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Estado Del Conocimiento En Weinmannia Tomentosa Lf (Encenillo)

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Estado Del Conocimiento En Weinmannia Tomentosa Lf (Encenillo) RIAA 2 (1) 2011: 45-53 Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental Estado del conocimiento en Weinmannia tomentosa L.f. (encenillo) y algunas propuestas de estudio sobre su regeneración Current knowledge of Weinmannia tomentosa L.f. (encenillo) and some study proposals for its regeneration Carmen Rosa Montes Pulido [email protected] Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD) Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente (ECAPMA) Sede Nacional José Celestino Mutis, Bogotá, Colombia Resumen .-La reforestación de especies nativas es una prioridad de nuestros ecosistemas intervenidos o severamente afectados. W. tomentosa es una planta dominante en el clímax regional y muy frecuente en los bosques montañosos del norte de la cordillera de los Andes. En Colombia se encuentra principalmente en la cordillera Oriental. Es considerado como uno de los principales inductores preclimácicos de las laderas y de allí su comportamiento pionero como competidor; razón por la cual se requiere de estudios ecológicos, conocer su propagación, %siología, entre otras. El establecimiento de W. tomentosa es propicio para el desarrollo de otras especies de páramo y de lugares de ladera. Palabras clave: Propagación vegetal, Reforestación, Características ecológicas, Distribución de la especie Abstract .- Reforestation of native species is a priority of our ecosystems intervened or severely a&ected. W. tomentosa is a dominant plant in the regional climax and very common in the mountainous forests of the northern Andes. In Colombia it is mainly found in the eastern cordillera. It is considered one of the main pre-climaxed slopes and hence its pioneering behavior as a competitor, that’s why ecological studies are needed, to know their propagation, physiology, among others. *e establishment of W. tomentosa is conducive to the development of other species of moorland and hillside locations. Keywords: Plant propagation, Reforestation, Ecological characteristics, Specie distribution Introducción bón vegetal y empleada su madera en cons- trucción. La especie Weinmannia tomentosa L.f. (Van Geel & Van der Hammen 1973, citados por La documentación sobre la regeneración del Cortés-S. et al . 1999), alcanzó su óptimo encenillo ( W. tomentosa ) es muy escasa y se hace 7.000 años, una vez que la temperatura requiere información acertada para lograr ma- y la precipitación adquirieron los valores ac- yores éxitos en la repoblación de la especie. Au- tuales, y reemplazó la especie Dodonaea vis- tores como Jaimes & Rivera (1990) y Ramos cosa (L.) Jacq., extendida 12.500 años antes (2001) han aportado datos sobre característi- del presente. Sin embargo W. tomentosa ha cas de las semillas, los sitios y tendencias de su sido considerablemente disminuida, debido regeneración natural en bosques altoandinos al uso intensivo de su corteza como tanino, la aledaños al altiplano Cundiboyacense. Se han copa y tronco para leña y elaboración de car- publicado documentos técnicos sobre su pro- 45 RIAA 2 (1) 2011: 45-53 Montes pagación, fundamentados en datos empíricos De acuerdo con Fernández-Galiano & Do- obtenidos en vivero. Algunos trabajos adelan- mínguez (1985), el género más importante es tados en universidades de Colombia han avan- Weinmannia que comprende 160 especies dis- zado sobre factores que condicionan el estable- tribuidas por Madagascar, Malasia, Nueva Ze- cimiento de la plántula en bosques naturales; landa, Chile, México y Antillas. sin embargo, aún se tienen interrogantes sobre condiciones ideales para su regeneración que El género Weinmannia , propio de bosques de requieren de experimentación para ser respon- alta montaña, con cerca de 77 especies en el didos. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue neotrópico (Pennington et al . 2004) y aproxi- identicar y analizar estudios relacionados con madamente 190 especies en el mundo (Schul- los factores que condicionan el establecimiento ze-Menz 1964, Dickison 1977). Se caracteriza de plántulas de encenillo. por árboles y arbustos con ramitas jóvenes planas; estípulas interpeciolares, redondeadas, Información sobre la familia caducas, que tienen una cicatriz prominente; y el género hojas opuestas, por lo general imparipinnadas opuestas, con un raquis alado, foliolos aserra- Para Bradford & Berry (1998) y Pennington et dos, de 1 a 3; pinnados veteados; in#orescen- al . (2004), la familia Cunoniaceae presenta cerca cias axilares; por lo general en espiga o racimo; de 25 géneros y 350 especies. La mayoría de sus #ores pequeñas, sépalos 4-5, pétalos de color géneros están presentes en el hemisferio sur, es- blanco o rosado, de 4-5; estambres 8-10, pro- pecialmente en Australia, Nueva Guinea y Nue- yectado hacia afuera; el nectario circunda el va Caledonia. Además en Sudáfrica ( Cunonia y disco del ovario, ovario 2 (-3) locular, óvulos Platyophylus ), Madagascar ( Weinmannia ) y en numerosos, estilos de 2 a 3 libres, estigma sim- América desde México hasta Chile ( Weinmania , ple, fruto de una cápsula pequeña, septicida, Eucryphia, Caldcluvia y Lamanonia ). Fernández- de paredes delgadas, 2 (-3), con válvula, con el Galiano & Domínguez (1985), denen como estilo persistente, semillas pequeñas y peludas una familia de árboles y arbustos, raramente tre- (Pennington et al. 2004). padoras, hojas coriáceas, opuestas (decusadas) o algunas veces verticiladas, raramente alternas, Las principales especies del género imparipinnadas, trifolioladas o pinnadas; las es- típulas frecuentemente conspicuas y usualmente a nivel mundial, en Sudamérica y en interpeciolares. Flores pequeñas, regulares, bi- Colombia sexuales o algunas veces unisexuales dioicas, so- litarias o en racimos laxos o glomérulos compac- De acuerdo con Dickison (1977), Weinman- tos; 3-6 sépalos, libres o soldados en la base; 4-5 nia es el género con mayor número de espe- pétalos, libres o soldados en la base; casi siempre cies de la familia Cunoniaceae. Su centro de con numerosos estambres, pero algunas veces distribución está en los Andes sudamericanos, con 4-5 alternando con los pétalos y en otros pero el género alcanza a llegar hasta México 8-10 normalmente insertos por sus lamentos (América central), Malasia, Melanesia y Poly- libres en una especie de disco nectarífero que nesia, como también en el clima templado de rodea al ovario. El ovario es súpero, compuesto Nueva Zelanda y Chile. El género está ausente de 2-5 carpelos libres o soldados y generalmente en India, Australia y del continente africano, entre 2 (algunas veces 5) cavidades con nume- sin embargo, está presente en Madagascar. rosos óvulos sentados en 2 las sobre placentas Aunque estas plantas son frecuentes en eleva- encorvadas axilares o apicales. Fruto en cápsula ciones medias y altas, aunque aparecen desde o nuez, y semilla con embrión pequeño rodeado cerca al nivel del mar hasta los 4.000 metros de de abundante endospermo. altitud (Tabla 1). 46 RIAA 2 (1) 2011: 45-53 Estado del conocimiento en Weinmannia tomentosa L.f. Tabla 1. Principales especies del género Weinmannia a nivel mundial. País Especie Localización Fuente 1.700- 2.000 msnm El Rincón, Bautista del Castillo & Gutiérrez México W. pinnata Sierra Norte del estado de Oaxaca 2003 (sureste de México) W. pinnata , 2.000-3.000 msnm Guatemala W. tuerckheimii Sierra de los Cuchumatanes Islebe et al. 1994 (noroeste de Guatemala) W. pinnata , Costa Rica 2.300-3.200 msnm Kappelle et al. 2000 W. trianae 2.800-3.436 msnm Páramo de Arellano-P. & Rangel-Ch. 2008 Carmen de Carupa y Tablazo Colombia W. tomentosa (Cundinamarca); Páramo Cuatrecasas (1934), Cortés- S. et Telecom (Santander); Páramo de al . (1999) Sumapaz (Guasca) 2.800-3.436 msnm Volcan Puracé Colombia W. brachystachya Arellano-P. & Rangel-Ch. 2008 (Cauca) 2.800-3436 msnm Páramo Colombia W. rollotii Arellano-P. & Rangel-Ch. 2008 Sumapaz (Guasca) Parque Nacional Natural las Colombia W. cogolloi Orquídeas (Antioquia), sector Morales 2005 cruces, margen derecha río Calles Colombia W. pinnata Alta montaña Serranía de Perijá Arellano-P. & Rangel-Ch. 2008 Páramo de la Rusia, Belén y Colombia W. microphylla Arellano-P. & Rangel-Ch. 2008 Guantiva (Boyacá) W. balbisiana ; 1.200-1.900; W. brachystachya ; 2.500-2.800; W. corocoroensis ; 2.200; W. elliptica ; 1.800-2.500; W. fagaroides ; 1.200-1.800; W. glabra ; 1.000-2.600; Venezuela Steyermark et al. 1998 W. guyanensis ; 2.200-2.800; W. ilutepuiensis ; 2.200-2.700; W. laxiramea ; 2.100-2.900; W. pubescens ; 500-2.000; W. sorbifolia ; 1.000-1.800; W. velutina ; 1.100-2.700; Venezuela W. tomentosa Estados de Mérida y Táchira Bernardi 1961 Venezuela W. tomentosa Estados de Mérida, Táchira y Zulia Hokche et al. 2008 2.000 msnm Ecuador W. auriformis Cordillera del Cóndor y río Rogers 2002 Coangos W. crassifolia , Peru 2000-4.000 msnm Pennington et al. 2004 W. pinnata W. boliviana Bolivia 2.100-2.600 msnm Bach et al. 2003 W. crassi!ora, 2.000-3.000 msnm Bosque Bolivia Paniagua-Zambrana et al. 2003 W. microphylla Nublado 47 RIAA 2 (1) 2011: 45-53 Montes 150 msnm localidad Alcaldeo de Llao- Chile W. trichosperma Donoso et al. 1985 Llau, piedemonte oriental de la Cordillera de San Pedro Isla Reunión, W. tinctoria Nivel del mar Derroire et al. 2007 archipiélago Mascarene W. henricorum ; W. madagascariensis ; W. louveliana ; W. commersonii ; W. hepaticarum ; W. lowryana ; W. rutenbergii ; W. venusta ; W. lucens ; Madagascar W. minuti!ora ; Sin información Bradford 2001 W. comorensis ; W. baehniana ; W.hildebrandtii ; W. icacifolia ; W. marojejyensis ; W. rakotomalazana ; W. icacifolia ; (cerca de 28 especies) W. aggregata 25-280 msnm
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