DOCSLIB.ORG

Islam, Democracy, and Governance: Sudan and Morocco in a Comparative Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Islam, Democracy, and Governance: Sudan and Morocco in a Comparative Perspective ISLAM, DEMOCRACY, AND GOVERNANCE: SUDAN AND MOROCCO IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE By WALEED MOUSA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Waleed Mousa There is not a single night in which I do put my head over the pillow without thinking of the poor in my nation and in the world in large. It is to those impoverished people, to my parents who helped me reach this level of conscientiousness, to my wife whose love helped me overcome the agony, and to my children whose heavenly spirit helped sustain my soul that I dedicate this dissertation. Waleed Madibbo TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW..........................................................................................................1 2 ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY....................................................................................12 Political Authority in Islam Prior to Modernity .........................................................14 Modernization and Colonialism: The Creation of “the Other” ..................................23 Islamic Revivalism: Adaptation or Retreat.................................................................34 Modernity and modernization: different notions and definitions...............................39 3 ISLAM AND THE POLITICS OF STATE FORMATION: SUDAN AND MOROCCO IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .......................................................46 Centripetal and Centrifugal Tendencies in Pre-colonial Days ...................................47 Institutional Basis of “Obedience” .............................................................................48 Proximity of the Magreb to Islamic Religious Authority...........................................48 Tripartite of Power in Morocco ..................................................................................54 Sudan’s Limited Experience with Central Authority .................................................57 4 SPECTRUM OF INTERPRETATIONS AND SOCIO-POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ...........................................................................................................73 Traditional Leaders in Modern Clothes......................................................................90 Can Modern Rationality Shape New Religiosity?......................................................99 Conclusions...............................................................................................................113 5 GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF SUDAN.....................................................................................................................117 Sudan’s Travel Along the Full Ideological Spectrum ..............................................119 Secular Governance 1956-1972................................................................................120 Sultanistic Governance 1973-1985...........................................................................127 iv Religious Governance 1989-Present.........................................................................143 Conclusions...............................................................................................................155 6 GOVERNANCE CHAPTER IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF MOROCCO ..............................................................................................................159 Nationalist Governance (1961-1974) .......................................................................161 Sultanistic Governance(1975-99) .............................................................................167 Democratic Governance (1999-present)...................................................................180 Conclusions...............................................................................................................187 7 TOWARDS AN EMBEDDED DEMOCRACY MODEL.......................................189 What Difference Does Peripheral Location in the Islamic World Make?................190 What Difference Does Political Stability Make to the Respect of Political Rights and Civil Liberties?...............................................................................................192 What Lessons, If Any, May Be Drawn from the Cases of Morocco and Sudan for the Rest of the Muslim world?..............................................................................194 What Might Be the Ways and Means of Achieving a More Embedded Form of Democracy in the Islamic World, Based on the Experiences of the Two Countries Studied Here? .......................................................................................196 APPENDIX A GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................198 B INDEPTH INTERVIEWS WITH ELITES, SCHOLARS, AND ACTIVISTS: MOROCCO ..............................................................................................................200 C INDEPTH INTERVIEWS WITH ELITES, SCHOLARS, AND ACTIVISTS: SUDAN.....................................................................................................................202 D ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................204 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................205 LIST OF REFERENCES: ARABIC................................................................................215 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................218 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Basic Parameters Determining Islam's Relation to Democracy. .............................41 5-1 Sudan Ideological Spectrum (L-R) ........................................................................120 6-1 Moroccan Ideological Spectrum (L-R) ..................................................................161 vi Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ISLAM, DEMOCRACY, AND GOVERNANCE: SUDAN AND MOROCCO IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE By Waleed Mousa August 2005 Chair: Goran Hyden Major Department: Political Science Throughout its history, Islam has been marked by two trends. The first trend is a literalist tradition, which considers the Sharia laws as expounded in the medieval manuals as the eternally valid and immutable standards of conduct. The second trend is a liberalist interpretation of Sharia, which views that classical theory as only one stage in the evolution of the Sharia. This interpretation continues to interpret the Qur’an in light of the mundane forces that activate society. My dissertation argues that the absence of a well-balanced socio-political philosophy exacerbates the tension between these two tendencies: between Islamization, which as a result of the colonial and post-colonial legacies has become tantamount with the literalist tradition, and Liberalization, which lies in consonance with intellectual school of thoughts that had evolved in the West. This tension becomes internalized in a culturally homogeneous society such as the Moroccan society; it becomes externalized in a culturally heterogeneous society such as the Sudanese society. Increasing acts of vii violence display some of the tension that the Moroccan society is experiencing; jihad declared citizens of the south explains some of the Sudanese tension. An Islamic epistemological revolution, to borrow Mohamed Arkoun’s terminology, may be the way towards invigorating genuine interaction between Islam with its emphasis on a communitarian bond, and the sociological and historical roots of modernity with its emphasis on individuality, hence creating a morally bounded public sphere, yet one that is liberating. viii CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW Democratization, with its ensuing pressures for parallel liberal economic and political reforms, poses a special challenge to Islamic countries. Relatively little work has been done on this subject (Tibi 2002; Ahmed 1992; Sivan 1990; Eickelman and Piscatori 1996; Lewis 1988; Nasr 2001). This dissertation is an attempt to fill the existing gap in our knowledge. It focuses on two African countries, Sudan and Morocco, which have been struggling for quite some time to reconcile an Islamic heritage with a more liberal political order. In addition, both countries have been wrestling with how to incorporate geographically peripheral parts into the political mainstream: in Sudan, the South; in Morocco, Western Sahara. These tensions have intensified in recent years as the end of the Cold War has unleashed an ideological tension within the Muslim world that exposed the weaknesses of existing political institutions. Politics in plural Islamic countries, such as Morocco and Sudan fails to produce stability and a plural reconciliation because the pragmatic middle ground on the ideological spectrum (IS), occupied by traditional parties with a Sufi background, is being conquered by stronger forces. These modernist forces are mainly on the left and the right side of the ideological spectrum (Modernists
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps
    Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria HUMAN Human Rights in Western Sahara RIGHTS and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps WATCH Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-420-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2008 1-56432-420-6 Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Map Of North Africa ....................................................................................................... 1 Summary...................................................................................................................... 2 Western Sahara ....................................................................................................... 3 Refugee Camps near Tindouf, Algeria ...................................................................... 8 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 12 To the UN Security Council ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002
    Description of document: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002 Requested date: 2002 Release date: 2003 Posted date: 08-February-2021 Source of document: Information and Privacy Coordinator Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Fax: 703-613-3007 Filing a FOIA Records Request Online The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. 1 O ct 2000_30 April 2002 Creation Date Requester Last Name Case Subject 36802.28679 STRANEY TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH OF INDIA; HONG KONG; CHINA AND WTO 36802.2992 CRAWFORD EIGHT DIFFERENT REQUESTS FOR REPORTS REGARDING CIA EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS 36802.43927 MONTAN EDWARD GRADY PARTIN 36802.44378 TAVAKOLI-NOURI STEPHEN FLACK GUNTHER 36810.54721 BISHOP SCIENCE OF IDENTITY FOUNDATION 36810.55028 KHEMANEY TI LEAF PRODUCTIONS, LTD.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Landscapes & Gardens of Morocco 2022
    Natural Landscapes & Gardens of Morocco 2022 22 MAR – 12 APR 2022 Code: 22206 Tour Leaders Paul Urquhart Physical Ratings Explore Morocco’s rich culture in gardening and landscape design, art, architecture & craft in medieval cities with old palaces and souqs, on high mountain ranges and in pre- Saharan desert fortresses. Overview This tour, led by garden and travel writer Paul Urquhart, is a feast of splendid gardens, great monuments and natural landscapes of Morocco. In Tangier, with the assistance of François Gilles, the UK’s most respected importer of Moroccan carpets, spend two days visiting private gardens and learn about the world of Moroccan interiors. While based in the charming Dar al Hossoun in Taroudant for 5 days, view the work of French landscape designers Arnaud Maurières and Éric Ossart, exploring their garden projects designed for a dry climate. View Rohuna, the stunning garden of Umberto Pasti, a well-known Italian novelist and horticulturalist, which preserves the botanical richness of the Tangier region. Visit the gardens of the late Christopher Gibbs, a British antique dealer and collector who was also an influential figure in men’s fashion and interior design in 1960s London. His gorgeous cliff-side compound is set in 14 acres of plush gardens in Tangier. In Marrakesh, visit Yves Saint Laurent Museum, Jardin Majorelle, the Jardin Secret, the palmeraie Jnane Tamsna, André Heller’s Anima and take afternoon tea in the gardens of La Mamounia – one of the most famous hotels in the world. Explore the work of American landscape architect, Madison Cox: visit Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé’s private gardens of the Villa Oasis and the gardens of the Yves Saint Laurent Museum in Marrakesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Rdeča Struga, Zlata Reka: Sociološke Refleksije O Zahodni Sahari Saguia El-Hamra, Río De Oro: Sociological Reflections on Western Sahara
    Rdeča struga, zlata reka: sociološke refleksije o Zahodni Sahari Saguia el-Hamra, Río de Oro: sociological reflections on Western Sahara Uredila / Edited by Damjan Mandelc in Tjaša Učakar ZA Zahodno Saharo Vsebina Damjan Mandelc, Tjaša Učakar ZA Zahodno Saharo – uredniška beseda .......................................................................... 7 I. Zahodna Sahara in mednarodna skupnost ............................................................ 9 Damjan Mandelc Nevarna pravičnost, pozabljena solidarnost in barva tujega peska ................................ 10 Ana Ješe Perković Vloga Evropske unije pri reševanju statusa Zahodne Sahare: primerjava s Kosovom ..... 18 Monika Štumpfl Vloga Združenih narodov v konfliktu v Zahodni Sahari ................................................. 22 II. Okolje in naravni viri .......................................................................................... 31 Matic Vehovec Zahodna Sahara v številkah ........................................................................................... 32 Tjaša Učakar Okupacija Zahodne Sahare v luči naravnih virov ........................................................... 36 Nika Sirk-Rigler Trgovanje z ribami ali s človekovimi pravicami? ........................................................... 46 III. Religija, kultura, politika ................................................................................... 53 Alen Hajdarević Zahodna Sahara pod okupacijo .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • KING HASSAN II: Morocco’S Messenger of Peace
    KING HASSAN II: Morocco’s Messenger of Peace BY C2007 Megan Melissa Cross Submitted to the Department of International Studies and the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Kansas In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Arts _________________________ Chair _________________________ Co-Chair _________________________ Committee Member Date Defended: ___________ The Thesis Committee for Megan Melissa Cross certifies That this is the approved version of the following thesis: KING HASSAN II: Morocco’s Messenger of Peace Committee: _________________________ Chair _________________________ Co-Chair _________________________ Committee Member Date approved: ___________ ii ABSTRACT Megan Melissa Cross M.A. Department of International Studies, December 2007 University of Kansas The purpose of this thesis is to examine the roles King Hassan II of Morocco played as a protector of the monarchy, a mediator between Israel and the Arab world and as an advocate for peace in the Arab world. Morocco’s willingness to enter into an alliance with Israel guided the way for a mutually beneficial relationship that was cultivated for decades. King Hassan II was a key player in the development of relations between the Arab states and Israel. His actions illustrate a belief in peace throughout the Arab states and Israel and also improving conditions inside the Moroccan Kingdom. My research examines the motivation behind King Hassan II’s actions, his empathy with the Israeli people, and his dedication to finding peace not only between the Arab states and Israel, but throughout the Arab world. Critics question the King’s intentions in negotiating peace between Israel and the Arab states.
    [Show full text]
  • Cover Pages and Abstract May 2014
    The Contentious Classroom: Education in Postcolonial Literature from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia Erin Twohig Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Erin Twohig All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Contentious Classroom: Education in Postcolonial Literature from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia Erin Twohig ! My dissertation examines literary portraits of education in French- and Arabic-language literature from the Maghreb. The texts that I study recount their protagonists’ experience, as students or teachers, in the school system following independence in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. I focus, in particular, on debates relating to the “Arabization” of education. Arabizing education in the Maghreb was considered a fundamental act of decolonization, yet its promotion of a single national language provoked much criticism. I examine how authors use literary depictions of the classroom to treat critical topics surrounding language policy, national identity projects, the legacy of the colonial past, and the future of the education system. The chapters of this work explore four critical issues in discussions of education: the relationship between “colonial” and “postcolonial” education systems, the place of Amazigh (Berber) minorities in an Arabized education system, the effect of education on gender dynamics, and the “economics of education” which exclude many students from social mobility. This work examines thirteen literary texts, seven written in French and six in Arabic: ‘Abd al-Ghani Abu al-‘Azm’s Al ḍarīḥ and Al ḍarīḥ al akhar, Leila Abouzeid’s Rujūʻ ilā al-ṭufūlah and Al-Faṣl al-akhīr, Wahmed Ben Younes’s Yemma, Karima Berger’s L’enfant des deux mondes, Maissa Bey’s Bleu blanc vert, Wahiba Khiari’s Nos silences, Fouad Laroui’s “L’Etrange affaire du cahier bounni,” Mohamed Nedali’s Grâce à Jean de la Fontaine!, Brick Oussaïd’s Les coquelicots de l’oriental, Habib Selmi’s Jabal al-‘anz, and Zohr Wanissi’s Min Yawmīyāt Mudarrisah Ḥurrah.
    [Show full text]
  • President Clinton's Meetings & Telephone Calls with Foreign
    President Clinton’s Meetings & Telephone Calls with Foreign Leaders, Representatives, and Dignitaries from January 23, 1993 thru January 19, 20011∗ 1993 Telephone call with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia, January 23, 1993, White House declassified in full Telephone call with Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin of Israel, January 23, 1993, White House Telephone call with President Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine, January 26, 1993, White House declassified in full Telephone call with President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, January 29, 1993, White House Telephone call with Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel of Turkey, February 1, 1993, White House Meeting with Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel of Germany, February 4, 1993, White House Meeting with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada, February 5, 1993, White House Meeting with President Turgut Ozal of Turkey, February 8, 1993, White House Telephone call with President Stanislav Shushkevich of Belarus, February 9, 1993, White House declassified in full Telephone call with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia, February 10, 1993, White House declassified in full Telephone call with Prime Minister John Major of the United Kingdom, February 10, 1993, White House Telephone call with Chancellor Helmut Kohl of Germany, February 10, 1993, White House declassified in full Telephone call with UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, February 10, 1993, White House 1∗ Meetings that were only photo or ceremonial events are not included in this list. Meeting with Foreign Minister Michio Watanabe of Japan, February 11, 1993,
    [Show full text]
  • The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1995 The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco Beebe Bahrami University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ethnic Studies Commons, European History Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Bahrami, Beebe, "The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco" (1995). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1176. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1176 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1176 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco Abstract This thesis investigates the problem of how an historical identity persists within a community in Rabat, Morocco, that traces its ancestry to Spain. Called Andalusians, these Moroccans are descended from Spanish Muslims who were first forced to convert to Christianity after 1492, and were expelled from the Iberian peninsula in the early seventeenth century. I conducted both ethnographic and historical archival research among Rabati Andalusian families. There are four main reasons for the persistence of the Andalusian identity in spite of the strong acculturative forces of religion, language, and culture in Moroccan society. First, the presence of a strong historical continuity of the Andalusian heritage in North Africa has provided a dominant history into which the exiled communities could integrate themselves. Second, the predominant practice of endogamy, as well as other social practices, reinforces an intergenerational continuity among Rabati Andalusians. Third, the Andalusian identity is a single identity that has a complex range of sociocultural contexts in which it is both meaningful and flexible.
    [Show full text]
  • MOROCCO: ISLAM AS the FOUNDATION of POWER Haim Malka
    MOROCCO: ISLAM AS THE FOUNDATION OF POWER Haim Malka oward the end of the 1980s, the late King Hassan II of Morocco Tfamously declared that he was an Islamic “fundamentalist.”1 It was a strange statement from an Arab leader who was so closely linked with the Western alliance. Hassan II was responding to the growing popularity of religiously inspired po liti cal opposition forces that threated his mono poly on power. His declaration reflected a strategy to enlist religion as a tool to outflank his rivals— both sec- ular and religious. If Islamists were popu lar, Hassan II would estab- lish himself as even more Islamist than his po liti cal foes.2 Armed with his title, amir al- mu’minin (commander of the faithful), he fiercely defended his claim to religious authority. It was a tumultuous period in the Arab- Muslim world. Extrem- ists in Saudi Arabia overran Mecca’s Grand Mosque (1979); Iran’s 1979 Islamic revolution was inspiring Islamic po liti cal movements; Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had been assassinated by violent Islamists (1981); and the seeds of al Qaeda were germinating in Af- ghan i stan. Over the next de cade, Morocco strengthened its ties with 1. John F. Burns, “Morocco’s King Loosens his Grip, and Holds on,”The New York Times, June 28, 1999, https:// w w w . n y t i m e s . c o m / 1 9 9 9 / 0 6 / 2 8 / w o r l d / m o r o c c o - s - k i n g - l o o s e n s - his - grip - and - holds - on .
    [Show full text]
  • Missing Youth: the Absence of the Young Moroccan Voice in the Nation Reid Leiter SIT Study Abroad
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2018 Missing Youth: The Absence of the Young Moroccan Voice in the Nation Reid Leiter SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, African Studies Commons, Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Political Science Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Public Affairs Commons Recommended Citation Leiter, Reid, "Missing Youth: The Absence of the Young Moroccan Voice in the Nation" (2018). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3004. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3004 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Leiter 1 Missing Youth: The Absence of the Young Moroccan Voice in the Nation Leiter, Reid Dr. Belghazi, Taieb University of Denver International Studies Africa, Morocco, Rabat Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for MOR, SIT Abroad, Fall 2018 Leiter 2 Abstract Morocco has long maintained stability in a region historically known for fluctuating sociopolitical climates, considerably in part to a robust constitutional monarchy. However, the 20 February movement that coincided with the 2011 Arab Spring showed that the government is vulnerable to an energetic, organized, and a vocal youth population. Now, seven years after a constitutional referendum aimed at installing more democratic processes was passed, the growing youth populous feel more detached from their nation than ever, ignored by the government and monarchy, and ultimately lacking a voice in Moroccan politics.
    [Show full text]
  • King Hassan II of Morocco -- an Appreciation
    <tongrrssional 1Rrcord United States of-America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE ] 06th CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION KING HASSAN II OF MOROCCO- AN APPRECIATION BY DR. JOHN DUKE ANTHONY HON. TOM LANTOS of California IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, August 3, 1999 Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, on July As anticipated, accession to the late King's reforms, the imminence of 23, His Majesty King Hassan II of kingship of King Hassan Il's eldest son the Moroccan monarchy's political Morocco passed away and his son, Sidi and Heir Apparent, the 36-year old demise is even more distant than- it was Mohammad ben AI Hassan assumed the Moulay, now King, Mohammad VI, when Hassan II succeeded his father as throne of Morocco. proceeded smoothly and effectively. King of Morocco in 1960. I would like to call the attention of Also as expected, no significant changes To say this is but to underscore the my colleagues to a particularly thought­ in Morocco's domestic and foreign extent to which the Middle East has ful and insightful essay on the role of policies are envisioned at this time. become so topsy-turvy within the adult King Hassan and his positive impact What, if anything, are the implica­ lifetime of a single person: the late King upon Morocco. The essay- The Passing tions for American and other interna­ of Morocco. of Morocco's King Hassan II - was tional interests in the passing of Africa's Had Hassan II lived and chosen to written by Dr. John Duke Anthony, the and one of the Arab and Islamic world's speak his mind on the subject, it's likely President of the National Council on longest-serving heads of state? that he would have agreed with U.S.-Arab Relations, Secretary-Trea­ At first glance, the most important Diogenes, who is alleged to have surer of the U.S.-Gulf Cooperation certainty is the certainty that key requested that he be "buried with my Council Corporate Cooperation Com­ Moroccan policies are likelyto continue face to the ground, for in no time at all mittee, and a distinguished American as before.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Authoritarian Control Strategies During Civilian Uprisings
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Confronting the Square: Explaining Authoritarian Control Strategies During Civilian Uprisings A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Sean Douglas Brown June 2019 Dissertation Committee: Dr. David Pion-Berlin, Chairperson Dr. Bronwyn Leebaw Dr. Marissa Brookes Copyright by Sean Douglas Brown 2019 The Dissertation of Sean Douglas Brown is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments Throughout the writing of this dissertation I have received an incalculable amount of support and assistance from my fantastic committee at UC Riverside. First and foremost, I would like to extend my immense gratitude to my chairperson, Dr. David Pion-Berlin, for the innumerable hours, days, months, and years that you poured over the text of this dissertation. Your assistance formulating the topic, providing feedback, organizing fieldwork, and editing was decisive in helping me complete this project. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Bronwyn Leebaw and Dr. Marissa Brookes, for your assistance in editing and providing feedback throughout this process. Your thoughts were invaluable contributions to this dissertation. I would like to acknowledge the members of my prospectus committee, including Dr. Indridi Indridason and Dr. Christopher Chase-Dunn for their contributions to the formulation of my research question and methodology. I would like to thank the Department of Political Science for assisting in funding the fieldwork for this project by awarding me the Dissertation Research Grant. Finally, thank you to the administrative staff and all of the professors in the Department of Political Science at UC Riverside that supported me with teaching assistantships, feedback, mental support, and a place to call home for nearly nine years.
    [Show full text]