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Caught Between the State, the Market, and Civil Society: the Divergent Paths of Chinese Non-Governmental Organizations (Ngos) Seeking to Make Social Change in China City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2018 Caught Between the State, the Market, and Civil Society: The Divergent Paths of Chinese Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Seeking to Make Social Change in China Wenjuan Zheng The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2837 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Caught Between the State, the Market, and Civil Society: The Divergent Paths of Chinese Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Seeking to Make Social Change in China by Wenjuan Zheng A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in sociology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2018 i © 2018 Wenjuan Zheng All Rights Reserved ii Caught Between the State, the Market, and Civil Society: The Divergent Paths of Chinese Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Seeking to Make Social Change in China by Wenjuan Zheng This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in sociology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Chair of Examining Committee Date Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Katherine K. Chen James M. Jasper Robert C. Smith Paul M. Ong THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Caught Between the State, the Market, and Civil Society: The Divergent Paths of Chinese NGOs Seeking to Make Social Change in China by Wenjuan Zheng Advisor: Katherine K. Chen Research on Chinese civil society has tended to focus on the relationship between non- governmental organizations (NGOs) and the state. Such work has underestimated the complexity of the emerging institutional environment where Chinese NGOs are often caught between the state, the market, and a constrained civil society. How do civil society organizations and their respective nonprofit sectors emerge, what forms do they take? More specifically, how do organizational forms and strategies reflect political and market structures at the time? Chinese nonprofit sectors re-emerged in the late 1990s, and their relationships with the state have been contentious. The rapid transformation of the nonprofit sectors provides a unique opportunity to look at the emergence of a new organizational field. Using strategic action fields (SAFs) theory, I examine how organizations within the field of nonprofit organizations attempted to establish and defend their positions vis-à-vis the state and market. I conducted comparative case studies of two leading NGOs in two of China’s cities: Civil Society Center (CSC) in the city of Guangzhou and Excellence Promoter (EP) in the city of Shanghai. I traced the histories and current development of CSC and EP and their connected organizations and used ethnographic, interview, and survey data to triangulate the emerging urban nonprofit sectors in the context of an authoritarian state. I argue that, in different periods, the nonprofit organizational fields of iv Guangzhou and Shanghai reflected political and market structures at the time. In the early 2000s, Guangzhou’s nonprofit organizations were grassroots-driven, and a State Avoidance Autonomous field arose as large organizations decentralized into smaller organizations to decrease state scrutiny and intervention. In contrast, in Shanghai, where the state promoted nonprofit organizations as an extension of governmental programs, a State Alliance Social Market Field developed. This State Alliance Social Market Field prioritized business values and practices to guide organizational strategies rather than the ethical commitments that had been the center of the State Avoidance Autonomous field. By partnering with government, EP was able to rapidly expand while its Guangzhou counterpart, CSC, remained small and marginal. Powerful e- commerce companies such as Tencent, however, have been changing the rules and norms that used to govern the field. They entered the nonprofit field through the creation of a new fundraising platform that opened up alternative resources for Chinese NGOs. The involvement of the market through corporate foundations and new technologies has provided alternative funding for grassroots NGOs under the attack from the state. My study contributes to nonprofit studies and China studies by providing insight into how NGOs interact with different state and market players and the consequences of such interactions on organizational strategies. v Acknowledgements This study would not have proceeded anywhere without the loving support of my parents, Fujun Zheng and Laidi Zhang, who raised me with the courage and heart. Without them, I would not have been independent enough for my five-year journey of study of sociology at the Graduate Center in the City University of New York. In addition, I am also grateful for the support of my brothers, Haoxun Zheng and Wenxiang Zheng, who enabled me to study abroad in the confidence that my family would stay strong in my absence. I am aware this is not an option for all families in China of my generation and I am too grateful for this opportunity. I would also like to express the deepest appreciation to my dissertation committee chair, Katherine Chen. I owe her a great debt as she has patiently assisted me throughout this process of completing the dissertation. She guided me in developing this from a term paper into a fully- fledged academic study. I learned both the art and craft of what it means to be a professional scholar. Furthermore, gratitude to owed to James “Jim” Jasper for his additional support in refining the ideas and narrative of the project. He provided the guidance necessary to bring this project to its necessary scale. Rob Smith was also full of encouragement that helped sustain my passion for this massive project. Paul Ong from the University of California at Los Angeles provided excellent mentorship for the majority of my graduate student studies. His research support funds helped me achieve the project’s comparative urban scale. Mary Clare Lennon also deserves a special mention for her wonderful support and methodological training. Rati Kashyap provided me with the emotional comfort with her wit, such as “No one reads your dissertation!” In addition to my committee, I am also grateful for the social justice orientation of my fellow graduate students. My “go-to buddies” Xuemeng Li, Siqi Tu, Anna Zhelnina, and Beiyi Hu made life easier. My mentors Erin Micheals, Dave Monaghan, and many more graduate students continually reminded me the benefits of paying it forward. I also succeeded because I was never alone in this difficult process. The 2013 cohort has kept me on task and inspired me to keep going! This dissertation also owes particular visual clarity to Michael W. Raphael. Clarity in the text was also supported by my editor and friend, Robert Sauté. This wisdom I hope will help bring happiness to those that venture to read it. Wenjuan Zheng New York, NY August 2018 vi vii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 A Synopsis of this Comparative Study ..................................................................................... 3 Strategic Action Fields ............................................................................................................ 7 Emergence and Stabilization of SAFs ................................................................................ 11 A State-Centric Approach in Chinese Nonprofit Literature .................................................... 15 Organization of Chapters ....................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 The Golden 10 Year .................................................................................................. 22 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 22 Nonprofits in China ............................................................................................................... 25 The Size of the Nonprofit Sector in China .......................................................................... 25 A Brief History of the Development of Chinese Civil Society ............................................... 28 Post-2008 Era: The Emergent Period ................................................................................. 30 The Crisis and Episodes of Contention Since 2014............................................................. 33 The Re-Settlement Period from 2016-2017 ........................................................................ 35 The Nonprofit Sectors in Guangzhou and Shanghai ............................................................... 37 Two Incubators and Two Fields............................................................................................. 42 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................
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