Development and Assessment of a Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model for Terrestrial Vertebrates in the State of Maryland

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DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF A WILDLIFE HABITAT RELATIONSHIP MODEL FOR TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND

Robert John Northrop

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Wildlife Ecology

Spring 2009

DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF A WILDLIFE HABITAT RELATIONSHIP MODEL FOR TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND

Robert John Northrop

Approved: ______Jacob L. Bowman, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee

Approved: ______Douglas W. Tallamy, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology

Approved: ______Robin Morgan, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources

Approved: ______Debra Hess Norris, M.S. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Dr. Jacob Bowman for his patience and continuing support over the past several years. Thanks to Dr. Roland Roth who originally asked me to teach at the University of Delaware in 1989. The experience of teaching wildlife conservation and management at the University for 14 years has changed the way I approach my professional life as a forest ecologist. I also offer a big thank – you to all my students at the University I have learned more from you than you can imagine. I am grateful to the U.S. Forest Service, Dr. Mark Twery and Scott Thomasma, for funding the initial literature review and research, and for ongoing database support as we use this work to build a useful conservation tool for planners and natural resource managers in Maryland. I thank all of the men and women of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources who spend their lives working long hours for little money to protect the biological diversity and enhance natural legacy of that beautiful land. This is my parting gift to you. Finally, to Rebecca Northrop who never stops believing in me and JoAnn Hoffman who will be glad to have me back when this project is completed. Thank you very much. This work and the tool that will be developed from it are dedicated to the large old white oak tree that shared my yard and life during the 20 years that my family spent in Cecil County Maryland working to restore the Chesapeake Bay. It framed our lives, protected us during storms, and shaded us during the hot humid summers.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ...... v LIST OF FIGURES...... vi ABSTRACT ...... vii

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….9

STUDY AREAS………………………………………………………………..……13

METHODS…………………………………………………………………………...17

RESULTS…………………………………………………………………….………28

DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………..….…34

MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS…………………………………………..……..39

LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………….……41

REFERENCES USED TO POPULATE HABITAT MATRIX………………..……43

APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………….…59

iv LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1. Forest and non – forest data types used in the wildlife habitat relationship model ………………………………………………18

Table 3.2. Forest type classification and development stages used in the wildlife habitat relationship model………………………………19

Table 4.1. Summary of omission and commission errors for each of the seven study sites………………………………………………………..30

Table 4.2. Explanation of omission errors……………………..……...…....32

Table 4.3 Explanation of commission errors………………..……………..33

Appendix A Species predicted, observed and commission errors for each of the seven study sites…………………………………………………59

Appendix B Vertebrate species of Maryland considered within the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model……………………………68

Appendix C Vertebrate species found within each county of Maryland ……..75

Appendix D Vertebrate species found within each of the physiographic provinces in Maryland…………………………………………...87

Appendix E Vertebrate species found within each of the 8 – digit Maryland watersheds…………………………………………………….....99

Appendix F Vertebrate species found within each U.S. Forest Service Northeast forest type and vegetative development stage…………………………………………………………….114

Appendix G Forest structure features associated with the habitat of each vertebrate species within the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model ……………………………………..……..127

Appendix H Non – forest structure features associated with the habitat of each vertebrate species within the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model ……………………………….…….……..139

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Map showing location of Maryland within mid – Atlantic region and physiographic regions………………………………………14

Figure 2.2. Map showing location of Prettyboy Reservoir property within the Gunpowder watershed and Piedmont Plateau physiographic region……………………………………………………………16

Figure 3.1. Logic flow chart for the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model…………………………………………………………...27

ABSTRACT

Human population growth and development patterns have led to the accelerated loss of farmland and forest since the 1950s and has raised considerable concern over the loss of biodiversity and its impact on basic ecosystem functions that support ecological services needed by society for sustainability (EPA, 2004 and Conservation Fund, 2006). Traditional approaches to wildlife conservation have relied on a reactive species-by-species approach that is often prohibitively expensive, biased toward game or charismatic species and often ineffective (Pitelka 1981, Noss 1991). I have developed a rapid habitat assessment tool that uses an integrated series of databases that link forest composition, vegetative development stage, forest and non – forest structure, and non-forest habitat features with maps of known vertebrate distribution. The tool is intended to aid in the evaluation of habitat impacts associated with changes in land use and natural resource management within Maryland.

I tested the habitat assessment tool using presence/absence data for 29 commonly occurring herpetofauna collected by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources over a two year period on seven sites within the Piedmont Plateau physiographic province. The initial run of the assessment tool correctly predicted the presence of 86% of the herpetofauna. The average omission error rate was 14%. The average commission error rate was 43%. I found a significant goodness of fit between

2 the observed and predicted herpetofauna at the 7 inventory sites (χ 0.05, 6df = 0.9, P>.975).

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The observed omission errors fell in three broad categories: field inventory error, forest types used by a species but not included in the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model, and the use of closed-canopy forest by species thought to use only open canopy forest. Correcting for these forest type errors within the design of the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model and the data entry errors reduced the overall omission error to 3%, improving the overall predictive rate to 61%, with reptiles at 44% and amphibians at 70%. With corrections the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model accurately predicted the presence of 97% of the 29 field-inventoried species at each site.

Low rates of omission errors (pre-assessment 14%, post-assessment 3%) suggest that the model is achieving improvements in accuracy over earlier wildlife habitat relationship models, a possible outcome of its narrow geographic focus and its focus on the use of local and regional habitat descriptions when available (Block et.al. 1994). Commission errors are likely to remain above acceptable rates for managers looking for a tool that can accurately provide site-specific vertebrate occupancy predictions in the commonly accepted range of 75 to 80% (Hurley 1986).

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INTRODUCTION

The continuing loss of farmland and forest within the state of Maryland has raised considerable concern over the loss of biodiversity and its impact on basic ecosystem functions that support ecological services needed by society for sustainability (EPA, 2004 and Conservation Fund, 2006). Several state land use laws, including the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Program (1984) and Forest Conservation Act (1991), now routinely require the collection and analysis of habitat data for inclusion in land use change decisions and forest and farm management planning. Yet, there is no effective and efficient mechanism available for using these data to assess the impacts of changes in habitat composition and structure at these levels of decision- making.

Here I describe the development of a rapid wildlife habitat assessment tool, the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model (MWHRM ). It uses vegetation composition and structural data commonly collected for land use and management decision making in Maryland to identify potential habitat capabilities across multiple species for use in Maryland. This work follows closely the work of Thomas (1979) in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, DeGraaf et. al. (1992) in New England, and Harvey (1994) in Pennsylvania.

9 Habitat provides the basis for most wildlife conservation activities (Morrison et.al., 1998). Understanding the role of vegetative composition and habitat structure in the control of wildlife distribution and persistence is central to wildlife conservation (Van Horne, 1983). Linking known patterns of habitat use with descriptions of existing vegetation is often used to model an animal’s habitat (Verner et.al. 1986) and provides a mechanism for modeling patterns of presence and absence across a landscape. This approach to habitat modeling has been used for the assessment of animal distribution at various geographic scales and for a variety of purposes.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed a series of habitat suitability indices based upon food, cover, and requirements for reproduction (Clark and Hutchinson 1989) . These indices rank a set of quantifiable environmental variables perceived to have the greatest influence on a species presence. The majority of these models have focused on a limited number of species important to the agency (approx. 100) and were intended to be used as part of the Habitat Evaluation Procedures to quantify effects of land management on wildlife habitat (Roloff and Kernohan, 1999).

More recently major effort has been placed on the development of spatially explicit habitat models for coarse filter biodiversity conservation assessments at the eco-region scale (Scott et al. 1987) for conservation planning. Spatially explicit models, such as the National Biological Service’s GAP analysis program predict the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates based upon the synthesis of wildlife habitat

10 relationship information and vegetative cover maps derived from remotely sensed imagery. Outputs from the models include maps of vegetative communities and animal distributions. The products are expected to be adequate for planning at the eco- region scale of several thousand to millions of hectares in size.

Wildlife habitat relationship matrix models present summary habitat information in a tabular form (Verner and Boss 1980) and have been used to predict the presence of particular species within a specific region based upon seral stages of vegetative types. While wildlife habitat relationship matrix models often lack the quantitative detail found within habitat suitability indices they have been useful in rapidly accessing potential habitat values for multiple species. The use of wildlife habitat relationship matrix models to inform land use planning and management has been routinely criticized in the literature due to the lack of field testing (Block et al., 1994).

The MWHRM assessment tool, which I developed, uses an integrated series of databases that link geographic distribution, forest type, seral stage, vegetative and non-vegetative structure, and non-forest habitat for 236 terrestrial vertebrate species commonly found in Maryland. It provides a systematic approach to explore the potential responses of common amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals to habitat alterations and loss. It is important to recognize that the MWHRM is not intended as a habitat analysis tool for rare, threatened or endangered species. In an attempt to enhance the overall performance of the MWHRM, microhabitat features such as plant composition and structure, soil friability, and topographic position were

11 included. Species-habitat matrices, based upon a synthesis of the natural history and habitat information in the existing scientific literature, depict the composition and structure of vegetative communities and their seral stages found within Maryland needed by terrestrial vertebrates. A deliberate effort was made to locate and use authoritative local and regional sources for input into model variables. Species distribution maps, based upon museum records, historical reports and ongoing inventories, were assembled to allow the user to perform a coarse scale analysis of potential vertebrate distribution at the county level, physiographic region and watershed scale.

To ascertain the shortcomings of the assessment tool, I compared the predicted to the actual presence of common amphibians and reptiles found at the forest stand level (10 – 95 acres). Forest data collected at Prettyboy Reservoir Forest in Baltimore County, Maryland, were used to generate predictions from the MWHRM and species outputs were compared to existing herpetofaunal inventories conducted by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources at seven separate locations representing a diversity of habitat types (Foley and Smith, 1999).

STUDY AREA

The Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model was designed specifically for use within the State of Maryland. Maryland lies between 75° 4'W to 79° 33'W longitude and 37° 53'N to 39° 43'N latitude. It is bordered on the north by Pennsylvania, the east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, the south by Virginia, and the south and west by West Virginia. While one of the smallest states, its 25,317 km2 of land area stretch across five physiographic regions (figure 2.1) representing a rich diversity of plant communities and wildlife associations.

Although climate is an important factor in accounting for present as well as past distribution of plant communities within the state, different forest associations are concurrent within the same or similar climatic zones and thus demonstrate the control of edaphic factors on the composition of plant communities (Daubenmire 1959). The absence of forests greater than 150 years of age is largely a result of cultural disturbance, including clearing for agriculture, timber and fuel wood harvesting (Edwards, 1968). Since the post World War II period, forests have been further reduced through urban development. Human influence now far exceeds the natural disruption of the previous few centuries, both spatially and in intensity (Brush et al. 1977).

Pennsylvania

Maryland

Delaware Virginia West Virginia

Figure 2.1 Location of Maryland within mid – Atlantic region and physiographic regions

14 Testing the MWHRM was conducted at seven locations within the City of Baltimore’s Prettyboy Reservoir property in Baltimore County, Maryland (fig. 2.2). The site lay within the northern piedmont physiographic region. The entire reservoir property consisted of 5,880 acres of forestland completely surrounding the reservoir itself. The Prettyboy Reservoir forestlands was owned and managed by the City of Baltimore.

The study area lay within the 1,165 sq. kilometers Gunpowder River watershed. The watershed consists of a landscape matrix of wetlands (7%), forest (35%), agriculture (36%) and urban (22%) land uses. Current land use patterns express a continual change from agricultural to more dispersed urban settings, as population density has continued to climb since the mid – 19th century (Beasley, 1916).

The Prettyboy Reservoir property was purchased in 1928 and was actively managed for timber and water protection through 1990. There has been no active manipulation of the forest vegetative on the property since 1990.

An extensive and dense system of dirt roads had cut the property into many small fragments (14% forest interior) and encouraged high levels of recreational use. A resident white – tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population 10 times the historic density (Northrop, 2000) has led to a forest structure lacking in ground and shrub cover. This sparse structure is reflective of the urbanizing nature of the region (table 2.1).

Figure 2.2 Location of Prettyboy Reservoir Property and delineated forest stands, within the Gunpowder Watershed and Piedmont Plateau Physiographic Province

METHODS

I. HOW THE MARYLAND WILDLIFE – HABITAT RELATIONSHIP MODEL WAS ORGANIZED

INTRODUCTION

The database structure for the Maryland Wildlife – Habitat Relationship Model was designed to efficiently store habitat characteristics and distribution information associated with common vertebrate species known to occur in Maryland. The database contains forest and non – forest habitat structural features tables (table 3.1), forest type - as defined by the USDA Forest Service (table 3.2), and size class tables, as well as distribution maps for the 236 mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds specific to Maryland.

Data used to populate the MRHM relied heavily on authoritative government and academic sources actively engaged in wildlife conservation in Maryland and adjacent states within the mid-Atlantic region. Sources from outside the mid-Atlantic region included authoritative general descriptions of habitat relationships for the eastern United States produced by professional conservation organizations, academics and government conservation organizations. Sources from outside the mid- Atlantic were used only when the local and regional sources did not provide the comprehensive information needed regarding a specific habitat feature (see below).

17 Table 3.1 Forest and non – forest structure data types used in MWRM

FOREST HABITAT STRUCTURE NON-FOREST HABITAT STRUCTURE

Temporary water Cultivated field Permanent water Grass Subterranean habitat Forbs Dead and down woody debris or slash piles Shrub/old field Percent groundcover less than 30% Pasture Percent ground cover from 30% to 75% Sedge meadow Percent groundcover greater than 75% Shallow marsh Deciduous shrubs (>50% observed) Deep marsh Coniferous shrubs (>50% observed) Shrub swamp Mixed deciduous and coniferous shrubs Bog Ericaceous shrubs Pond Shrub cover less than 20% Lake Shrub cover between 20% and 50% Stream Shrub cover greater than 50% River Deciduous midstory Seep Coniferous midstory Riparian Mixed deciduous and coniferous midstory Stable bank Cavity trees (living or dead) Ledge/cliff Overstory cover less than 15% Cave Overstory cover between 16% and 30% Human structure Overstory cover between 31% and 70% Overstory cover greater than 70% Rocks Forest litter Soft mast Hard mast High perch Low perch

18 Table 3.2 U.S. Forest Service forest types for mid – Atlantic states

FOREST TYPES DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE

Appalachian hardwoods Grass - forb Bottomland hardwoods Shrub – seedling Hemlock Young tree Maple Mature Northern hardwoods Northern pine Oak Oak – hickory Oak – northern hardwoods Oak – pine Other mixed hardwoods Pine – hardwood Poplar Southern pine Atlantic white cedar Baldcypress

DETERMINING VALUES FOR HABITAT VARIABLES

Principal sources for information on birds include: the Atlas of Breeding Birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia (Robbins and Blum eds. 1996) and American Ornithologists’ Union’s Birds of North America. Secondary sources include the Biota of Virginia database (VA Dept. Game and Inland Fish. 2008), the Maryland wildlife database (MD DNR 1985 unpub.) and the Land Manager’s Guide to Birds of the South (Hamel 1992). Principal sources of information on amphibians and reptiles include: Snakes of Maryland (Kelly et al. 1936), Biota of Virginia database (VA Dept. Game and Inland Fish. 2008), and the U.S.G.S. Amphibian and Reptile Database USGS Bo. Survey 2005 unpub.) Secondary sources included Amphibians and Reptiles

19 of the Carolinas and Virginia (Martof 1980), Amphibians and Reptiles of Delmarva (White and White 2002), the Reptiles of Virginia (Mitchell 1994), Amphibians and Reptiles of Pennsylvania (Hulse 2001), and the Maryland Wildlife Database (MD DNR 1985 unpub.). Principal sources of habitat information for mammals included: Mammals of Maryland – North American Fauna No.66 (Paradiso 1969), Mammalian Species accounts (American Society of Mammalogists), Biota of Virginia database(VA Dept. Game and Inland Fish. 2008). Secondary sources included the Maryland wildlife database (MD DNR 1985 unpub.) and the New England Wildlife: Habitat, Natural History and Distribution (DeGraaf et al. 1992).

A particular habitat feature was included in the tables for a specific species if the synthesis of the existing data indicated a direct identification of that habitat element by a reputable source in Maryland or at least three sources from outside the state agreed. In every case the greatest emphasis was placed on information coming from an authoritative source within the mid-Atlantic region.

Some MWHRM habitat variables, such as ground and shrub cover, and canopy closure contain numeric ranges. Each of these percentage ranges followed a three-tiered approach to density that allowed for the consideration of ‘sparse’, ‘moderate’, and ‘dense’ covers often used as descriptors in the reviewed literature. True percentage, when available, were used in assigning the appropriate value. In other sources, cover was often expressed using terms such as ‘light’, ‘moderate’, ‘heavy’, ‘open’, and ‘closed’. A review of at least three sources was used to gain a

20 clearer understanding of these modifiers, and to choose the most appropriate value while maintaining consistency in assigning values.

Each forest and non-forest structural feature for a specific species was assigned an ‘X’ if that feature was deemed important,, or was left ‘empty/blank’ if the feature was not deemed important. Features that were considered very important were assigned a ‘p’ modifier (as in ‘p’). Features that were considered very important from a breeding perspective were assigned a ‘b’ modifier (as in ‘b’). Both modifiers were used only when confirmed by the majority of sources reviewed (Appendix F and G). Forest type descriptions, when expressed as deciduous, coniferous or mixed, were cross-walked to match known forest types within the physiographic regions of Maryland (see Appendix E and I).

DETERMINING VERTEBRATE DISTRIBUTION

Species distribution tables were developed using documented historical accounts, with the greatest credence placed on more contemporary records. In all instances these historical accounts were initially displayed using dot maps. Tables from these maps were constructed for the 16 counties, 5 physiographic regions – Eastern Shore, Western Shore, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, and Appalachian Mountains, and 19 watersheds designated by the MD Office of Planning (Appendix B, C and D).

21 Development of the distribution maps for the birds relied on sources in the following order: Atlas of Breeding Birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia (Robbins and Blum eds. 1996); Birds of Maryland The District of Columbia – N.A. Fauna #62 (Robbins 1958); and Maryland’s Natural Heritage Program species account database (MD DNR 1985 unpub). Distribution maps for the amphibians and reptiles relied on collection accounts described within the Distributional Survey (Amphibia/Reptilia): Maryland and the District of Columbia (MD Herpetological Society 1975). Distribution maps for mammals relied heavily on descriptions found in Mammals of Maryland - North American Fauna, No. 66 (Paradiso 1969); with supplemental data coming from the MD Natural Heritage Program’s species account database (MD DNR 1985 unpub).

II. FOREST HABITAT INVENTORY METHODOLOGY

The field habitat inventory was conducted in 2000 (Northrop 2000) following a standard methodology set by the USDA Forest Service for the northeastern United States (USDA Forest Service 2009). The system allows the user to analyze stand level conditions, aggregate them into larger units and patches for patch analysis, and further aggregate them for habitat analysis at the landscape level (several thousand acres). The intensity of this assessment was set at a confidence interval of 67% to match standard federal and state planning criteria for forest planning in Maryland (MD Forest Conservation Act 1991).

22 Following this standardized methodology aerial photography and US Geological Survey 15 – minute topographic maps were used to coarsely stratify the property into forest types with specific developmental stages and relative topographic position. Exploratory forest sampling was conducted to further refine the initial stratification of the forest. This iterative process led to the mapping of 202 distinct stands.

Sampling of vegetative composition and forest structure was conducted using line-transect and plot sampling methods. Transects were laid out on maps before field work in the office against topographic gradients to capture the greatest degree of diversity. All transects, where possible, began at least 30 meters from any internal or county road in an attempt to avoid the influence of the edge. Understory and overstory sampling units were spaced equidistant from each other in an alternating pattern.

The data taken during the stand level assessment include year of stand origin, year of last treatment, site index species, site index, rings per inch, elevation, aspect, slope, topographic position, height to base of canopy, presence of roads, accessibility, proximity to water, seeps, streams, temporary ponds, permanent ponds, logs in water, high perch, low perch, loose soil, rock piles, caves, live cavity trees, and dead cavity trees.

Each understory sample unit was a nested series of plots that measured ground, herbaceous (0-0.6 meters height) and shrub cover (0.6-3.0 meters height). Other data collected in these understory sampling units include seedling and tree

23 regeneration, moss cover, litter cover, rock cover, fern cover, grass and sedge cover, deciduous shrubs, ericaceous shrubs, wetland shrubs, wetland ground vegetation, ground and shrub species observed, and the percent cover of each species.

The overstory-sampling unit evaluated the percent cover of the midstory (3.0-9.1 meters height) and the overstory (>9.1 meters height). Canopy closure was determined by the use of an ocular tube. Other data collected in the overstory- sampling unit include individual tree species and diameter at breast height, living or dead and the presence of tree cavities. Between sampling units, data were collected along transects on the diameter and condition of coarse woody debris.

III. HERPETOFAUNAL INVENTORY

In 1995 and 1996 the Maryland Department of Natural Resources conducted site specific herpetofaunal inventories on Prettyboy Reservoir forestland (Foley and Smith, 1999) using experienced wildlife professionals and knowledgeable volunteers. Data were collected from mid-April through the end of July in 1995 and from March through the end of July in 1996. Inventory methods on all sites included drift fence sampling and time – constrained surveys using sound and visual recognition at the same locations.

One drift fence array was constructed within each of the seven habitat patches used in this investigation. Each drift fence was constructed of 50 feet of

24 aluminum flashing cut into three equal pieces and arranged into a ‘Y’ configuration, with 120 degrees between each leg (Jones 1981). Pitfall traps were positioned at the ends and intersection points of each drift fence. The number of animals captured by species per 72 hours of operation per week was recorded.

One or two 30 – minute time – constrained searches were conducted per habitat patch four days per week. Searches included nocturnal and diurnal chorus surveys, turning logs, leaf litter and rocks, inspecting wetlands and stream banks, and watching for surface-active reptiles and amphibians.

IV. DATA ANALYSIS

The Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model (MWHRM) was first used to generate a herpetofaunal species distribution list specific to the Gunpowder River watershed. The forest type/development stage and habitat structural features tables were used to further refine the assessment at the forest stand level (10 – 95 acres). Tables were constructed to compare the herpetofauna predicted by the MWHRM to the species of herpetofauna common to the study site found during the inventories conducted by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (fig. 3.2).

Three results of the analysis were possible. The first possible result represented an accurate prediction, the species predicted were present. The second represented an inaccurate prediction (omission), the species present were not

25 predicted. The third possibility was the species predicted were not present (commission).

Confidence intervals of 67% were calculated for the forest data based upon forest tree structure. These same confidence intervals were used to predict the level of errors of commission and omission expected due to the limitations of the forest inventory process. I summed the errors across all stands and compared them to the predicted errors using the chi – square statistic to test for significance. I tested the null hypothesis, that there is no relationship between the predictive value of the MWHRM and the observed species by considering a goodness of fit using a two-tailed hypothesis test.

Gunpowder River Geographic Watershed Species Distribution Tables Maps

Forest Type/Dev. Forest Type Data Gunpowder Development River Stage Watershed Tables Species Tbl

Stand Level Habitat Habitat Watershed/ Structure Structure Tables Forest Type Data Species

Habitat Patch Species Tables

Figure 3.1 Input and decision flow chart for Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model

RESULTS

Sixty-two of the 73 (79%) state-recognized species of terrestrial herpetofauna were predicted by the Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model (MWHRM) to occur in the Gunpowder River watershed in Baltimore and Carroll Counties, Maryland. Fifty-eight of these 62 species were predicted to occur in various associations on the seven study sites on Prettyboy Reservoir forest property representing 29 amphibians and 29 reptiles. Numbers of species found during the MD DNR surveys at the seven sites were 21 amphibians (72% of the Prettyboy Reservoir list) and 15 reptiles (51% of the Prettyboy Reservoir list). An average of 59% of the amphibian species predicted for each of the seven habitats were captured. An average of 43% of the reptile species predicted for each of the seven habitats were captured.

Seven species of herpetofauna were captured 4 or less times during the entire survey and were considered uncommon and not included in this analysis. While vegetation’s central role in the life history of a species is self-evident it does assure the survival or long-term viability of a population (Morrison et.al. 1998). Human activity, barriers and filters to movement, and the patchiness of resources all limit the use of existing habitat. Population demographics, genetics and metapopulation dynamics as well as stochastic environmental events, species biogeography, reproductive ecology, predation and competition all influence population viability, abundance and distribution.

28 Tests for omission and commission errors were conducted on remaining 29 species considered to be common for the site. Omission and commission errors for all seven sites are summarized in Table 4.1. Omission errors ranged from 0-45% for amphibians and 0-20% for reptiles (Table 4.2). The average omission error across all study sites was 14%. Most omission errors are associated with not including the use of Appalachian hardwood forest type in the habitat description of six species and the lack of recognition of man made landscapes in the form of northern conifer plantations that the model did not take into consideration. Commission errors for individual species ranged from 0-80% for amphibians and 0-50% for reptiles. The average commission error for all species was 43%.

29 Table 4.1 Omission and commission error summarized by study sites

NO. HABITAT SUCCESSIONAL % % % SITE SPECIES DESCRIPTION STAGE FOUND1 COMMISSION2 OMISSION3 PREDICTED Mesic/xeric Mature4 hardwood – oak 67% canopy B closure, 1st order 20 65 35 0 Stand 14C stream corridor

Mesic/xeric conifer Mature – southern pine 47% canopy C 39 33 66 7 Stand 32A closure, 1st order stream corridor Riparian hardwood Mature – Appalachian 30% canopy D 19 53 47 37 hardwood closure, 1st order Stand 1A stream corridor Riparian conifer – Mature southern pine/oak 80% canopy E 26 65 35 5 closure, 1st order Stand 17B & 17D stream corridor Rock outcrop – Mature eastern white pine 67 - 83% canopy F 26 65 35 15 Stand 24A & 26D closure, 1st order stream corridor Vernal pool – Mature hardwood/Virginia 80% canopy G pine closure, 1st order 20 80 20 20 stream corridor Stand 31B and reservoir Vernal permanent Mature pool – oak/eastern 40-80% canopy H white pine closure, 1st order 41 34 66 12 Stand 13B stream and reservoir 1 (No. species found that were predicted/no. species predicted) x 100. 2 (No. species not found but predicted/no. species predicted) x 100. 3 (No. species omitted/no. species found) x 100. 4 Mature refers to an average tree diameter >12 inches

30 To test the predictability of model, I conducted a series of goodness of fit tests using the chi-square statistic. The first test examined all aspects of the model – species observed, commissions, and omission. I observed that the entire MWHRM

2 did not accurately predict which herpetofaunal species at the seven sites (X 0.05, 6df = 22.0, P<.005). The rejection of the wildlife habitat assessment tool’s ability to predict with confidence is tied to the high levels of commission. I found a significant goodness of fit between the observed and predicted herpetofauna at the 7 inventory

2 sites (χ 0.05, 6df = 0.9, P>.975). The chi – square statistic indicates that the model is

2 2 working well for reptiles (X 0.05, 6df = 0.18, P>.975 ) and amphibians (X 0.05, 6df = 0.98, P>.95). I observed a significant goodness of fit based on predicted observed

2 values to the 95% prediction level (X 0.05, 6df = 8.7, P>0.05). I could not reject the null hypothesis that there is not a goodness of fit.

A total of fifty – seven Commission errors were associated with eighteen species which included 8 amphibians and 10 reptiles (Table 4.3). Twenty – seven (47 percent) of the commission errors were associated with model mistakes (8 percent), uncommon or rare species or species with spotty distributions (12 percent) and Coastal Plain species that use river floodplains (28 percent) within the eastern edge of the Piedmont physiographic region. Nineteen commission errors (33 percent) were associated with commonly occurring species within the Piedmont portion of the Gunpowder River watershed (Smith per. comm.).

Table 4.2 Explanation of omission errors

Species Omissions Reasons for Omission Errors wood frog inventory error - stream present but not reported by data collector forest type - southern pine - Va pine plantation not in MWHRM longtail salamander forest type - southern pine - Va pine plantation not in MWHRM forest type - Appalachian Hdwd not in MWHRM American bullfrog forest type - Appalachian Hdwd not in MWHRM forest type - northern pine - white pine plantation not in MWHRM closed canopy not in MWHRM northern water snake forest type - Appalachian Hdwd not in MWHRM eastern red back forest type - Appalachian Hdwd not in MWHRM salamander MWHRM notes canopy closure 30% for species not 31 to 70% slimy salamander canopy closure 30% - MWHRM 31 to 70% seal salamander inventory error - stream was present not reported by data collector green frog closed canopy not in MWHRM forest type - Appalachian Hdwd not in MWHRM eastern snapping turtle closed canopy not in MWHRM common garter snake closed canopy not in MWHRM

Table 4.3 Explanation of commission errors

Species Commissions Reasons for Commission Errors

Coastal Plain - river valleys in Piedmont, eastern cricket frog uncommon above Fall line spotted salamander common marbled salamander common eastern wormsnake common timber rattlesnake rare eastern hog-nosed snake most abundant in Coastal Plain green treefrog Coastal Plain - eastern Piedmont edge of range eastern mud turtle Coastal Plain - river valleys in Piedmont eastern kingsnake Coastal Plain - river valleys in Piedmont wood frog common northern green frog common northern rough greensnake Coastal Plain - river valleys in Piedmont upland chorus frog common - tough to locate, weeds at edge of water eastern mud salamander Coastal Plain - river valleys in Piedmont northern leopard frog uncommon eastern fence lizard common northern brown snake common northern redbelly snake spotty distribution eastern smooth earth snake Coastal Plain - river valleys in Piedmont

DISCUSSION – MODEL PERFORMANCE

The Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model (MWHRM) was developed to provide a comprehensive description of habitat suitability for the common terrestrial vertebrates of Maryland. Through the synthesis of published survey, natural history data, and expert opinion with a deliberate bias toward local and regional sources, it initially represents a series of untested habitat models tailored for use in Maryland and intended to be used at the scale useful for county land use planning and natural resource management. Assessing the accuracy of the predicted terrestrial vertebrate models is necessary if potential users are to understand the suitability of the MWHRM outputs for these uses and to make adjustments to the initial model design.

Prediction rates, defined as the percent of species predicted by the MWHRM and found at each of the seven sites averaged 56% and ranged from 33% to 80%, with an overall omission error rate of 17% and 47% commission error rate. A total of 18 omission errors were found across the seven sites involving 10 separate species. The reasons for omissions fell into three broad categories: field inventory error, forest types used by a species not included in the WHRM, and the use of closed canopy forest by species thought to use only open canopy forest (table 5.1). The ten forest type omission errors were caused by: not including the Appalachian hardwood

34 forest type in the WHRM for the American bullfrog, northern water snake, eastern red – backed salamander and green frog; and not accounting for plantation woodlands of eastern white pine (northern pine forest type) and Virginia pine (southern pine forest type), both of which are commonly found within the Piedmont physiographic region. Correcting for these forest type errors within the design of the MWHRM and the data entry errors reduced the overall omission error to 3%, improving the overall predictive rate to 61%, with reptiles at 44% and amphibians at 70%. With corrections the MWHRM accurately predicted the presence of 97% of the field-inventoried species at each site.

A total of 57 commission errors were found across the seven sites involving 18 separate species. The suggested reasons for commissions fell into five broad categories: model error, uncommon or rare species, species with spotty distribution, habitat at the extreme edge of the species known range and failure of the field inventories to identify commonly occurring species within the seven study sites. Seven of the 18 species are common to the Coastal Plain and are known to expand their distribution by following lowland river valleys. They were likely found along the Gunpowder valley until the reservoirs were built and the valley flooded. Rare (timber rattle snake), uncommon (northern leopard frog) and species with spotty distributions (northern red belly snake) are difficult to inventory due to low and scattered populations. According to S. Smith (personal communication, April 2009) common species such as the spotted salamander and the marbled salamander are present within the Gunpowder watershed but are limited by number seasonal wetlands within at the Prettyboy sites, which are used for breeding. Common reptile species such as the

35 eastern worm snake, northern brown snake and eastern fence lizard may have been missed due to the inventory design that relied in part on pit fall traps that are known to under estimate the presence of reptiles.

The MWHRM compared favorably with assessment of the accuracy of three regional wildlife – habitat relationship models, the Wildlife Habitat Information Matrix Program (Marcot 1979), Sierra Nevada Wildlife Habitat Relationship (Verner and Boss 1980), and the California Wildlife Habitat Relationship database (Airola 1988) commonly used by state and federal agencies in California for land-use planning. Block et.al. (1994) used 740 separate pitfall traps over a three year period for a total of 98,592 trap days to assess these three herpetofauna models on two large (1,700 – 8,000 ha) federal research stations. They found an overall prediction rate of 25% for herpetofauna, with an omission error rate of 20% and a commission error rate of 80%. The authors suggested that improvements to the predictive power of wildlife habitat matrix models might be improved if models were developed for smaller geographic areas.

The MWHRM did not compare favorably with the predictability of the spatially explicit habitat relationship models being produced by the National GAP Project. The National GAP Project typically tests accuracy at the eco-region geographic scale by a comparison between predicted species within national park and national wildlife refuges using long-term species checklists (Boone and Krohn, 2000). McCorkle (2006) assessed the accuracy of the Maryland-Delaware-New Jersey GAP vertebrate distribution models on four national wildlife refuges and found prediction

36 rates for herpetofauna to average 78%, with an average omission error of 4% and commission error of 18%. Edwards et. al. (1996) tested the predictive power of Utah’s GAP project on 8 National Parks and found prediction rates for herpetofauna to average 74%, with an average omission error of 16% and commission error of 13%. Edwards et.al. point out that their GAP assessment process was restricted to presence and absence over a broad geographic region and that they can draw no conclusions about specific habitat use. Many microhabitat features (woody debris, cliffs, forest wetlands) are not mapped by the GAP project and are assumed to be present with the region. “At relatively large scale … one can assume that many of the special habitat elements are present .. however, for site specific projects .. reasonable accuracy of predictions is present only when special habitat elements are considered” (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988).

Commission errors for the MWHRM averaged 43% and ranged from 20 to 66%. Large numbers of commission errors are not unique to this type of study (Dedon et.al. 1986, Hejl and Verner 1988, Avery and Van Riper 1990). Here high levels of commission errors are partially the result of building the system in a manner that assures that any species with a chance of using a habitat patch is noted. Errors of commission were also expected due to the need to synthesizes MWHRM data from a diversity of sources developed data at different times, using different methods with differing degrees of reliability (Avery and Van Riper 1990).

Commission errors may also be associated with the detection of certain species, the bias or expertise of the field observers, the specific sampling techniques

37 used, duration of surveys (Block et. al., 1994 and Foley and Smith 1999) or may reflect past population size and stochastic events (Morrison et.al. 1998). Omission errors are considered to be far more serious than errors of commission (Avery and Van Riper, 1990). Omission of a species may lead to habitat use not being taken into consideration during land planning or management, while commission errors may be considered a form of risk aversion.

MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

The Maryland Wildlife Habitat Relationship Model (MWHRM) uses vertebrate natural history information to identify key habitat requirements. Commonly collected field data can be used to describe dominant vegetative cover and biotic/abiotic structure linked vertebrate animals to predict potential habitat use on a site-specific basis. The outputs from the MWHRM are intended to provide natural resource managers and county and municipal planners an assessment tool that can quickly and adequately describe the potential effects of land use change or management practices on the use of a specific habitat patch.

Low rates of omission errors (pre-assessment 17%, post-assessment 3%) suggest that the model is achieving improvements in accuracy over earlier wildlife habitat relationship models, a possible outcome of its narrow geographic focus and its focus on using local and regional habitat descriptions when available (Block et.al. 1994). Commission errors are likely to remain above acceptable rates for managers looking for a tool that can accurately provide site-specific vertebrate occupancy predictions in the commonly accepted range of 75 to 80% (Hurley 1986). Inherent within the basic premise of these wildlife habitat relationship models is the assumption that the habitat requirements of a species are the principal determinant of potential presence or absence within a specific site. While this approach has been shown to be robust and useful it is important to note that it ignores the role of

39 population dynamics in the presence or absence of a species within otherwise acceptable habitat (Morrison et.al. 1992:chapt.6 and Morrison, 2001). Furthermore, the descriptions of habitat used to create the MWHRM were drawn from field observations and research that has often been conducted in the central part of a species range and removed from urban and urbanizing areas. Improving the predictive power and lowering the rates of omission and commission will require iterative updating based upon sound field surveys and the recognition of changes in habitat requirements within the new reality of this urbanizing region.

Finally, there is no substitute for a knowledgeable user. The MWHRM is intended to be used by natural resource managers and planners who possess the background and expertise to evaluate the adequacy and accuracy of the habitat data used to run the MWHRM and the model’s output.

The MWHRM is a starting point for the development of an accurate and comprehensive database driven tool for planners and managers who must make daily decisions for land holdings consistent with the average size of forest and farm ownership within Maryland. The results of this investigation suggest that the emphasis and incorporation of local and regional sources of information into the design of a wildlife habitat relationship models and field testing lead to improvements in the performance of wildlife – habitat relationship models reaching acceptable levels of predictability and low levels of omissions errors.

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58 Appendix A

SPECIES PREDICTION AND COMMISSION ERRORS BY SITE

Predicted Species - Habitat Patch B (stand 14C) Common Name Latin Name Observed Commission Error marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X American toad Bufo americanus X

eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X

eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X

northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X eastern ratsnake Elaphe obsoleta X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X

long-tailed salamander Eurycea logicauda X Hemidactylium four-toed salamander scutatum X

gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X

northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X

northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X

northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X green frog Rana clamitans X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X Storeria northern redbelly snake occipitomaculata X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X

common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X

59 Predicted Species - Habitat Patch C ( stand 32A) C - Common Latin Observed Commission Error spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X

American toad Bufo americanus X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X midland painted turtle Chrysemys picta X timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X eastern ratsnake Elaphe obsoleta x northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X

American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus X northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X Notophthalmus red-spotted newt viridescens X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X

60 Predicted Species - Habitat Patch C ( stand 32A) eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus x northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X green frog Rana clamitans X eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi x northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae X

Predicted Species - Habitat Patch D (stand 1A)

D - Common Latin Observed Commission Error spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X American toad Bufo americanus X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X eastern ratsnake Elaphe obsoleta X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X

Predicted Species - Habitat Patch E (stands 17B & 17D) E - Common Latin Observed Commission spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X American toad Bufo americanus X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X eastern ratsnake Elaphe obsoleta X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X pickeral frog Lithobates palustris X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X eastern redback salamander Plethodon cinereus X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X bullfrog Rana catesbeiana X green frog Rana clamitans X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X

Predicted Species - Habitat Patch F (stand 24A & 26D) F - Common Latin Observed Commission eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans x northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X American toad Bufo americanus X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X eastern ratsnake Elaphe obsoleta X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X long-tailed salamander Eurycea logicauda X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X pickeral frog Lithobates palustris X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X

Predicted Species - Habitat G (stand 31B) G - Common Latin Observed Commission spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum x marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X American toad Bufo americanus X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X eastern ratsnake Elaphe obsoleta X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X pickeral frog Lithobates palustris X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X bullfrog Rana catesbeiana X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X

Predicted Species - Habitat Patch H (stand 13B) Common Name Latin Name Observed Commission eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X eastern six-lined racerunner Aspidoscelis sexlineatus X American toad Bufo americanus X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X eastern ratsnake Elaphe obsoleta X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X long-tailed salamander Eurycea logicauda X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X green frog Rana clamitans X

66 Predicted Species - Habitat Patch H (stand 13B) Common Name Latin Name Observed Commission northern leopard frog Rana pipiens X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X red-eared slider Trachemys scripta X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae X

67 Appendix B

VERTEBRATE SPECIES IN MWHRM

Latin Name Common Name Accipiter cooperii Cooper's hawk Accipiter gentilis northern goshawk Accipiter striatus sharp-shinned hawk Acris crepitans eastern cricket frog Aegolius acadicus northern saw-whet owl Agkistrodon contortrix northern copperhead Aimophila aestivalis Bachman's sparrow Aix sponsa wood duck Ambystoma jeffersonianum Jefferson salamander Ambystoma maculatum spotted salamander Ambystoma opacum marbled salamander Ambystoma tigrinum eastern tiger salamander Anas crecca green-winged teal Anaxyrus fowleri Fowler's toad Aneides aeneus green salamander Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle Archilochus colubris ruby-throated hummingbird Ardea herodias great blue heron Asio flammeus short-eared owl Asio otus long-eared owl Aspidoscelis sexlineatus eastern six-lined racerunner Bombycilla cedrorum cedar waxwing Bonasa umbellus ruffed grouse Bubo virginianus great horned owl Bubulcus ibis cattle egret Bufo americanus American toad Butco jamaicensis red-tailed hawk Buteo lagopus rough-legged hawk Buteo lineatus red-shouldered hawk Buteo platypterus broad-winged hawk Butorides striatus green heron Canis latrans coyote Capella gallinago common snipe Caprimulgus vociferus whip-poor-will

68 Latin Name Common Name Cardinalis cardinalis northern cardinal Carduelis tristis American goldfinch Carphophis amoenus eastern wormsnake Carpodacus purpureus purple finch Casmerodius albus great egret Castor canadensis beaver Cathartes aura turkey vulture Catharus fuscescens veery Catharus guttatus hermit thrush Catharus ustulatus Swainson's warbler Cemophora coccinea northern scarletsnake Certhia americana brown creeper Ceryle alcyon belted kingfisher Chelydra serpentina eastern snapping turtle Chrysemys picta eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta midland painted turtle Clemmys guttata spotted turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi bog turtle Clethrionomys gapperi Gapper's red-backed vole Coccothaustes vespertinus evening grosbeak Coccyzus americanus yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus black-billed cuckoo Colaptes auratus northern flicker Colinus virginianus northern bobwhite Coluber constrictor northern black racer Condylura cristata star-nosed mole Contopus borealis olive-sided flycatcher Contopus virens eastern wood pewee Coragyps atratus black vulture Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow Corvus corax common raven Corvus ossifragus fish crow Crotalus horridus timber rattlesnake Cyanocitta cristata blue jay Dendroica caerulescens black-throated blue warbler Dendroica castanea bay breasted warbler Dendroica cerulea cerulean warbler Dendroica discolor prairie warbler Dendroica dominica yellow-throated warbler Dendroica fusca blackburnian warbler Dendroica magnolia magnolia warbler Dendroica palmarum palm warbler

69 Latin Name Common Name Dendroica pensylvanica chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica petechia yellow warbler Dendroica pinus pine warbler Dendroica striata blackpoll warbler Dendroica virens black-throated green warbler Desmognathus fuscus northern dusky salamander Desmognathus monticola seal salamander Allegheny mountain dusky Desmognathus ochrophaeussalamander Diadophis punctatus northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus southern ring-necked snake Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum Dryocopus pileatus pileated woodpecker Dumetella carolinensis gray catbird Elaphe obsoleta eastern ratsnake Empidonax alnorum alder flycatcher Empidonax minimus least flycatcher Empidonax traillii willow flycatcher Empidonax virescens acadian flycatcher Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat Eurycea bislineata northern two-lined salamander Eurycea logicauda long-tailed salamander Falco sparverius American kestrel Farancia erytrogramma rainbow snake Felis rufus bobcat Gastrophryne carolinensis eastern narrow-mouthed toad Glaucomys sabrinus northern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans southern flying squirrel Glyptemys insculpta wood turtle Graptemys geographica northern map turtle Guiraca caerulea blue grosbeak Gyrinophilus porphyriticus northern spring salamander Haliaeetus leucocephalis bald eagle Helmitheros vermivorus worm-eating warbler Hemidactylium scutatum four-toed salamander Heterodon platyrhinos eastern hog-nosed snake Hyla chrysoscelis Cope's gray treefrog Hyla cinerea green treefrog Hyla gratiosa barking treefrog Hyla versicolor gray treefrog Hylocichla mustelina wood thrush Icteria virens yellow-breasted chat

70 Latin Name Common Name Icterus galbula northern oriole Icterus spurius orchard oriole Junco hyemalis dark-eyed junco Kinosternon subrubrum eastern mud turtle Lampropeltis calligaster mole kingsnake Lampropeltis getula eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis triangulum eastern milksnake Lanius ludovicianus loggerhead shrike Lasionycteris noctivagans silver-haired myotis Lasiurus borealis red bat Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat Lithobates catesbeianus American bullfrog Lithobates clamitans northern green frog Lithobates palustris pickerel frog Lithobates sphenocephala southern leopard frog Lithobates sylvaticus wood frog Lithobates virgatipes carpenter frog Lophodytes cucullatus hooded merganser Loxia curvirostra red crossbill Loxia leucoptera white-winged crossbill Lutra canadensis river otter Melanerpes carolinus red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus red-headed woodpecker Meleagris gallopavo wild turkey Melospiza melodia song sparrow Mephitis mephitis striped skunk Mergus merganser common merganser Microsorex hoyi pygmy shrew Microtus chrotorrhinus rock vole Microtus pennsylvanicus meadow vole Microtus pinetorum pine vole Mimus polyglottos northern mockingbird Mniotilta varia black-and-white warbler Molothrus ater brown-headed cowbird Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel Mustela nivalis least weasel Myiarchus crinitus great crested flycatcher Myotis keenii Keen's myotis Myotis lucifugus little brown myotis Myotis subulatus small-footed myotis Napaeozapus insignis woodland jumping mouse

71 Latin Name Common Name Neotoma floridana eastern woodrat Nerodia erythrogaster red-bellied watersnake Nerodia sipedon northern water snake Notophthalmus viridescens red-spotted newt Nycticorax nycticorax black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax violaceus yellow-crowned night-heron Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer Opheodrys aestivus northern rough greensnake Opheodrys vernalis smooth greensnake Oporornis formosus Kentucky warbler Otus asio eastern screech-owl Pantherophis guttatus cornsnake Parascalops breweri hairy-tailed mole Parula americana northern parula Parus atricapillus black-capped chickadee Parus bicolor tufted titmouse Parus carolinensis carolina chickadee Passerella iliaca fox squirrel Passerina cyanea indigo bunting Peromyscus leucopus white-footed mouse Peromyscus maniculatus deer mouse Pheucticus ludovicianus rose-breasted grosbeak Picoides borealis red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides pubescens downy woodpecker Picoides villosus hairy woodpecker Pinicola enucleator pine grosbeak Pipilo erythrophthalmus eastern towhee Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle Piranga olivacea scarlet tanager Piranga rubra summer tanager Pituophis melanoleucus northern pinesnake Plestiodon anthracinus northern coal skink Plestiodon fasciatus common five-lined skink Plestiodon laticeps broad-headed skink Plethodon cinereus eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon glutinosus northern slimy salamander Plethodon hoffmani valley and ridge salamander Plethodon wehrlei Wehrle's salamander Polioptila caerulea blue-gray gnatcatcher Porzana carolina sora Procyon lotor raccoon Protonotaria citrea prothonotary warbler

72 Latin Name Common Name Pseudacris brachyphona Mountain chorus frog Pseudacris crucifer northern spring peeper Pseudacris feriarum New Jersey chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum upland chorus frog Pseudemys rubiventris northern red-bellied cooter Pseudotriton montanus eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton ruber northern red salamander Quiscalus quiscula common grackle Rallus elegans king rail Rana catesbeiana bullfrog Rana clamitans green frog Rana pipiens northern leopard frog Regina septemvittata queen snake Regulus satrapa golden-crowned kinglet Scaphiopus holbrookii eastern spadefoot Sceloporus undulatus eastern fence lizard Scincella lateralis little brown skink Sciurus carolinensis gray squirrel Sciurus niger Delmarva fox squirrel Scolopax minor American woodcock Seiurus aurocapillus ovenbird Seiurus motacilla Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis northern waterthrush Setophaga ruticilla American redstart Sialia sialis eastern bluebird Sitta canadensis red-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis white-breasted nuthatch Sitta pusilla brown-headed nuthatch Sorex cinereus masked shrew Sorex dispar long-tailed shrew Sorex fumeus smoky shrew Sorex palustris water shrew Spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunk Spizella arborea American tree sparrow Spizella passerina chipping sparrow Spizella pusilla field sparrow Storeria dekayi northern brown snake Storeria occipitomaculata northern redbelly snake Strix varia barred owl Sturnus vulgaris European starling Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis New England cottontail

73 Latin Name Common Name Synaptomys cooperi southern bog lemming Tachycineta bicolor tree swallow Tamias striatus eastern chipmunk Tamiasciurus hudsonicus red squirrel Terrapene carolina eastern box turtle Thamnophis sauritus common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sirtalis eastern garter snake Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's wren Thryothorus ludovicianus carolina wren Toxostoma rufum brown thrasher Trachemys scripta red-eared slider Troglodytes aedon house wren Turdus migratorius American robin Tyrannus tyrannus eastern kingbird Tyto alba barn owl Urocyon cinereoargenteus eastern gray fox Ursus americanus black bear Vermivora chrysoptera golden-winged warbler Vermivora pinus blue-winged warbler Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville warbler Vireo flavifrons yellow-throated vireo Vireo gilvus warbling vireo Vireo griseus white-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus red-eyed vireo Vireo solitarius blue-headed vireo Virginia valeriae eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae mountain earthsnake Wilsonia canadensis Canada warbler Wilsonia citrina hooded warbler Zapus hudsonius meadow jumping mouse Zenaida macroura mourning dove Zonotrichia albicollis white-throated sparrow

74 APPENDIX C SPECIES BY COUNTY Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's

Herpetofauna Allegheny mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus X X American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American toad Anaxyrus americanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa X X X bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi X X X X broad-headed skink Plestiodon laticeps X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X carpenter frog Lithobates virgatipes X X X common five-lined skink Plestiodon fasciatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis X X cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X X X X X X X X X X X eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis X X X X X

75 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern ratsnake Pantherophis alleghaniensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern six-lined racerunner Aspidoscelis sexlineatus X X X X X X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrookii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green frog Rana clamitans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green salamander Aneides aeneus X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum X X X little brown skink Scincella lateralis X X X X X X X X X long-tailed salamander Eurycea longicauda X X X X X X X X X X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X midland painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X mole kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster X X X X X X X Mountain chorus frog Pseudacris brachyphona X X mountain earthsnake Virginia valeriae X New Jersey chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X X X X X X northern black racer Coluber constrictor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

76 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern coal skink Plestiodon anthracinus X X northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern leopard frog Rana pipiens X X X X X X X X northern map turtle Graptemys geographica X X northern pinesnake Pituophis melanoleucus X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern red-bellied cooter Pseudemys rubiventris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea X X X X X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X X X X X X X X X X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus X X X X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X queen snake Regina septemvittata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma X red-bellied watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster X X X red-eared slider Trachemys scripta X X X X X X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

77 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's seal salamander Desmognathus monticola X X smooth greensnake Opheodrys vernalis X X X X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X southern ring-necked snake Diadophis punctatus X X X X X X X X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X spotted turtle Clemmys guttata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X X X X X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X valley and ridge salamander Plethodon hoffmani X X X Wehrle's salamander Plethodon wehrlei X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta X X X X X X X X X X X X X Birds acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum X X X X X X X American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American goldfinch Carduelis tristis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American kestrel Falco sparverius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American redstart Setophaga ruticilla X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American robin Turdus migratorius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American tree sparrow Spizella arborea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American woodcock Scolopax minor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Bachman's sparrow Aimophila aestivalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X barn owl Tyto alba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

78 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's barred owl Strix varia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X bay breasted warbler Dendroica castanea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii X X X black vulture Coragyps atratus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca X X X X black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus X X X X black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens X X black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens X X X X blue grosbeak Guiraca caerulea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blue jay Cyanocitta cristata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius X X X X blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown creeper Certhia americana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla X X X X X X X X X Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis X carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

79 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cattle egret Bubulcus ibis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica X X X X chipping sparrow Spizella passerina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common grackle Quiscalus quiscula X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common merganser Mergus merganser common raven Corvus corax X X X X common snipe Gallinago gallinago X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis X downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern bluebird Sialia sialis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern screech-owl Megascops asio X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern wood pewee Contopus virens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X European starling Sturnus vulgaris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X evening grosbeak Coccothaustes vespertinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X field sparrow Spizella pusilla X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X fish crow Corvus ossifragus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X X X X X X X X X X X golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

80 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera X X X gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great blue heron Ardea herodias X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great egret Ardea alba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great horned owl Bubo virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green heron Butorides virescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green-winged teal Anas crecca hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hermit thrush Catharus guttatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X house wren Troglodytes aedon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X indigo bunting Passerina cyanea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X king rail Rallus elegans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X least flycatcher Empidonax minimus X X X loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X long-eared owl Asio otus Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia X mourning dove Zenaida macroura X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla X X X X northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

81 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's northern flicker Colaptes auratus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis X northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern oriole Icterus galbula X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern parula Parula americana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus X northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis X olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X orchard oriole Icterus spurius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X palm warbler Dendroica palmarum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pine warbler Dendroica pinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X prairie warbler Dendroica discolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X purple finch Carpodacus purpureus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red crossbill Loxia curvirostra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis X X X red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-tailed hawk Butco jamaicensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

82 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus X X X X X X rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus X X X X scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus X X short-eared owl Asio flammeus song sparrow Melospiza melodia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X sora Porzana carolina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X summer tanager Piranga rubra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii X X X tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X turkey vulture Cathartes aura X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X veery Catharus fuscescens X X X X X X X X X X X warbling vireo Vireo gilvus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-eyed vireo Vireo griseus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X wood duck Aix sponsa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

83 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow warbler Dendroica petechia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-crowned night-heron Nycticorax violaceus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Mammals beaver Castor canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black bear Ursus americanus X X X X bobcat Felis rufus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X coyote Canis latrans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus X X X Delmarva fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X X X eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius X X X eastern woodrat Neotoma magister X X X X X X X X X X Gapper's red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi X X X gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri X X X hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

84 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's Keen's myotis Myotis keenii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X least weasel Mustela nivalis little brown bat Myotis lucifugus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X long-tailed shrew Sorex dispar X X X X long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X masked shrew Sorex cinereus X X X X meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis X northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus pine vole Microtus pinetorum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pygmy shrew Microsorex hoyi X raccoon Procyon lotor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red bat Lasiurus borealis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X river otter Lutra canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X small-footed myotis Myotis leibii X X X X smoky shrew Sorex fumeus X X X southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X star-nosed mole Condylura cristata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X striped skunk Mephitis mephitis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

85 Kent Cecil Talbot Carroll Garrett Calvert Charles Harford Howard Caroline Allegany Somerset Frederick Frederick Baltimore St. Mary's Worcester Worcester Wicomico Dorchester Washington Montgomery Queen Anne's Anne Arundel Baltimore City Common Name Latin Name Prince George's water shrew Sorex palustris X white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis X X

86 APPENDIX D SPECIES BY PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGION

Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain

Herpetofauna Allegheny mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus X American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus X X X X X X American toad Anaxyrus americanus X X X X X X barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa X bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi X X broad-headed skink Plestiodon laticeps X X X bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana X X X X X X carpenter frog Lithobates virgatipes X common five-lined skink Plestiodon fasciatus X X X X X X common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus X X X X X X Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis X X cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus X X X X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X X X X X X eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans X X eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus X X X X X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X X X X X X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos X X X X X X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X X X eastern milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum X X X X X X

87 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X X X eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum X X X X eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis X X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X eastern ratsnake Pantherophis alleghaniensis X X X X X X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X X X X X X eastern six-lined racerunner Aspidoscelis sexlineatus X X X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae X X X X X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X X X X X X eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrookii X X X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X X X X X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X X X X X X Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri X X X X X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X X X X X X green frog Rana clamitans X X X X X X green salamander Aneides aeneus X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X X X Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum X X X little brown skink Scincella lateralis X X long-tailed salamander Eurycea longicauda X X X X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X X X X X midland painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X mole kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster X X

88 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain Mountain chorus frog Pseudacris brachyphona X mountain earthsnake Virginia valeriae X New Jersey chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X northern black racer Coluber constrictor X X X X X X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X X X X X X northern coal skink Plestiodon anthracinus X X northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix X X X X X X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X X X X X X northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X X X X X X northern leopard frog Rana pipiens X X X X northern map turtle Graptemys geographica X X northern pinesnake Pituophis melanoleucus X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X X X X X X northern red-bellied cooter Pseudemys rubiventris X X X X X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X X X X X X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X X X X X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X X X X northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea X X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X X X X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X X X X X X northern spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus X X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X X X X X X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X X X X X X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X X X X X X

89 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain queen snake Regina septemvittata X X X X X X rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma X red-bellied watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster X red-eared slider Trachemys scripta X X X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X X X X X X seal salamander Desmognathus monticola X smooth greensnake Opheodrys vernalis X X X X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X X X X X X southern ring-necked snake Diadophis punctatus X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X X X X X X spotted turtle Clemmys guttata X X X X X X timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X X X X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X valley and ridge salamander Plethodon hoffmani X Wehrle's salamander Plethodon wehrlei X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X X X X X X wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta X X X X Birds acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens X X X X X X alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum X X X X American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos X X X X X X American goldfinch Carduelis tristis X X X X X X American kestrel Falco sparverius X X X X X X American redstart Setophaga ruticilla X X X X X X

90 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain American robin Turdus migratorius X X X X X X American tree sparrow Spizella arborea X X X X X X American woodcock Scolopax minor X X X X X X Bachman's sparrow Aimophila aestivalis X X X bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalis X X X X X X barn owl Tyto alba X X X X X X barred owl Strix varia X X X X X X bay breasted warbler Dendroica castanea X X X X X X belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon X X X X X X Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii X X black vulture Coragyps atratus X X X X X black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia X X X X X X black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus X X X X X X blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca X X X X black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus X X X black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax X X blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata X X X X X X black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens X black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens X X X blue grosbeak Guiraca caerulea X X X X X X blue jay Cyanocitta cristata X X X X X X blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea X X X X X X blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius X X X blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus X X X X X X

91 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus X X X X X X brown creeper Certhia americana X X X X X X brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum X X X X X X brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater X X X X X X brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla X X Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis X carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis X X X X X carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus X X X X X X cattle egret Bubulcus ibis X X X cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum X X X X X X cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea X X X X X X chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica X X X chipping sparrow Spizella passerina X X X X X X common grackle Quiscalus quiscula X X X X X X common merganser Mergus merganser common raven Corvus corax X X X X common snipe Gallinago gallinago Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii X X X X X X dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis X downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens X X X X X X eastern bluebird Sialia sialis X X X X X X eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus X X X X X X eastern screech-owl Megascops asio X X X X X X eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus X X X X X X

92 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain eastern wood pewee Contopus virens X X X X X X European starling Sturnus vulgaris X X X X X X evening grosbeak Coccothaustes vespertinus X X X X X X field sparrow Spizella pusilla X X X X X X fish crow Corvus ossifragus X X X X X fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X X golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa X X X X X X golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera X X X X gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis X X X X X X great blue heron Ardea herodias X X X X X X great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus X X X X X X great egret Ardea alba X X great horned owl Bubo virginianus X X X X X X green heron Butorides virescens X X X X X X green-winged teal Anas crecca hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus X X X X X X hermit thrush Catharus guttatus X X X X X X hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus X X X X X X hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina X X X X X X house wren Troglodytes aedon X X X X X X indigo bunting Passerina cyanea X X X X X X Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus X X X X X X king rail Rallus elegans X X X

93 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain least flycatcher Empidonax minimus X X loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus X X X X X X long-eared owl Asio otus Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla X X X X X X magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia X mourning dove Zenaida macroura X X X X X X Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla X X X northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus X X X X X X northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis X X X X X X northern flicker Colaptes auratus X X X X X X northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis X northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos X X X X X X northern oriole Icterus galbula X X X X X X northern parula Parula americana X X X X X X northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus X X X X X X northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis X olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi X X X X X X orchard oriole Icterus spurius X X X X X X ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus X X X X X X palm warbler Dendroica palmarum pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus X X X X X X pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator pine warbler Dendroica pinus X X X X X X prairie warbler Dendroica discolor X X X X X X

94 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea X X X X X purple finch Carpodacus purpureus X X X X X X red crossbill Loxia curvirostra red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus X X X X X X red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis X X X X X X red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis X X red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus X X X X X X red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus X X X X X X red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus X X X X X X red-tailed hawk Butco jamaicensis X X X X X X rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus X X X X rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris X X X X X X ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus X X X scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea X X X X X X sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus X X short-eared owl Asio flammeus song sparrow Melospiza melodia X X X X X X sora Porzana carolina X X X X X X summer tanager Piranga rubra X X X X X Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii X tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor X X X X X X tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor X X X X X X turkey vulture Cathartes aura X X X X X X

95 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain veery Catharus fuscescens X X X X X X warbling vireo Vireo gilvus X X X X X X whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus X X X X X X white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis X X X X X X white-eyed vireo Vireo griseus X X X X X X white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis X X X X X X white-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo X X X X X X willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii X X X X X X wood duck Aix sponsa X X X X X X wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina X X X X X X worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus X X X X X X yellow warbler Dendroica petechia X X X X X X yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus X X X X X X yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens X X X X X X yellow-crowned night-heron Nycticorax violaceus X X X yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons X X X X X X yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica X X X X X X Mammals beaver Castor canadensis X X X X X X big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus X X X X X X black bear Ursus americanus X X X bobcat Felis rufus X X X X X coyote Canis latrans X X X X X X

96 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus X X X Delmarva fox squirrel Sciurus niger X eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus X X X X X X eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus X X X X X X eastern gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus X X X X X X eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus X X X X X eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius X X X eastern woodrat Neotoma magister X X X X Gapper's red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi X X X gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis X X X X X X hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri X X X hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus X X X X X X Keen's myotis Myotis keenii X X X X X X least weasel Mustela nivalis little brown bat Myotis lucifugus X X X X X X long-tailed shrew Sorex dispar X X X long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata X X X X X X masked shrew Sorex cinereus X X X meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius X X X X X X meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus X X X X X X New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis X northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus pine vole Microtus pinetorum X X X X X X pygmy shrew Microsorex hoyi X

97 Common Name Latin Name Piedmont Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Allegheny Plateau Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain raccoon Procyon lotor X X X X X X red bat Lasiurus borealis X X X X X X red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus X X X X X river otter Lutra canadensis X X X X X X rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans X X X X X X small-footed myotis Myotis leibii X X X X smoky shrew Sorex fumeus X X southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi X X X X X X southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans X X X X X X star-nosed mole Condylura cristata X X X X X X striped skunk Mephitis mephitis X X X X X X Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana X X X X X X water shrew Sorex palustris X white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus X X X X X X white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus X X X X X X woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis X

APPENDIX E SPECIES BY MARYLAND 8 – DIGIT WATERSHED

Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan

Herpetofauna Allegheny mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus X X American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American toad Anaxyrus americanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa X X X bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi X X X broad-headed skink Plestiodon laticeps X X X X X X X X X X X X bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X carpenter frog Lithobates virgatipes X X X common five-lined skink Plestiodon fasciatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis X X X cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus X X X X X X X X X X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

99 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans X X X X X X X X X X X eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X X X X X X X X X eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis X X X X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern ratsnake Pantherophis alleghaniensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern six-lined racerunner Aspidoscelis sexlineatus X X X X X X X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrookii X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X X X X X X X X X X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

100 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green frog Rana clamitans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green salamander Aneides aeneus X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X X X X X X X X X X X X Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum X X X X little brown skink Scincella lateralis X X X X X X X X long-tailed salamander Eurycea longicauda X X X X X X X X X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X midland painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X mole kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster X X X X X Mountain chorus frog Pseudacris brachyphona X X mountain earthsnake Virginia valeriae X New Jersey chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X X X X northern black racer Coluber constrictor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern coal skink Plestiodon anthracinus X X X X northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

101 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern leopard frog Rana pipiens X X X X X X X X northern map turtle Graptemys geographica X X northern pinesnake Pituophis melanoleucus X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern red-bellied cooter Pseudemys rubiventris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea X X X X X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X X X X X X X X X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus X X X X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X queen snake Regina septemvittata X X X X X X X X X X X X rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma X red-bellied watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster X X

102 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan red-eared slider Trachemys scripta X X X X X X X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X seal salamander Desmognathus monticola X X smooth greensnake Opheodrys vernalis X X X X X X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X southern ring-necked snake Diadophis punctatus X X X X X X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X spotted turtle Clemmys guttata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X X X X X X X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X X X X X X X X X valley and ridge salamander Plethodon hoffmani X X X Wehrle's salamander Plethodon wehrlei X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta X X X X X X X X X X Birds acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum X X X X X X X X X American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos American goldfinch Carduelis tristis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

103 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan American kestrel Falco sparverius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American redstart Setophaga ruticilla X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American robin Turdus migratorius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American tree sparrow Spizella arborea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American woodcock Scolopax minor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Bachman's sparrow Aimophila aestivalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X barn owl Tyto alba X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X barred owl Strix varia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X bay breasted warbler Dendroica castanea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii X X X X black vulture Coragyps atratus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca X X X X X X black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus X X X X X X black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax X X X X X X X X X X X X blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

104 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens X X black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens X X X X blue grosbeak Guiraca caerulea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blue jay Cyanocitta cristata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius X X X X X blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown creeper Certhia americana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla X X X X X X X X Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis X X carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cattle egret Bubulcus ibis X X X X X X X X X X X cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica X X X X X

105 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan chipping sparrow Spizella passerina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common grackle Quiscalus quiscula X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common merganser Mergus merganser common raven Corvus corax X X X X X X common snipe Gallinago gallinago Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis X X downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern bluebird Sialia sialis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern screech-owl Megascops asio X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern wood pewee Contopus virens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X European starling Sturnus vulgaris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X evening grosbeak Coccothaustes vespertinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X field sparrow Spizella pusilla X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X fish crow Corvus ossifragus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X X X X X X X X X golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos

106 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera X X X X gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great blue heron Ardea herodias X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great egret Ardea alba X X X X X X X X X X X X great horned owl Bubo virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green heron Butorides virescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green-winged teal Anas crecca hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hermit thrush Catharus guttatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X house wren Troglodytes aedon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X indigo bunting Passerina cyanea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X king rail Rallus elegans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X least flycatcher Empidonax minimus X X X X loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus

107 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan long-eared owl Asio otus Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia X X mourning dove Zenaida macroura X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla X X X X X northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern flicker Colaptes auratus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis X X northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern oriole Icterus galbula X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern parula Parula americana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis X X olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi orchard oriole Icterus spurius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X palm warbler Dendroica palmarum pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

108 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator pine warbler Dendroica pinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X prairie warbler Dendroica discolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X purple finch Carpodacus purpureus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red crossbill Loxia curvirostra red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis X X X X X red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red-tailed hawk Butco jamaicensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus X X X X X X X rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus X X X X X scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus X X X

109 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan short-eared owl Asio flammeus song sparrow Melospiza melodia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X sora Porzana carolina summer tanager Piranga rubra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii X X X X tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X turkey vulture Cathartes aura X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X veery Catharus fuscescens X X X X X X X X X X X warbling vireo Vireo gilvus X X whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-eyed vireo Vireo griseus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis white-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X wood duck Aix sponsa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

110 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow warbler Dendroica petechia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-crowned night-heron Nycticorax violaceus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Mammals beaver Castor canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black bear Ursus americanus X X X X bobcat Felis rufus X X X X X X X X X X X X coyote Canis latrans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus X X X Delmarva fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X X eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus X X X X X X X X X X X X

111 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius X X X X eastern woodrat Neotoma magister X X X X X X X X X X Gapper's red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi X X X X gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri X X X X hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Keen's myotis Myotis keenii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X least weasel Mustela nivalis little brown bat Myotis lucifugus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X long-tailed shrew Sorex dispar X X X X long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X masked shrew Sorex cinereus X X X X meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis X northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus pine vole Microtus pinetorum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pygmy shrew Microsorex hoyi X raccoon Procyon lotor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

112 Common Name Latin Name Severn Patuxent Choptank Nanticoke Monocacy Monocacy Pocomoke Chincoteague Youghiogheny Cacapon-Town Lower Potomac Chester-Sassafras Lower Susquehanna Gunpowder-Patapsco Blackwater-Wicomico North Branch Potomac North Branch Potomac Upper Chesapeake Bay Upper Chesapeake Middle Potomac-Catoctin Conococheague-Opequon Middle Potomac-Anacostia-Occoquan red bat Lasiurus borealis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus X X X X X X X X X X X X X river otter Lutra canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X small-footed myotis Myotis leibii X X X X X smoky shrew Sorex fumeus X X X X southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X star-nosed mole Condylura cristata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X striped skunk Mephitis mephitis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X water shrew Sorex palustris X white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis X X

113

APPENDIX F SPECIES BY FOREST TYPE AND VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT STAGE Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods Herpetofauna Allegheny mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeusX X X X X X X X X X X X American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X American toad Anaxyrus americanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa X X X X X X X X X bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi X X X X X X broad-headed skink Plestiodon laticeps X X X X X X X X bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana X X X X X X X X X X X carpenter frog Lithobates virgatipes X X X X X X X X common five-lined skink Plestiodon fasciatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus X X X X X X X X X X X Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus X X X X X X X X X X X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus X X X X X X X X X X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos X X X X X X X X X X X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X X X X X X X X X X X X

114 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods eastern milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum X X X X X X X X X X eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X X X X X X X X eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum X X X X X X X X X eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern ratsnake Pantherophis alleghaniensisX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus X X X X X X X X X X eastern six-lined racerunner Aspidoscelis sexlineatus X X X X X X X X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae X X X X X X X X X X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrookii X X X X X X X X X X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X X X X X X X X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X X X X X X X X X X X X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X X X X X X X X X X X X Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri X X X X X X X X X X X X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X green frog Rana clamitans X X X X X X X X X X X green salamander Aneides aeneus X X X X X X X X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X X X X X X X X X X X Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum X X X X X X X X X X X X little brown skink Scincella lateralis X X X X X X X X X long-tailed salamander Eurycea longicauda X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X X X X X X X X X

115 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods midland painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X X X X X X X mole kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster X X X X X X X X,X Mountain chorus frog Pseudacris brachyphona X X X X X X X X X mountain earthsnake Virginia valeriae X X X X X X X X X New Jersey chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X X X X X northern black racer Coluber constrictor X X X X X X X X X X X X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern coal skink Plestiodon anthracinus X X X X X X X X X northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern leopard frog Rana pipiens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern map turtle Graptemys geographica X X X X X X X X northern pinesnake Pituophis melanoleucus X X X X X X X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern red-bellied cooter Pseudemys rubiventris X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea X X X X X X X X X northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus X X X X X X X X X X

116 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X X X X X X X X X X X X X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X queen snake Regina septemvittata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma X X X X X X red-bellied watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster X X X X X red-eared slider Trachemys scripta X X X X X X X X X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X seal salamander Desmognathus monticola X X X X X X X X X X X X X X smooth greensnake Opheodrys vernalis X X X X X X X X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X southern ring-necked snake Diadophis punctatus X X X X X X X X X X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X X X X X X X X X X X X spotted turtle Clemmys guttata X X X X X X X timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X X X X X X X X X X X X X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X X X X X X valley and ridge salamander Plethodon hoffmani X X X X X X X X X X Wehrle's salamander Plethodon wehrlei X X X X X X X X X X X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X X X X X X X X X X X X X wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta X X X X X X X X X X X X X Birds acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens X X X X X X X X alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum X X X

117 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American goldfinch Carduelis tristis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American kestrel Falco sparverius X X X X X X American redstart Setophaga ruticilla X X X X X X X X American robin Turdus migratorius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X American tree sparrow Spizella arborea X X X X X X X X X, X American woodcock Scolopax minor X X X X X X X X X X X X Bachman's sparrow Aimophila aestivalis X X X X X X bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalis X X X X X X barn owl Tyto alba X X X X X X barred owl Strix varia X X X X X X X X X X X X bay breasted warbler Dendroica castanea belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon X X X X X X X X Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii X X X X X black vulture Coragyps atratus X X X X X X X X X X black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia X X X X X X X X X X X black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus X X X X X X X X X X blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus X X X X X X X X X X X X X black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax X X X X X X X blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens X X X X X X X X X X X black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

118 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods blue grosbeak Guiraca caerulea X X X X X X X X X blue jay Cyanocitta cristata X X X X X X X X X X X blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea X X X X X X X X X blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius X X X blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus X X X X X X X X X X X broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus X X X X brown creeper Certhia americana X X X X X X X X X brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater X X X X X X X X X X X X X brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla X X X X X X Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis X X X X X X X X X carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X XX, X X carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cattle egret Bubulcus ibis X X X X X X X cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea X X, X X X X X X X chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X chipping sparrow Spizella passerina X X X X X X X common grackle Quiscalus quiscula X X X X X X X X X X X X X common merganser Mergus merganser common raven Corvus corax X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X common snipe Gallinago gallinago X X X X X Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii X X X X X X X X X X X X X

119 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern bluebird Sialia sialis X X X X X X X X eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus X X X X X eastern screech-owl Megascops asio X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus X X X X eastern wood pewee Contopus virens X X X X X X X X X, X European starling Sturnus vulgaris X X X X X X X X X X X X evening grosbeak Coccothaustes vespertinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X field sparrow Spizella pusilla X X X X X X X X X X X fish crow Corvus ossifragus X X X X X X fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X X X X X X X X X X golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos X X X X X X, golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa X X X X X X X X X golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera X X X X X X X X X X, gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X great blue heron Ardea herodias X X X X X X great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus X X X X X X X great egret Ardea alba X X X X X X X great horned owl Bubo virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X green heron Butorides virescens X X X X X X green-winged teal Anas crecca hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

120 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods hermit thrush Catharus guttatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus X X X X X hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina X X X X X X X X X X X, house wren Troglodytes aedon X X X X X X X indigo bunting Passerina cyanea X X X X X X X X X X X X X Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus X X X X X X X X X X king rail Rallus elegans X X X X least flycatcher Empidonax minimus X X X X X X X X X , X X loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus X X, X long-eared owl Asio otus X X X X X X X Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla X X X X X X X X X X X magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia X X X X X X mourning dove Zenaida macroura X X X X X X X X X X Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla X X X X X northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus X X X X X X X northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern flicker Colaptes auratus X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis X X X X X X X X X X X X northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos X X X X X northern oriole Icterus galbula X X X X X X northern parula Parula americana X X X X X X X X X X X X X northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus X X X X X X X northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis X X X X X X X

121 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi X X X X orchard oriole Icterus spurius X X X X X X ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X palm warbler Dendroica palmarum X X X X X X X pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus X X X X X X X X X X X X pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator pine warbler Dendroica pinus X X X X prairie warbler Dendroica discolor X X X X X X X X X X X prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea X X X X purple finch Carpodacus purpureus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red crossbill Loxia curvirostra X X X X X red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus X X X X X X X red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis X X X X red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis X X red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus X X X X X X X X X X X X red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus X X X X X X red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus X X X X X red-tailed hawk Butco jamaicensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus X X X X X X X X X X X rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus X X X X ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris X X X X X X X X X X X ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus X X X X X X X X X X X X X scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea X X X X X X X X X

122 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus X X X X X X X X X X X X short-eared owl Asio flammeus X X X X X X song sparrow Melospiza melodia X X X X X X X X X X X sora Porzana carolina X X X summer tanager Piranga rubra X X X X X X X X X X Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor X X X X X tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor X X X X X X X X X X X turkey vulture Cathartes aura X X X X X X X X X X X veery Catharus fuscescens X X X X X X X X warbling vireo Vireo gilvus X X X X whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus X X X X X X X X white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-eyed vireo Vireo griseus X X X X X white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera X X X X X X X wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo X X X X X X X X X X X X X willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii X X X X X wood duck Aix sponsa X X X X wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina X X X X X X X X X X X X X worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus X X X X X X X X X X X X yellow warbler Dendroica petechia yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus X X X X X X X X

123 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens X X X X X X X X X yellow-crowned night-heron Nycticorax violaceus X X X X X X yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons X X X X X X X yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica X X X X X X X X X X X X X Mammals beaver Castor canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X black bear Ursus americanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X bobcat Felis rufus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X coyote Canis latrans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus X X X X X X X X X X X Delmarva fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eastern woodrat Neotoma magister X X X X X X X X X X X X Gapper's red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi X X X X X X X X X gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Keen's myotis Myotis keenii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

124 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods least weasel Mustela nivalis X X X X X X X X X X X X X little brown bat Myotis lucifugus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X long-tailed shrew Sorex dispar X X X X X X X X X X X long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X masked shrew Sorex cinereus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis X X X X X X X X X X X X northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus pine vole Microtus pinetorum X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pygmy shrew Microsorex hoyi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X raccoon Procyon lotor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red bat Lasiurus borealis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X river otter Lutra canadensis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus X X X X X X X X X X X X X silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X small-footed myotis Myotis leibii X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X smoky shrew Sorex fumeus X X X X X X X X X X X X X southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans X X X X X X X X X X X X X star-nosed mole Condylura cristata X X X X X X X X X striped skunk Mephitis mephitis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

125 Oak Maple Poplar Mature Hemlock Oak-Pine Young Tree Baldcypress Grass - Forb Oak-Hickory Southern Pine Northern Pine Pine-Hardwood Shrub - Seedling Other Mixedwoods Northern Hardwoods Atlantic White-Cedar Appalachian Hardwoods Bbottomland Hardwoods

Common Name Latin Name Oak-Northern Hardwoods Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X water shrew Sorex palustris X X X X X X X X X X X X white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis X X X X X X X X

126

APPENDIX G SPECIES BY FOREST STRUCTURE

Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70

Herpetofauna Allegheny mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus X X X X X X American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus p p X American toad Anaxyrus americanus X X X p X X barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa X p X X bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi X X p X broad-headed skink Plestiodon laticeps X b X X X X p bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana X p X X carpenter frog Lithobates virgatipes p p X common five-lined skink Plestiodon fasciatus b b b X X X X X X common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus X X p p X Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis X X X X X cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus b p p X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina b X p p X X X X X X eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans p X X X eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus X b p p X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X X X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos b X X p X X

127 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X b b X X X X eastern milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum X X b b p p X eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X X X p X eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum b X p X X eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis X X X X X X X X eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X p X X eastern ratsnake Pantherophis alleghaniensis X X X X X X X X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus b X b b p X eastern six-lined racerunner Aspidoscelis sexlineatus b X p p X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae p X X X p p X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina b p X X eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrookii eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X X X p X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X X X b p X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X X X X X X X X Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri X p p X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X X p X X X green frog Rana clamitans X X p X X green salamander Aneides aeneus X X X p X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X X p p X Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum X X X p X little brown skink Scincella lateralis p b X X

128 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 long-tailed salamander Eurycea longicauda X X X p X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum X X X X p X X midland painted turtle Chrysemys picta b p X X mole kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster b p p X Mountain chorus frog Pseudacris brachyphona X p p X mountain earthsnake Virginia valeriae X p X X X X New Jersey chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X northern black racer Coluber constrictor X X p X X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X X X X X X X northern coal skink Plestiodon anthracinus X X X X X X northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix X X p X X X X X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X X X p X northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X X p X X northern leopard frog Rana pipiens X p p X northern map turtle Graptemys geographica b p X X northern pinesnake Pituophis melanoleucus b X X X p X X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X X X X p X northern red-bellied cooter Pseudemys rubiventris b p X X X northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X X X X X X X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X X b p X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X b p p X northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea b X X p p X

129 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus b X X b p X X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer p X X p X X X northern spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus X X p X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X X X p X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon p p X pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X p X X queen snake Regina septemvittata p X X rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma b p X X red-bellied watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster X X p p X red-eared slider Trachemys scripta b p p X red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X X X X X seal salamander Desmognathus monticola X X X p X smooth greensnake Opheodrys vernalis X X X X X X X X southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X p X X southern ring-necked snake Diadophis punctatus X X X b X X X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum p X X X p X spotted turtle Clemmys guttata b p X timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X X X p p X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X p p X valley and ridge salamander Plethodon hoffmani X X X p X Wehrle's salamander Plethodon wehrlei b p p p p X wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus p p X X X X

130 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta X X X p X p X Birds acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens X X X X X alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum X b X X X American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos X X X American goldfinch Carduelis tristis X X X American kestrel Falco sparverius X X b X American redstart Setophaga ruticilla X X X X X X American robin Turdus migratorius X X American tree sparrow Spizella arborea X X American woodcock Scolopax minor X X X X X Bachman's sparrow Aimophila aestivalis b X X bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalis barn owl Tyto alba X b barred owl Strix varia X X bay breasted warbler Dendroica castanea X belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon X X X Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii X X X black vulture Coragyps atratus black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia X b X X X b black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus b X X X X X blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca X

131 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus X X b black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax X blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata X X black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens b X X X X black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens X X blue grosbeak Guiraca caerulea b X X blue jay Cyanocitta cristata b X X X blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea X blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius b X X X X X X X blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus X b X X broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus X brown creeper Certhia americana X X b brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum b X X X X X brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater X X brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla X b Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis X b X X X X carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis X X b carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus X b X b cattle egret Bubulcus ibis cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum X X X X X cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea X X chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica b b X X

132 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 chipping sparrow Spizella passerina b X X X X X X common grackle Quiscalus quiscula X X X common merganser Mergus merganser b common raven Corvus corax X X common snipe Gallinago gallinago b X Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii X X dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis X X X X downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens X X b eastern bluebird Sialia sialis X X X b eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus X X X X X eastern screech-owl Megascops asio X b eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus X b X X X X X X eastern wood pewee Contopus virens X X European starling Sturnus vulgaris X X evening grosbeak Coccothaustes vespertinus field sparrow Spizella pusilla b X X X fish crow Corvus ossifragus fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X X X X X X golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos X X golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa X golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera b X X X gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis X b X X X

133 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 great blue heron Ardea herodias X great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus X X b great egret Ardea alba X X X X great horned owl Bubo virginianus X green heron Butorides virescens b X green-winged teal Anas crecca X X hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus X X X X b hermit thrush Catharus guttatus X X hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus X X hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina b X X X house wren Troglodytes aedon X X X b indigo bunting Passerina cyanea X X X X X Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus X b X X king rail Rallus elegans X X X X least flycatcher Empidonax minimus X X X loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus X X long-eared owl Asio otus Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla X X X X magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia X X X mourning dove Zenaida macroura X X Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla X X X X X X X northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus X X X

134 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis X X X X X X X X northern flicker Colaptes auratus X X b northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis X X northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos X X X X X X X northern oriole Icterus galbula X X northern parula Parula americana X X X X northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus X X X b X northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis X X olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi X X X X orchard oriole Icterus spurius X X ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus X X X palm warbler Dendroica palmarum pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus X b pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator X X pine warbler Dendroica pinus X X prairie warbler Dendroica discolor X X prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea X X purple finch Carpodacus purpureus X red crossbill Loxia curvirostra X red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus X X X X b red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis X b red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis b

135 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus X red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus X X X X b red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus X X red-tailed hawk Butco jamaicensis X X X rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus X X rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris X X X X ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus X X X X X X scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea X sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus X short-eared owl Asio flammeus song sparrow Melospiza melodia X X X X X sora Porzana carolina X X summer tanager Piranga rubra X X X Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii X X X X tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor X X tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor X X X turkey vulture Cathartes aura X X X X veery Catharus fuscescens X X b X X X X warbling vireo Vireo gilvus X X whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus X X X white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis X X b

136 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 white-eyed vireo Vireo griseus X X X white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis X X X X white-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera X wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo X X X X X willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii X X X X wood duck Aix sponsa X wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina X X X X X worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus X X X X X X yellow warbler Dendroica petechia X X X X yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus X X X yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens b X X yellow-crowned night-heron Nycticorax violaceus X yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons X yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica X Mammals beaver Castor canadensis big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus b black bear Ursus americanus p X X b bobcat Felis rufus X X X X X b coyote Canis latrans X deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus X X X X X b b Delmarva fox squirrel Sciurus niger X X p p X

137 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus X X b X X X p p eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus eastern gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus X b eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus X X X eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius X X eastern woodrat Neotoma magister X X X X X X X p p X Gapper's red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi X X X X X gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis X X p p b hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri X X hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus X Keen's myotis Myotis keenii X least weasel Mustela nivalis X X X X little brown bat Myotis lucifugus X long-tailed shrew Sorex dispar X X X long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata X X X masked shrew Sorex cinereus X b meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus X X X New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis X X X X X X northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus X p p b pine vole Microtus pinetorum X X X X pygmy shrew Microsorex hoyi X X

138 Litter Rocks Soft Mast Hard Mast Low Perch Low Perch High Perch Tree Cavity Shrub Mixed Midstory Mixed Shrub Ericaeous Shrub Cover<20 Shrub Cover>50 Shrub Deciduous Shrub Coniferous Ground Cover<30 Shrub Cover 20-50 Midstory Decidious Ground Cover>75% Midstory Coniferous Subterranean Habitat Overstory Closure<15 Overstory Closure>70 Ground Cover 30-75% Dead and Down Wood Common Name Latin Name Overstory Closure 15-30 Overstory Closure 31-70 raccoon Procyon lotor b red bat Lasiurus borealis b X red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus X p p b river otter Lutra canadensis X rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus X silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans b small-footed myotis Myotis leibii b smoky shrew Sorex fumeus b southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi X X X X X southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans p p b star-nosed mole Condylura cristata X X striped skunk Mephitis mephitis X X X X Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana b X X b water shrew Sorex palustris X white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus b X X p p white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus X X X woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis X X X

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APPENDIX H SPECIES BY NON – FOREST STRUCTURE Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water

Herpetofauna Allegheny mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus X b X p American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus b X b b b X X American toad Anaxyrus americanus X X X b X b X b X barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa b p X b b bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi p b X X broad-headed skink Plestiodon laticeps X bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana X b b b X X X carpenter frog Lithobates virgatipes b p b X X X common five-lined skink Plestiodon fasciatus X b p common ribbonsnake Thamnophis sauritus X X X p X X X X Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis X X b b X X X p cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus X eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina X X X eastern cricket frog Acris crepitans X X X X b X X X X p eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus X X X eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis X X X X X X eastern hog-nosed snake Heterodon platyrhinos X eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula X X X

140 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water eastern milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum X X eastern mud salamander Pseudotriton montanus X X X X X p eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum X p X X X X p eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis X X X b b X X b eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta X b X X X X eastern ratsnake Pantherophis alleghaniensis X X X eastern red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus eastern six-lined racerunner Aspidoscelis sexlineatus X eastern smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae X X eastern snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina X X X p X X X X X p eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrookii X eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum b X X eastern wormsnake Carphophis amoenus X X four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum X b b b X X p Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri X X X X X X X b X X X gray treefrog Hyla versicolor X X X b b b X green frog Rana clamitans X X b X X X X X X green salamander Aneides aeneus X green treefrog Hyla cinerea X X X b X b X X X Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum X X b X b X X p little brown skink Scincella lateralis X long-tailed salamander Eurycea longicauda X X X b p X marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum b X b b X p midland painted turtle Chrysemys picta X X p X p X X p

141 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water mole kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster X Mountain chorus frog Pseudacris brachyphona X b b mountain earthsnake Virginia valeriae X New Jersey chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X X b X X X northern black racer Coluber constrictor X X X northern brown snake Storeria dekayi X b northern coal skink Plestiodon anthracinus X northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix X X X X northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus X X X X X p northern green frog Lithobates clamitans X X X X X X X p northern leopard frog Rana pipiens X X X X X X p northern map turtle Graptemys geographica X p X X p northern pinesnake Pituophis melanoleucus X northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber X p b b p northern red-bellied cooter Pseudemys rubiventris X X X p p X X p northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata X X X northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus X northern rough greensnake Opheodrys aestivus X X p northern scarletsnake Cemophora coccinea northern slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus X X northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer X X b b X X X northern spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus X X p X p X p X northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata X X X p X b X northern water snake Nerodia sipedon X X p X X X X X

142 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water pickerel frog Lithobates palustris X X X X b X X X b X X p X queen snake Regina septemvittata X X X X p X rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma X X X X red-bellied watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster X X X p X X p red-eared slider Trachemys scripta p X X X p red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens X X b X X X p seal salamander Desmognathus monticola b X X X p b smooth greensnake Opheodrys vernalis southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephala X X X b b X X X p southern ring-necked snake Diadophis punctatus X spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum X b X p spotted turtle Clemmys guttata X X X X X X p timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus X upland chorus frog Pseudacris feriarum X X X b X X p valley and ridge salamander Plethodon hoffmani X Wehrle's salamander Plethodon wehrlei p wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus X b b b X X wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta X X b X X X X Birds acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens X X alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum b X X b American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos X American goldfinch Carduelis tristis b X b X X American kestrel Falco sparverius b X

143 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water American redstart Setophaga ruticilla American robin Turdus migratorius X b X American tree sparrow Spizella arborea American woodcock Scolopax minor b X X X X Bachman's sparrow Aimophila aestivalis X bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalis X X X X b barn owl Tyto alba X b barred owl Strix varia X X X X b bay breasted warbler Dendroica castanea b belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon X X X X b b Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii b X black vulture Coragyps atratus X b b black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia X black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus X b blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax b b b X X b blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata b black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens X blue grosbeak Guiraca caerulea blue jay Cyanocitta cristata X blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius

144 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water blue-winged warbler Vermivora pinus X X broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus b X brown creeper Certhia americana b brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis X carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis X X carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus X X cattle egret Bubulcus ibis cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum b cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea b chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica chipping sparrow Spizella passerina common grackle Quiscalus quiscula b X common merganser Mergus merganser X b X X X b common raven Corvus corax common snipe Gallinago gallinago b X X X Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii X b dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis X X X downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens b eastern bluebird Sialia sialis X X eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus X eastern screech-owl Megascops asio b X

145 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus eastern wood pewee Contopus virens b European starling Sturnus vulgaris X b evening grosbeak Coccothaustes vespertinus field sparrow Spizella pusilla b fish crow Corvus ossifragus X X X b fox squirrel Sciurus niger golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos X X b X golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera X X gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis b X great blue heron Ardea herodias X X X X X X X X X great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus great egret Ardea alba X X X X X X b great horned owl Bubo virginianus X green heron Butorides virescens b b b X green-winged teal Anas crecca X X X hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus hermit thrush Catharus guttatus hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus b X X X X X X hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina b house wren Troglodytes aedon X b indigo bunting Passerina cyanea Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus

146 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water king rail Rallus elegans X X X X X X least flycatcher Empidonax minimus loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus X long-eared owl Asio otus b X Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla X X X X X b magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia mourning dove Zenaida macroura X Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla X X northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus X northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis X northern flicker Colaptes auratus northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis X northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos X northern oriole Icterus galbula X northern parula Parula americana X b northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis X b X b olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi b b orchard oriole Icterus spurius X X ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus palm warbler Dendroica palmarum b X pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus b pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator X pine warbler Dendroica pinus

147 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water prairie warbler Dendroica discolor prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea X X X X X X b purple finch Carpodacus purpureus X red crossbill Loxia curvirostra red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus X X b red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus X red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus X b X X X b red-tailed hawk Butco jamaicensis b rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus X rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus b X X X ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus X scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus X short-eared owl Asio flammeus X X song sparrow Melospiza melodia X sora Porzana carolina X X X X summer tanager Piranga rubra Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii X tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor X X X X X X tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor b

148 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water turkey vulture Cathartes aura p X veery Catharus fuscescens X b warbling vireo Vireo gilvus X whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus X white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis white-eyed vireo Vireo griseus b white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis X white-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo b X willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii X X X X wood duck Aix sponsa X X X X X X X b wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina X worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus X yellow warbler Dendroica petechia X X X b yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus X b yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens X b yellow-crowned night-heron Nycticorax violaceus b X b yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica Mammals beaver Castor canadensis p p b b b b b big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus b X black bear Ursus americanus X b bobcat Felis rufus p

149 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water coyote Canis latrans X deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Delmarva fox squirrel Sciurus niger X eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus X eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus X eastern gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus X X eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus b X eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius p eastern woodrat Neotoma magister b Gapper's red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus Keen's myotis Myotis keenii least weasel Mustela nivalis b little brown bat Myotis lucifugus X X p p p p p p X long-tailed shrew Sorex dispar long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata X X X X masked shrew Sorex cinereus X X meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius p p meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus X pine vole Microtus pinetorum X

150 Bog Cliff Seep Seep Lake Pond Cave River Grass Stream Stream Pasture Shrub Land Shrub Marsh Stream Bank Stream Shrub Swamp Riparian Zone Sedge Meadow Cultivated Land Human Structure Permanent Water Permanent Deepwater Marsh Common Name Latin Name Temporary Water pygmy shrew Microsorex hoyi b b b raccoon Procyon lotor X X p red bat Lasiurus borealis X X red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus river otter Lutra canadensis p p X b b b b b rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus p p X p silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans p p p p p small-footed myotis Myotis leibii p p p p p b smoky shrew Sorex fumeus b b b southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi X X southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans star-nosed mole Condylura cristata b b X b b b striped skunk Mephitis mephitis X Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana X X b water shrew Sorex palustris p p b white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus X b woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis p p p

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