent type recorded at Diwaniyah station, reaching (9.4) It appears from table (2) and figure (1) that the first Nasiriyah (9.1) Samawah. (8.5) Al-Hayy (8.4) Mosul type is altostratus translucent medium (AS1), which (7.8) Rutba (7.5) Kirkuk (6.2) then Najaf and Basra is one of the types of middle-level clouds. The (4.8) ) For each of them, respectively, Hilla (4.5), highest annual average monthly recurrence is Baghdad (2.8), Khalis (2.3), and finally, Emaraa recorded in time during (March April May) for the (0.8). Education, University of Baghdad, 2016, p.92 stations of the study area due to the effect of Table (2) Annual average of the monthly recurrence of the first type AS1 middle-level clouds No 2 No1 September Stations ك1 كAugust July June May April March February 2 0.1 0.2 0.6 5.5 7.8 7.4 5.1 4.7 4.4 2.7 1.7 0.2 Mosul AS 1 0.2 0.1 0.7 4.8 6.2 5 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.3 1.5 0.2 Kirkuk AS 1 0 0.1 0 1.5 1.2 2.3 2 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 Khalis AS 1 0.1 0 0 1.2 2.4 2.8 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.1 0.6 0.1 Baghdad AS 1 0 0 0 1.8 4.5 3 2.3 2.7 2.6 2 1.6 0.2 Hillah AS 1 0.5 0.2 0.8 8.4 7.8 6.2 6.8 6.2 5.3 3.8 3.8 0.7 Al-Hayy AS 1 0.3 0.2 1.2 5.7 7.5 4.7 3.6 3.4 3.4 2 2.3 1.1 Rutbah AS 1 0.1 0 0.2 4.2 4.8 4.2 3 2.8 3.3 2.1 1.6 0.1 Najaf AS 1 0.1 0 0.4 7.3 9.4 6.7 6.2 6.6 5.2 3.7 2.4 0.6 Diwaniyah AS 1 0.3 0 1 7.7 8.5 7 7.1 4.7 5.2 2.1 2.4 0.3 Samawah AS 1 0 0 0 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.1 0 Amarraa AS 1 0 0.2 0.5 7.2 9.1 9 5 5.4 6 5 2.5 0.2 Nasiriyah AS 1 0 0 0.3 2.4 4.8 3.2 2.7 3 2.5 2 1.6 0 Basra AS 1 Source: The researcher's work relying on the Iraqi General Authority for Meteorology, Climate Section, unpublished (hourly) cloud data 1988-2018 www.psychologyandeducation.net 5449 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 5447-5460 ISSN: 00333077 آب Figure (1), the first type As1 for middle-level clouds 60 تموز 50 40 حزيران 30 آيار 20 10 نيسان 0 أذار شباط ك2 Annual rate of rate Annual ك1 monthly recurrence monthly Source: the work is based on Table (2) As for the lowest annual rate of the monthly air mass (Cb), which makes it deep on the surface recurrence of the type (AS1), altostratus translucent and shallow in the upper atmosphere.
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