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1 an Assessement of the Economic And AN ASSESSEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IMPACTS OF THE AGADIR AGREEMENT: PROMOTING PEACE AND STABILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA. TARIK OUMAZZANE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of The Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2018 1 "This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the owner(s) of the Intellectual Property Rights.” 2 Abstract The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is currently experiencing unprecedented national, regional and transnational challenges. The emergence and intensification of wars and conflict, the rise in regional and Western military intervention, the increase in public discontent, and the mass displacement of refugees have become increasingly salient features of the political economy of the region. Nevertheless, efforts to achieve greater regional integration have continued since the Second World War. Bilateral, multilateral and region-wide projects have been established to facilitate intra-regional trade and promote political cooperation. The latest regional integration process is the free trade Agadir Agreement, signed in 2004 by Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan. This thesis investigates the Agadir Agreement’s impact on economic integration, its effect on political cooperation, and its role in promoting peace and stability between participating states. Using a critical commercial institutionalist peace theory framework and a mixed-method approach, this thesis argues that, despite the positive and significant correlation found between several variables, it is short-sighted to conclude that the Agadir Agreement has had a major impact on economic integration and political cooperation between member states. The thesis further argues that there is no single explanation of what promotes cooperation. Relations between the four Agadir signatories are the outcome of complex linkages between commercial institutional membership, trade liberalisation, economic integration, political cooperation and peace. 3 Acknowledgements I owe thanks and much appreciation to many people for helping me achieve the completion of this thesis. First and foremost is my Director of Studies Dr Imad El-Anis, who in his supervisory role, has provided valuable advice, precise guidance, intellectual support and wise recommendations. His collegiality and friendship have been remarkable. To him I give my sincerest thanks and I look forward to continuing conducting joint research with him. I would like to extend my appreciation and gratitude to my supervisors: Dr Jonathan Gorry for his wise recommendations and valuable feedback and to Dr Natalie Martin for her academic support. I am also grateful to the School of Social Sciences at Nottingham Trent University for granting me a full scholarship to conduct this study and enabling me to present my research in international conferences including London (BRISMES, BISA), Lampeter (BRISMES), Prague, Sarajevo, Athens and our own NTU MENA conferences. I would like to thank all the staff at the Department of Politics and International Relations for their excellent support and professionalism. I would also like to show appreciation to some individuals for their intellectual, cultural, social and personal support: Peter Austin Jones, Laurence Jones, Spencer Mawby, Nigel Preisner, Nemah Umuziga Cox, Richard Gillis, Rumman Khan, Priya Ramakrishna, Judy Ekins, Gareth Mott, Amine Elgourch, Assia Hammadi, Ali Amamou, Giulia Pavon, Youness Trabelsi, Roger Knott-Fayle, Mohammed Cherkaoui and Sue Lowry. I would like to dedicate this research to my dear family: Ghizlane, Haja Najate, Rafika, Omi Elbiya and Sidi Mohammed for their love and support in every step of my life. Thank you. 4 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 4 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 9 List of Equations ................................................................................................................................... 11 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 12 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 14 Originality and Contribution to Knowledge ...................................................................................... 21 Chapter One.......................................................................................................................................... 25 Exploring Regional Integration in the Middle East and North Africa ..................... 25 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Globalisation and the MENA ............................................................................................................. 26 Defining Globalisation ................................................................................................................... 26 Historical Background of Globalisation ......................................................................................... 31 The Economic Dimension of Globalisation: International Trade and Peace ................................ 33 The Political Dimension of Globalisation ...................................................................................... 35 The Social Dimension of Globalisation .......................................................................................... 36 The Global South in the International System and the International Political Economy ................. 38 International Political Economy and the Global South ................................................................. 41 International Political Economy and the MENA ........................................................................... 43 South-South Cooperation ............................................................................................................. 45 Regionalism and the MENA .............................................................................................................. 47 Defining and Understanding Regional Integration ....................................................................... 47 Understanding Regional Integration ............................................................................................. 49 Defining Economic Integration ..................................................................................................... 50 Defining Political Cooperation and Peace ..................................................................................... 51 Exploring the MENA’s Regional Integration Process ........................................................................ 55 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter Two ......................................................................................................................................... 65 Theory and Methods .................................................................................................................... 65 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 66 Ontological and Epistemological Foundations .................................................................................. 67 5 Ontological Foundations ........................................................................................................... 68 Epistemological Foundations ........................................................................................................ 71 Conception of Theory ....................................................................................................................... 74 A Discussion of Theoretical Understandings of Economic Integration ............................................. 74 Institutionalism and its Development ........................................................................................... 78 Forms of Institutionalism .............................................................................................................. 87 Commercial Institutional Peace Theory .......................................................................................
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