Explaining Authoritarian Control Strategies During Civilian Uprisings
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Resolution on Western Sahara
RESOLUTION ON WESTERN SAHARA ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL OF MEMBERS/ EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL ASSEMBLY BRAGA, PORTUGAL, 17-20 NOVEMBER 2011 1 COMEM 0995-11-FINAL The Arab Spring was sparked one year ago in Western Sahara when the Moroccan security forces used violence to dismantle the protest camp Gdeim Izik that has been set up against the ongoing discrimination, poverty and human rights abuses against Western Saharan citizens. The Western Saharan region had been a Spanish colony since 1958. On 14 November 1975, Morocco, Mauritania and Spain signed the “Tripartite Agreement” according to which Spain transferred the administration of Western Sahara to the other two countries. The “Green March” in 1975 meant the invasion of Western Sahara by Morocco, an occupation that has lasted until today. Part of the Western Saharan population remained at the occupied territories, and others had to abandon their country and subsist in refugee camps in the Algerian dessert. Since then there have been several relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions concerning the Western Saharan situation. Through the unanimous adoption of resolution 1495 in 2003, the Council expressed its continued strong support for the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Personal Envoy, for their Peace Plan for self-determination of the people of Western Sahara as an “optimum political solution” on the basis of agreement between the two parties. The European Parliament counts on several Resolutions asking Member States to work on the protection of the Saharawi population, and respect for their fundamental rights, including freedom of expression and freedom of movement. The EP has also expressed its support for a just and lasting solution to the conflict in Western Sahara, based on the rule of law and international law. -
Frente Polisario) (Western Sahara
United Nations I! Nations Unies Distr. RESTRICTED CRS/2019/CRP.10 ORIGINAL: E GLISH THIRD INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR THE ERADICATION OF COLONIALISM Caribbean regio al seminar on the implementation of the Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism: accelerating decolonization through renewed commitment and pragmatic measures Saint George s, Grenada 2 to 4 May 2019 STATEME T BY SIDI MOHAMED OMAR (FRENTE POLISARIO (WESTERN SAHARA) Statement of the Frente POLISARIO (Western Sahara) C-24 2019 Pacific Regional Seminar, St. Geor e's, Grenada, 2-4 May 2019 Sidi M. Omar Madame Chair, Distinguished Representatives and Delegates of Member States, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a pleasure to address the Committee for the second time here in Grenada on behalf of the Frente POLISARIO, the legitimate and UN-recognised representative of the people of the Non-Self- Governing Territory of Western Sahara, which has been on the agenda of this Committee since 1963. The theme of the seminar dealing with the Implementation of the Third I ternational Decade for the Eradication of Colo ialism: accelerating decolonization through renewed commitment and pragmatic measures is relevant to the question of Western Sahara. It is my intention therefore to share with you the views of the Frente POLISARIO on the current situation and the way forward in the decolonisation process of the Territory. The question of Weste Sahara as a Non-Self-Governing Territory is a straightforward and clear- cut issue of decolonisation in accordance with the resolutions of the General Assembly, which is the principal organ of the U with the responsibility regarding matters of decolonisation. -
Turmoil in the Middle East
Turmoil in the Middle East Standard Note: SN/IA/5902 Last updated: 28 March 2011 Author: Ben Smith Section International Affairs and Defence Section This note looks at the instability in the Middle East and North Africa since the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings. Source: worldmap.org This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. Contents 1 Tunisia and Egypt 3 2 Algeria 4 2.1 Background 4 2.2 Unrest in 2011 5 2.3 Algeria basic information 5 3 Bahrain 6 3.1 Increasing repression 7 3.2 Unrest in 2011 8 3.3 Saudi forces move in 9 3.4 Bahrain- Basic information 9 4 Iran 10 4.1 Unrest in 2011 10 4.2 Iran- basic information 11 5 Jordan 11 5.1 Unrest in 2011 11 5.2 Jordan- basic information 12 6 Libya 13 6.1 Unrest in 2011 14 6.2 International reaction 15 6.3 Refugees 17 6.4 Libya- basic information 17 7 Morocco 18 7.1 Morocco- basic information -
Deconstructing the Coverage of the Syrian Conflict in Western Media
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMIC STUDIES Regional Master’s Program in Peace Studies MASTER THESIS Deconstructing the Coverage of the Syrian Conflict in Western Media Case Study: The Economist ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR: STUDENT: Prof. dr Radmila Nakarada Uroš Mamić Enrollment No. 22/2015 Belgrade, 2018 1 DECLARATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY I hereby declare that the study presented is based on my own research and no other sources than the ones indicated. All thoughts taken directly or indirectly from other sources are properly denoted as such. Belgrade, 31 August 2018 Uroš Mamić (Signature) 2 Content 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..3 1.1. Statement of Problem ……………………………………………………………………… 3 1.2. Research Topic ………………………………………….........……………………..............4 1.3. Research Goals and Objectives ………………………………….………………….............6 1.4. Hypotheses ………………………………………………………..…………………………7 1.4.1. General Hypothesis ………………………………………………..………………………...7 1.4.2. Specific Hypotheses …………………………………………………………………………7 1.5. Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………….......8 1.6. Research Structure – Chapter Outline ……………………………………………………...10 2. Major Themes of the Syrian Conflict in The Economist ……………………………….12 2.1. Roots of the Conflict ……………………………………………………………………….13 2.2. Beginning of the Conflict – Protests and Early Armed Insurgency …………….................23 2.3. Local Actors …………………………………………………………………………….......36 2.3.1. Syrian Government Forces …………………………………………………………………37 2.3.2. Syrian Opposition ……………………………………………………………………….......41 -
Islam, Democracy, and Governance: Sudan and Morocco in a Comparative Perspective
ISLAM, DEMOCRACY, AND GOVERNANCE: SUDAN AND MOROCCO IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE By WALEED MOUSA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Waleed Mousa There is not a single night in which I do put my head over the pillow without thinking of the poor in my nation and in the world in large. It is to those impoverished people, to my parents who helped me reach this level of conscientiousness, to my wife whose love helped me overcome the agony, and to my children whose heavenly spirit helped sustain my soul that I dedicate this dissertation. Waleed Madibbo TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW..........................................................................................................1 2 ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY....................................................................................12 Political Authority in Islam Prior to Modernity .........................................................14 Modernization and Colonialism: The Creation of “the Other” ..................................23 Islamic Revivalism: Adaptation or Retreat.................................................................34 Modernity -
The Green March Brings Forth the Desert Treasures
The Newsletter | No.75 | Autumn 2016 6 | The Study The Green March brings forth the desert treasures Japan-Morocco economic and technical cooperation in the fishing sector has inadvertently resulted in Moroccan domestic politics integrating Western Sahara into the national territory. Japanese cooperation does not officially extend to Western Sahara due to the region’s disputed political status, yet it was nevertheless effectively used by the Moroccan government to develop the fishing industry in the region. This was motivated by the rich fishing grounds off the south- Atlantic coastline, from Tarfaya to the Mauritanian border, which are good for more than 60 percent of the Moroccan national fishery production in quantity and value. Furthermore, after thirty years of Japanese cooperation, the Moroccan fishing industry in Laâyoune and Dakhla (Western Sahara) now plays a leading role in the south-south cooperation between Morocco and sub-Saharan countries, by initiating workshops and educational programmes designed for the transferral of technical knowledge. Mayuka Tanabe FISH MAKES UP HALF of all animal protein consumption coming from the north of Tarfaya and also for the local Above: has increased its negotiating power with regard to fisheries in Japan, the highest rate in the world; the fishing industry Saharawi groups, in view of total annexation of Western Disembarkation agreements. Furthermore, the development of the artisanal has long been a vital part of economic and social life of the Sahara to Morocco by means of economic integration. of sardines at the fishing sector has contributed to a new pattern of internal nation. Since the 1960s, however, Japan has had to start In light of this political context, Japan’s financial and port of Laâyoune migration of fishermen (see below), and has also helped them importing fisheries products (seafood) as a way to counter- technical support has played an indirect but significant role. -
Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps
Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria HUMAN Human Rights in Western Sahara RIGHTS and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps WATCH Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-420-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2008 1-56432-420-6 Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Map Of North Africa ....................................................................................................... 1 Summary...................................................................................................................... 2 Western Sahara ....................................................................................................... 3 Refugee Camps near Tindouf, Algeria ...................................................................... 8 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 12 To the UN Security Council .................................................................................... -
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002
Description of document: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002 Requested date: 2002 Release date: 2003 Posted date: 08-February-2021 Source of document: Information and Privacy Coordinator Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Fax: 703-613-3007 Filing a FOIA Records Request Online The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. 1 O ct 2000_30 April 2002 Creation Date Requester Last Name Case Subject 36802.28679 STRANEY TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH OF INDIA; HONG KONG; CHINA AND WTO 36802.2992 CRAWFORD EIGHT DIFFERENT REQUESTS FOR REPORTS REGARDING CIA EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS 36802.43927 MONTAN EDWARD GRADY PARTIN 36802.44378 TAVAKOLI-NOURI STEPHEN FLACK GUNTHER 36810.54721 BISHOP SCIENCE OF IDENTITY FOUNDATION 36810.55028 KHEMANEY TI LEAF PRODUCTIONS, LTD. -
Never-Ending Reformism from Above and Dissatisfaction from Below
Discussion Paper 16/2020 Never-Ending Reformism from Above and Dissatisfaction from Below The Paradox of Moroccan Post-Spring Politics Francesco Cavatorta Fabio Merone Never-ending reformism from above and dissatisfaction from below The paradox of Moroccan post-Spring politics Francesco Cavatorta Fabio Merone Bonn 2020 Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ISSN (Print) 1860-0441 ISSN (Online) 2512-8698 Except as otherwise noted this publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0). You are free to copy, communicate and adapt this work, as long as you attribute the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) and the authors. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-96021-127-3 (printed edition) DOI:10.23661/dp16.2020 Printed on eco-friendly, certified paper Francesco Cavatorta is professor of political science and director of the Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur l’Afrique et le Moyen Orient (CIRAM) at Laval University, Quebec, Canada. His research focuses on the dynamics of authoritarianism and democratisation in the Middle East and North Africa. His current research projects deal with party politics and the role of political parties in the region. E-Mail: [email protected] Fabio Merone is a political scientist currently working as an independent consultant. His focus is on the Middle East and North Africa, with a specific interest in Political Islam, Salafism, Jihadism, and contentious politics. -
Reform in Morocco:Layout 1.Qxd
WWW.IPPR.ORG ReforminMorocco TheroleofpoliticalIslamists ByAlexGlennieandDavidMepham September2007 ©ippr2007 InstituteforPublicPolicyResearch Challengingideas– Changingpolicy 2 ippr|ReforminMorocco:TheroleofpoliticalIslamists Contents Aboutippr.................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Aboutippr’sinternationalprogramme ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abouttheauthors ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviationsanddefinitions.................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.RecentpoliticalhistoryofMorocco....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.IslamistpartiesandmovementsinMorocco ........................................................................................................................ -
MOROCCO: Human Rights at a Crossroads
Human Rights Watch October 2004 Vol. 16, No. 6(E) MOROCCO: Human Rights at a Crossroads I. SUMMARY................................................................................................................................ 1 II. RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................... 4 To the Government of Morocco ........................................................................................... 4 To the Equity and Reconciliation Commission ................................................................... 6 To the United Nations............................................................................................................. 7 To the U.S. Government.........................................................................................................8 To the European Union and its member states................................................................... 8 To the Arab League.................................................................................................................. 9 III. INTRODUCTION: ADDRESSING PAST ABUSES................................................... 9 The Equity and Reconciliation Commission......................................................................14 Limits of the New Commission ...........................................................................................16 2003 Report of the Advisory Council for Human Rights ................................................23 IV. HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER THE -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
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