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REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE Carphophis Vermis

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REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Ernst, C.H., J .M. Orr, and T.R. Creque. 2003. Carphophis vermis. Carphophis vermis (Kennicott) Western Wormsnake Celuta vermis Kennicott 1859:99. Type locality, "Missouri" (Cooper County, from United States National Museum [USNM]catalogue). Holotype, USNM 2180,collected by Dr. P.R. Hoy, missing since before 1958. Carphophiops vermis: Cope 1875:34. Carphophis amoena, var. vermis: Garman 1884: 10 1. Carphophis arnoenn vermis: Blanchard 1924527. Carphophis amoenus vermis: Perkins 1949:7. Carphoris vermis: Smith 1961:288. Ex errore. Carphophis vermis: Clark 1968: 110. First use of present combination. CONTENT. Carphophis vermis is monotypic. DEFINITION. Adults have total lengths of 17.7-39.1 cm; males are 17.7-35.4 cm long, females are 24.0-39.1 cm. The cylindrical body has a plain dark gray to gray-violet dorsum, MAP. Distribution of Carphophis vermis: circle marks the type locality, and a pinkish venter. The pinkish ventral pigmentation extends dots indicate other selected localities,and stars indicate fossil localities. upward on the sides to include the third lateral scale row. The head is pointed, and the eyes are small and violet. The short tail ends in a blunt spine-like scale. Dorsal body scales are smooth, pitless, opalescent, and normally occur in 13 rows. On the venter are 120-150 ventral scutes, 2141 subcaudal scales, and a divided cloaca1 scute. Each side of the head has I nasal, I loreal, 0 preoculars, 1 (rarely 2) postocular(s), I + I(rarely I + 2) temporals, 5 supralabials, and 6 infralabials. Dorsally, the paired internasal scales and prefrontal scales are separate (not fused). The chin lacks gular shields between the posterior chin shields. The single hemipenis is 5-7 subcaudals long when inverted. It has a forked sulcus spermaticus, a calyculate crown, numerous small spines on the shaft. and three large basal spines. The FIGURE. Carphophis vermis, Franklin County, Kansas (photograph dentition is as follows: dentary teeth, 16-23 (mean 18.5); by Suzanne L. Collins, courtesy of the Center for North American maxillary teeth, 10-12 (mean 11); palatine teeth, 12-15 (mean Herpetology). 13); and pterygoid teeth, 16-19 (mean 18). Males have 120-141 (mean 131) ventrals, 25-4 1 (mean 28) subcaudals, and tails that are 17-23% (mean 20%) of SVL; (1990). Collins (1993), Conant and Collins (1998), T. Johnson females have 128-1 50 (mean 140) ventrals, 21-3 1 (mean 28) (2000), Tennant and Bartlett (2000),Werler and Dixon (2000) subcaudals, and tails 12-17% (mean 14%) of SVL (Clark 1967, and Ernst and Ernst (2003). Black and white illustrations of 1970b). Males also have ridges on the body scales above the adults or juveniles are in Conant and Bridges ( 1939), Hudson anal vent (Blanchard 1924). (1942). H. Smith (1956), Wright and Wright (1 957), Anderson (1965), Clark ( 1970a), Emst and Barbour ( 1989), and Collins DESCRIPTIONS. General descriptions are in Garman (1993). Specific illustrations are as follows: venter (Cope 1900, (1892), Cope (1900). Hurter (I91 I), Bailey (1939). Conant and Dundee and Rossman 1989), skull (Clark 1970a), dentition Bridges (1939), Hudson (1942), H. Smith (1956), Wright and (Clark 1970a),maxilla with attached egg tooth (Clark 1970a), Wright (1957), P. Smith (1961), Anderson (1965), Clark (1968, hemipenis (Clark 1970a), head scales (Cope 1900; Schmidt 1970a), Cochran and Goin (1970), Webb (1970), Behler and and Davis 1941; Wright and Wright 1957; Clark 1968, 1970a; King (1979), Vogt (1981), Smith and Brodie (1982), Dundee Ernst and Barbour 1989; Conant and Collins 1998). body scales and Rossman (l989), Emst and Barbour ( 1989),Collins (1993), (Cope 1900), eggs (Clark 1970a, Dloogatch 1978, T. Johnson Conant and Collins (1998). T. Johnson (2000), Tennant and 2000). hatching neonate (Clark 1970a, Dloogatch 1978, T. Bartlett (2000), and Emst and Ernst (2003). Detailed descriptions Johnson 2000), and habitat (Clark 1970a). are as follows: skull (Clark 1970a), dentition (Clark 1970a), eye diameter (Clark 1970a).ear (Baird 1960), hemipenis (Clark DISTRIBUTION. Carphophis vermis is found from southern 1970a) and sexual dimorphism (Clark, 1967, 1970a). Iowa and southeastern Nebraska south to northwestern Louisiana and northeastern Texas. Isolated populations are found in ILLUSTRATIONS. Color illustrations of adults are in southwestern Wisconsin, westcentral Illinois, southeastern Behler and King (1979), Simon (1979), Vogt ( 198 I), Smith and Arkansas, and northeastern Louisiana. Distributional papers Brodie (1982), Tennant (1984, 1998), Dundee and Rossman include those of Taylor (1935), Dellinger and Black (1938), (1989), Sievert and Sievert (1989), Christiansen and Bailey Bailey (1939). Klimstra (l950),Breukelman and Clarke (1951), Parker ( 1947), Clarke (1 956), Dowling (1957), Myers ( 1957, Avery, R.A. 1982. Field studies of body temperatures and 1959),Clarkeet al. (1958),Sajdak (1978),Thurow (1980,1999). thermoregulation, p. 93-166. In C. Gans and F.H. Pough (eds.), Tumlison and Wiley (1980),Collins (l995), Corn and Peterson Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 12. Physiology C, Physiological Ecology. Academic Press, New York. (1996), and Smith and Johnson (1999). Distributional maps Bailey, R.M. 1939. Carphophis nmoena vermis and Lnmprope1ti.s were presented by Hudson (1942),H. Smith (1956), Wright and calligcrster in lowa. Copeia 1939:2 18-220. Wright (1957), P. Smith (1961),Anderson (1965), Raun (1 965), Baird, I.L. 1960.A survey of the periotic labyrinth of some representative Clark (1968, 1970a), Webb (1970), Behler and King (1979). Recent reptiles. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 41:89l-981. Simon (1 979), Vogt (198 I), Smith and Brodie ( 1982), Tennant Behler. J.L. and F.W. King. 1979.The Audubon Society Field Guide to ( 1984, 199X), Dundee and Rossman ( 1989), Ernst and Barbour North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New (1989), Sievert and Sievert (1989). Christiansen and Bailey York. (1990),Collins (l993),Conant andCollins(l998),Dixon (2000), Blanchard, F.N. 1924. The forms of Carphophis. Pap. Michigan Acad. T. Johnson (2000), Tennant and Bartlett (2000), Werler and Sci. Arts Lett. 4527-530. Brattstrom, B.H. 1965. Body temperatures of reptiles.Amer. Midl. Nat. Dixon (2000), and Ernst and Ernst (2003). 73:376-422. Breukelman, J. and R.F. Clarke. 1951. A revised list of amphibia and FOSSIL RECORD. Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) fossils of reptiles of Chase and Lyon counties Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. C. vermis have been found in the Conard Fissure Local Fauna, Sci. 54542-545. Newton County, Arkansas (Dowling 1958a); Boney Spring Brumwell, M J. 1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Levenworth Fauna, Benton County, Missouri (Saunders 1977); and at the Military Reservation. Amer. Midl. Nat. 45:187-231. Lubbock Lake Site, Lubbock County, Texas (E. Johnson 1974, Bun, C.E. 1927. An annotated list of the amphibians and reptiles of 1987).The Lubbock Lake,Texas,site is well west of the current Riley County, Kansas. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (189): 1- 9. range of the species in Texas. Busby, W.H. and J.R. Parmelee. 1996. Historical changes in a herpetological assemblage in the Flint Hills of Kansas. Amer. Midl. PERTINENT LITERATURE. The most comprehensive Nat. 135231-91. report on C. vermis is that of Clark (1970a). Other general Cadle, J.E. 1984. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine accounts are in Hurter (19 1 I), Conant and Bridges (1939), snakes. 111. Overview of xenodontine phylogeny and the history of Ditmars (1939), Schmidt and Davis (1941), Hudson (1942). H. New World snakes. Copeia 1984:641-652. Smith (1956), Wright and Wright (1957), P. Smith (1961), -. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships among advanced snakes: A Anderson (1965). Webb (1970), Behler and King (1979), Vogt molecular approach. Univ. California Publ. 7.001. 119:i + 77 p. Christiansen, J.L. 198 1. Population trends among Iowa's amphibians (1981), Tennant (1984, 1998), Dundee and Rossman (1989). and reptiles. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 88:2&27. Emst and Barbour (1989). Collins (1993), Conant and Collins - and R.M. Bailey. 1990. The snakes of lowa. lowa Dept. Nat. Res. (1998).T. Johnson (2000), Werler and Dixon (2000), and Ernst Nongame Tech. Ser. (I): 1-16. and Ernst (2003). Specific topics are: systematics and Clark, D.R., Jr. 1967. Experiments into selection of soil type, soil taxonomy (Clark 1968; Rossman 1973; Dowling et al. 1983; moisture level,and temperature by five species of small snakes.Trans. Cadle 1984, 1988; Collins 1991a. 1991b; Crother 2000), Kansas Acad. Sci. 70:490-496. zoogeography (Dowling 1958b),ear(Baird 1960),parathyroid -. 1968. A proposal of specific status for the Western Worm Snake. gland (Herdson 1956). skin (Woods 1973), reproduction (Clark Carphophis amoenus vermis (Kennicon).Herpetologica 24: 104-1 12. -. 1970% Ecological study of the Worm Snake Carphophis vertnis 1970b. Aldridge and Metter 1973, Fitch 1985, lverson 1987, (Kennicott). Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 19:85-194. Dloogatch 1978, St. Girons 1985, Shine and Seigel 1996), -. 1970b. Age-specific "reproductive effort in the Worm Snake growth and longevity (Andrews 1982, Fitch 1999), habitat Carphophis vermis (Kennicott).Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 73:20-24. (Burt 1927, Brumwell 1951, Dowling 1958b, Fitch 1958, Elick Clarke. R.F. 1956. Distributional notes on some amphibians and reptiles and Sealander 1972, Elick et al. 1980, Clawson and Baskett of Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 59:213-219. 1982, Busby and Parmelee 1996, Corn and Peterson 1996), -. 1958. An ecological study of reptiles and amphibians in Osage resource partitioning (Henderson 1974), moisture County, Kansas. Emporia St. Res. Stud. 7:l-52. requirements (Clark 1967),evaporative water loss (Elick and -, J. Breukelman, and T.F. Andrews. 1958.An annotated check list of the vertebrates of Lyon County, Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. Sealander 1972, Mautz 1982), thermal ecology (Fitch 1956, 61:165-194. Clarke 1958, Clark 1967, Brattstrom 1965, Henderson 1974, Clawson, M.E. and T.S. Baskett. 1982. Herpetofauna of the Ashland Elick et al.
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  • References for Life History

    References for Life History

    Literature Cited Adler, K. 1979. A brief history of herpetology in North America before 1900. Soc. Study Amphib. Rept., Herpetol. Cir. 8:1-40. 1989. Herpetologists of the past. In K. Adler (ed.). Contributions to the History of Herpetology, pp. 5-141. Soc. Study Amphib. Rept., Contrib. Herpetol. no. 5. Agassiz, L. 1857. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. 2 Vols. Little, Brown and Co., Boston. 452 pp. Albers, P. H., L. Sileo, and B. M. Mulhern. 1986. Effects of environmental contaminants on snapping turtles of a tidal wetland. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 15:39-49. Aldridge, R. D. 1992. Oviductal anatomy and seasonal sperm storage in the southeastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata). Copeia 1992:1103-1106. Aldridge, R. D., J. J. Greenshaw, and M. V. Plummer. 1990. The male reproductive cycle of the rough green snake (Opheodrys aestivus). Amphibia-Reptilia 11:165-172. Aldridge, R. D., and R. D. Semlitsch. 1992a. Female reproductive biology of the southeastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata). Amphibia-Reptilia 13:209-218. 1992b. Male reproductive biology of the southeastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata). Amphibia-Reptilia 13:219-225. Alexander, M. M. 1943. Food habits of the snapping turtle in Connecticut. J. Wildl. Manag. 7:278-282. Allard, H. A. 1945. A color variant of the eastern worm snake. Copeia 1945:42. 1948. The eastern box turtle and its behavior. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 23:307-321. Allen, W. H. 1988. Biocultural restoration of a tropical forest. Bioscience 38:156-161. Anonymous. 1961. Albinism in southeastern snakes. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull.
  • A Guide to Missouri's Snakes

    A Guide to Missouri's Snakes

    A GUIDE TO MISSOURI’S SNAKES MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION A Guide to Missouri’s Snakes by Jeffrey T. Briggler, herpetologist, and Tom R. Johnson, retired herpetologist, Missouri Department of Conservation Photographs by Jeffrey T. Briggler, Richard Daniel, Tom R. Johnson, and Jim Rathert Edited by Larry Archer Design by Susan Ferber Front cover: Eastern milksnake. Photo by Jim Rathert. mdc.mo.gov Copyright © 2017 by the Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri Published by the Missouri Department of Conservation PO Box 180, Jefferson City, Missouri 65102–0180 Equal opportunity to participate in and benefit from programs of the Missouri Depart- ment of Conservation is available to all individuals without regard to their race, color, religion, national origin, sex, ancestry, age, sexual orientation, veteran status, or disability. Questions should be directed to the Department of Conser- vation, PO Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102, 573-751-4115 (voice) or 800-735-2966 (TTY), or to Chief, Public Civil Rights, Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. GET TO KNOW MISSOURI’S SNAKES Snakes have generated more fear and misunderstanding than any other group of animals. Psychologists have proven that a fear of snakes (called ophidiophobia) is acquired; we are not born with it. Once people learn some of the interesting facts about snakes and discover that most of them are harmless and beneficial, their aversion may diminish. With patience and understanding, almost anyone can overcome a dread of snakes and actually enjoy studying them. One thing is certain — even people with a well-developed fear of snakes are curious about them.