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The Tsar's Abolitionists : the Slave Trade in the Caucasus and Its Suppression / by Liubov Kurtynova-D'herlugnan

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The Tsar's Abolitionists : the Slave Trade in the Caucasus and Its Suppression / by Liubov Kurtynova-D'herlugnan The Tsar’s Abolitionists Eurasian Studies Library Historical, Political and Social Studies of Slavic and Islamic Cultures in the Eurasian Region VOLUME 2 The Tsar’s Abolitionists TheSlaveTradeintheCaucasusandItsSuppression By Liubov Kurtynova-D’Herlugnan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Cover illustration: Stanislas von Chlebowski, Purchasing a Slave, Constantinople; oil on canvas, signed and dated 1879; (93×72 cm). Archives Berko Fine Paintings, Knokke-le-Zoute. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kurtynova-D'Herlugnan, Liubov. The Tsar's abolitionists : the slave trade in the Caucasus and its suppression / by Liubov Kurtynova-D'Herlugnan. p. cm. – (Eurasian studies library ; v. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18344-5 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Slave trade–Caucasus–History–19th century. 2. Slavery–Caucasus–History–19th century. 3. Slavery–Russia–History–19th century. 4. Caucasus–Economic I. Title. II. Series. HT1315.C28K87 2010 326'.809475–dc22 2009053516 ISSN 1877-9484 ISBN 978 90 04 18344 5 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands To Professor Mikhail S. Meier with gratitude and love CONTENTS Acknowledgments................................................... ix Maps ................................................................. xi Introduction ......................................................... xvii ChapterOne.TheCaucasus:GeographyandPeople................. 1 PeoplesandLanguages ............................................. 5 ReligionsoftheCaucasianRegion................................. 9 .Christianity.................................................... 9 .Islam........................................................... 11 SocialStructuresandPatternsofPower............................ 12 .Verticalpowerstructures...................................... 14 SomeConclusions ............................................... 24 WhyWasSlaveTradeSoImportantFortheCaucasianSocieties? 25 SomeConclusions ............................................... 33 Chapter Two. Christians in Heterodox Captivity: The Historical RootsofRussianAbolitionismintheCaucasus ................... 37 TheCaseofanInvisibleSlaveTrade ............................... 37 SomeConclusions ............................................... 43 The Two Abolitionisms: The European and American EnterpriseandTheirDistantCousinfromRussia.............. 44 SomeConclusions ............................................... 59 Historical Myth and Mythical History: Muscovy and the CaucasusBeforethethCentury .............................. 60 SomeConclusions ............................................... 66 TheBeginning:TheFirstAttemptstoBanSlaveTrade............ 67 SomeConclusions ............................................... 72 ChapterThree.TheSouthernCaucasus............................... 73 SomeConclusions ............................................... 100 ACaseofSuccess:VorontsovintheSouthernCaucasus.......... 101 SomeConclusions ............................................... 109 viii contents Chapterfour.TheNorthernCaucasus................................ 111 Someconclusions................................................ 144 ACaseofFailure:VorontsovintheNorthernCaucasus .......... 146 SomeConclusions ............................................... 156 TheNorthernCaucasusaftertheCrimeanWar ................... 157 SomeConclusions ............................................... 168 Conclusion.ExplaininganUnlikelyAbolitionism ................... 171 Bibliography ........................................................... 181 Index................................................................... 199 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book turned out to be a long-term project. Much longer than I bar- gained for when I started working on my Ph.D. thesis on the abolition of slave trade in the Caucasus when at Binghamton University in a breath- takingly beautiful corner of Upstate New York. I would not have been able to stay the course and finally finish it if not for the support of many people, who helped me along the way with their advice, staunch belief that I could do it and encouragement when I needed it. I am express- ing my gratitude, which is much greater that I could possibly put into words, to everybody who helped me stay on track, and I am doing it in more or less the order of their appearance in my academic life, so as not to forget anybody to whom I am indebted. First and foremost, my pro- found gratitude goes to Mikhail Serafimovich Meier, my first academic adviser at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at Moscow State University and to his wife Rufina Rudol’fovna Viatkina, who believed in my success in spite of all the proof to the contrary. Also, I would like to thank all my professors and teachers at the Institute of Asian and African Studies, especially my teachers of Turkish language and Middle Eastern and Turkish history. I am also indebted to my professors at Binghamton University, who helped me through the first years of life in the US and encouraged my ambition of an academic career. My profound thanks go to Immanuel Wallerstein and his wife Beatrice, to William Haver, Ken- neth Strauss and Mark Kulikowski. I am extremely grateful to Artur Tsut- siev for his most generous offer to use a few of the maps from his incredi- ble Atlas of the Ethno-political History of the Caucasus, –.Ihope this atlas is published in English as soon as possible—it’sa real treasure for every scholar working in the field of the Caucasian history. In the course of my work on this book many people helped me with their advice, by expressing their opinions, sharing their experience and sometimes sim- ply by supporting me through a rough patch. I would like to thank Ana- tolii Khazanov, Sergei Arutiunov, Michael Khodarkovskii, Anatol Lieven and his wife Sasha, Andrei Illarionov, Alexander Knysh, William Reno, Andrei Korotaev, Galina Khizrieva, Ilya Kutik, Andrew Wachtel and all my other colleagues who contributed to my ability to finish this project. My particular gratitude goes to those who read the manuscript at differ- ent stages of its completion and made suggestions for its improvement. I x acknowledgments simply can’t thank enough John Bushnell, Arthur Stinchcombe and Tim- othy Earle for all they have done for me. Without their advice this book would not be possible. I am also profoundly thankful to the anonymous assessors at Brill Publishers, who have done a marvelous job at analyzing the manuscript and recommending ways of making it better. I am grateful for their good opinion and only wish I could implement all the changes they proposed. I am sure, however, that their advice will be invaluable to me in the future. Speaking of Brill Publishers, I am very grateful to my editors Ivo Romein and Brigitta Poelmans, who have been most patient with me and supportive throughout the whole publishing process. It goes without saying that all the mistakes and shortcomings of the book are mine alone. I could not have accomplished anything in my life, let alone write this book, without the everyday support from my friends, who have been helping in many different ways throughout my life. My deepest gratitude to my friend Olga Fedosova, who sacrificed a few months of her life in ordertocometomysideandhelpmetakecareofmychildrenwhenI needed it most. My thanks to Rita and Igor Kuznetsov, who shared a lot of my burdens and thus made them easier to carry. I am forever indebted to my old friends Elena Ermolaeva and Elena Shlezinger for their unwaver- ing support and for staying with me through thick and thin even with all the distance separating us. My thanks to all my friends in Russia: Andrei Grafov and his parents, Georgii Krylov, Vladimir and Marina Vsevolozh- skiis and their son Kirill, Iuliia Shirokova and Masha Markevich, Natasha Tiukina and Maksim Artamonov for everything they’ve done for me. My deepest gratitude to my friends in the US: Rita Koryan, Michael Bog- dasarian, Carol Bogdasarian, Pamela O’Shaughnessy, Tatiana Tulchin- sky, David Rubman, Kristina Bushnell, Scott Greer, Arkadii Shemiakin and his wife Zhenia, Elena and Evgenii Petrov, Vladimir Naumov and his family, Margaret and Marek Malko, Joanne Blumberg, Sara Gordon and Reg Fendick. I am grateful to Ekaterina Kondrat’evna and Matvei Matvee- vich Derluguian, Irina and Vladimir Tiukin for being the most wonderful in-laws anybody could wish for. I would like to thank my family for being there for me: my brother Zhenia, his wife Elena and their children, my uncle Vladislav and aunt Liusia. Finally and most importantly I would like to thank my sons Martin and Stephen for inspiring me to do my best and to aspire for higher goals in life not only for my sake, but for theirs as well. I hope this book contributes to this task a little. MAPS maps xiii Map . Ethno-linguistic
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