Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas e-ISSN 2256-2273 https://doi.org/10.22267/rcia.203701.130 Research Article: Forest.
Evaluation of pre-germination treatments on four native species of the High Andean forest
Evaluación de métodos pre-germinativos de cuatro especies nativas del bosque Alto Andino
Pedro Pablo Bacca Acosta1; Diana Lucía Burbano Martínez2; Angélica Sofía Moreno Muñoz3
ARTICLE DATA ABSTRACT
1. Research. M.Sc.. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA. Centro High Andean forests are strategic ecosystems with high diversity of native de Investigación el Mira, Tumaco, Colombia, and endemic plants; however, these natural ecosystems are affected by [email protected] agricultural expansion. Knowledge on the propagation of native plants is 2. Research. Biologist. Fundación Biofuturo. Pasto, essential to restore these environments. This research aimed to evaluate Colombia, [email protected]. germination in the following native species: Viburnum triphyllum Kunt. 3. Agroforestry Engineer. Universidad de Nariño. (Caprifoliaceae), Oreopanax floribundum Kunth, (Araliaceae), Weinmannia tomentosa L.f. (Cunoniaceae), and Tournefortia fuliginosa Benth. Pasto, Colombia, [email protected]. (Boraginaceae) in Botana experimental farm of Universidad de Nariño. This Cite: Bacca, P.; Burbano, D.; Moreno, A. (2020). study was conducted between October (2016) and February (2017). For Evaluation of pre-germination treatments on four native species of the High Andean forest. Revista de each species, an unrestricted randomized split-plot design was established. Ciencias Agrícolas. 37(1): 80-89. The main plot included the substrates (S) and the sub-plots included the doi: https://doi.org/10.22267/rcia.203701.130 different pre-germination treatments (PM) with three repetitions. The results showed statistically differences in germination percentage among Received: November 07 2018. Accepted: March 15 2020. pre-germination treatments for O. floribundum. The highest germination percentage (42%) for this species was achieved with seed imbibition for 48 hours at 22°C. Moreover, W. tomentosa showed statistical differences for S and PM, with a germination percentage of 74% with imbibition for 48 h at 22°C and sand substrate. T. fuliginosa did not show relevant differences; however, it had a germination percentage of 47%. V. triphyllum did not germinate; therefore, further evaluations of pre-germination treatments should be required.
Keywords: Trees; management; propagation; seeds; substrate.
RESUMEN
Los bosques Alto Andinos son ecosistemas estratégicos que, albergan gran diversidad de plantas nativas y endémicas; sin embargo, la expansión agropecuaria ha afectado estos ecosistemas naturales. Conocer la propagación de plantas nativas para la restauración de estos ambientes es muy importante. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la germinación de las especies; Viburnum triphyllum Tournefortia fuliginosa Benth Kunt. (Caprifoliaceae), Oreopanax floribundum Kunth, (Araliaceae),
UNIVERSIDAD DE NARIÑO e-ISSN 2256-2273 Rev. Cienc. Agr. January - June 2020 Volume 37(1): 80 - 89 Bacca et al.-Germination of native tree species. 81
Weinmannia tomentosa L.f. (Cunoniaceae) y Tournefortia fuliginosa Benth. (Boraginaceae) en la Granja Experimental Botana, Universidad de Nariño. El estudio se realizó entre Octubre (2016) y febrero (2017). Para cada especie se estableció un diseño irrestrictamente al zar con distribución de tratamientos en parcelas divididas donde la parcela principal correspondió a los sustratos (S) y la subparcela a los diferentes manejos pre-germinativos (MP) de bloques completos al azar donde, el sustrato (S) fue el factor de bloqueo con cuatro manejos pre-germinativos a la semilla (MP) y los tratamientos resultaron de la combinación de S y MP con tres repeticiones, para evaluar porcentaje de germinación. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas en los manejos pre-germinativos para O. floribundum; con imbibición por 48h a una temperatura de 22°C obtiene mejores resultados alcanzando una germinación del 42%. W. tomentosa con sustrato arena, alcanzó una germinación del 74%. T. fuliginosa presentó diferencias significativas en S y tratamientos; con imbibición por 48h a una temperatura de 22°C alcanzó el 47% de germinación. V. triphyllum no presentó germinación, por tanto, se recomienda implementar nuevas evaluaciones de germinación. no mostró diferencias significativas, sin embargo,
Palabras clave: árboles; manejo; propagación; semillas; sustrato.
INTRODUCTION The tree species: Viburnum triphyllum Kunt. (Caprifoliaceae), Oreopanax floribundum High Andean forests are strategic ecosystems Kunth. (Araliaceae), Weinmannia tomentosa with high diversity of native and endemic plants. L.f. (Cunoniaceae), and Tournefortia fuliginosa These forests regulate water interception, store Benth. (Boraginaceae), commonly known as carbon, and increase soil fertility (Mancipe- pelotillo, mano de oso, encenillo, and pundé, Murillo et al., 2018; Melissa and Torres, 2016; respectively, are relevant components for the Quintero et al., 2017). In Colombia, this natural diversity of the High Andean ecosystem. These ecosystem covers 24.9% of its surface ; however, native species are valuable for restoration natural and anthropic factors, such as land and revegetation processes in forests and use and land use change (LULUFC) exert high water sources due to their morphological, pressure on this ecosystem (Cárdenas-Burgos physiological, and ecological characters and cultural importance (Bacca and Burbano, 2018; et al., 2019; Quintero et al., 2017). Hernández-Pineda et al., 2014). One of the challenges of ecological restoration is Despite the value of wild species, studies on the recovery of this forest ecosystem using native the germination of native High Andean species pioneer species that favor the establishment of are currently scarce (Mancipe-Murillo et al., ombrophytes and contribute to the exchange of 2018). Moreover, there is a little knowledge of soil nutrients (Acero-Nitola and Cortés-Pérez, the effectiveness of pre-germination treatments 2014). Therefore, knowledge of the main soil for plant propagation in restoration projects physical factors and their relationship with (Dayrell et al., 2016; Di Sacco et al., 2018; Espitia et al., 2017; Sánchez and Furrazola, propagate these species (Sánchez et al., 2019). 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018a). However, recent water and temperature is essential to efficiently Consequently, the propagation of wild plants, researches on native species have been in nurseries using low-cost pre-germination addressed, for instance, the performance of V. techniques, may constitute a sustainable triphyllum seedlings under two treatments in management method (Aguilar and Vanegas, pasture zones, reporting higher survival rates 2009; Espitia et al., 2016; Sánchez et al., 2015). in the treatment without nutrient amendment.
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T Universidad de Nariño, located in the foothills seedlings in degraded sites and eroded soils and of Galeras volcano, Pasto (Nariño) at 2820 masl. reduceshis finding nursery demonstrates costs (Hernández-Pineda the establishment et al of., at 01°09’40.6”N and 77°16’44.6”W. The locality 2014). Furthermore, a study on carbon capture has an average temperature of 13°C, an average of O. floribundum was conducted for restoration annual precipitation of 945mm, and 82% efforts in La Poma ecological park in Bogotá. relative humidity (IDEAM, 2018). This area The species showed fast growth and capacity (LM-f), according to the Holdridge´s life zones biomass carbon content was present in the root systemis classified (1990). as a lower montane moist forest systemto overcome (Díaz and water Velásquez, deficit, since2015). 30% Moreover, of the Bacca and Burbano (2018) assessed the growth Species identification and selection. Species of O. floribundum seedlings, concluding that this selection was based on cultural, ecological, species is suitable for ecological restoration since and/or economic criteria of local growers. it grows in areas with agricultural and livestock Likewise, the selection was also based on the impacts. In a nursery, Aguilar and Vanegas study by Bacca and Burbano (2018) focused (2009) evaluated the germination of different native species to generate a source of plant ecosystem, which prioritizes the study of species material and baseline knowledge. Among the suitableon the floristic for ecologic composition restoration of the Highof the Andean High species studied, V. triphyllum, O. floribundum, and Andean forest in Botana experimental farm. W. tomentosa are timber trees used to promote forest restoration, protect water sources and The following species were selected for soil quality. Furthermore, propagation of these this study: O. floribundum, W. tomentosa, T. species is mainly done through the use of seeds, fuliginosa, and V. triphyllum, which belong to the which must be subjected to pre-germination families Araliaceae, Cunoniaceae, Boraginaceae, treatments through imbibition for different and Caprifoliaceae, respectively. Particularly, periods and at variable temperatures. Finally, these families are used in the re-establishment T. fuliginosa, a fast-growth tree, is use to basin’s of degraded areas, ecological restoration, and river protection (Toro, 2010). revegetation (Bacca and Burbano, 2018; Díaz and Velásquez, 2015; Hernández-Pineda et al., On this basis, this study evaluated the 2014; Toro, 2010). Furthermore, these species germination of O. floribundum, W. tomentosa, are acknowledged by local experts and have a T. fuliginosa, and V. triphyllum with different cultural value. substrates and pre-germination managements in the nursery of Botana experimental farm to Seed collection. The seeds used in this study contribute knowledge of the propagation of were collected between October and November these species that can be replicated by small- scale growers and integrated into restoration during forest visits, resulting in the selection processes. of 2016.10 healthy, The bestvigorous, individuals and accessible were identified trees per species. Mature and healthy fruits were MATERIAL AND METHODS collected from the ground or directly from the tree canopy using an extension pole. The fruits Study area. This research was conducted in were stored in paper bags at room temperature the nursery of Botana experimental farm of and constant humidity.
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To extract the seeds, fruit processing was of the pre-germination management, the performed according to fruit morphology (i.e., substrates were disinfected with boiling water. et al., 2018; Espitia- The seeds were planted in polyethylene bags Camacho et al. 2018; Moreno and Cuartas, 2015; with dimensions 3.5 x 6 x 1cm at a depth of Torresfleshy oret al dry). 2017). (Di 1. Sacco Fleshy fruits: V. triphyllum three times the seed diameter and watered and T. fuliginosa have purple and white round daily (Aguilar and Vanegas, 2009; Di Sacco et al., drupe fruits, respectively, at maturity stage. 2018; Lazos-Monterrosa et al., 2015). O. floribundum has purple round berry fruits. These fruits were manually opened under water; Experimental design. For each species, a the seeds were washed and dried on paper completely randomized design was established at current air temperature. This process was with treatments distributed into split-plots. The performed immediately after fruit collection main plot included the substrates (S) and the to avoid seed fermentation and damage. 2. Dry sub-plots included the different pre-germination fruits: W. tomentosa has capsules that are easily treatments (PM) with three repetitions. The opened by shaking (Di Sacco et al., 2018). experimental sub-unit consisted of 20 seeds, for a total of 960 seeds Baccaper species et al.- Germinationand 3840 seeds of native tree species. total for the experiment (Di Sacco et al., 2018). technique which consisted of separating and Bacca et al.-Germination of native tree species. Seed viability was determined by the floatation Germination percentage (%G) (equation 1) was allowed extracting unwanted particles (Di Sacco assessedermination to determine er entage the effect e uation of the substrates was assessed to determine t e effe t of t e etdiscarding al., 2018; floatingOliva et al seeds.., 2015). This technique ermination also er entage and seed e uation managements was assessedon germination to determine capacity t e effe t of t e substrates and seed managements on germination a a ity a os onterrosa et al. substrates and seed managements(Lazos-Monterrosa on germination et al., 2015). a a ity a os onterrosa et al. Evaluation of germination. The evaluation began in December 2016 until FebruaryN° 2017. of germinated seeds N° of germinated seeds uation uation The seeds were subjected to different hydrationN° of total seeds N° of total seeds G% = x 100 pre-germination managements associated with G% = x 100 fundamental factors such as temperatureT e obser ation and s onsistedThe ofobservations weekly re ordings consisted until t e number of ofweekly germinated seeds T e obser ations onsisted of weekly re ordings until t e number of germinated seeds imbibition time, which were conductedwas onstant in aT e seedsrecordings germinated until w en the t e number radi le emergedof germinated t roug t e seed recipient with 400mL of water undertegument controlled and a eared wasseeds on onstant t e was substrate constant. T e i seeds a o The etgerminated alseeds. a osgerminated w en onterrosa t e radi le et al. emerged t roug t e seed conditions (Table 1) (Sánchez and Furrazola, n e et al when the radicle emerged through the seed tegument and a eared on t e substrate i a o et al. a os onterrosa et al. 2018). The substrates varied regarding the ratio tegument and appeared on the substrate (Di Statistical analysis .Sacco ata n e waset altested., et2018; alfor normalityLazos-Monterrosa using t e a iro et al., ilk test and humidity (Table 1). Before the dditionally application an analysis 2015; of Sánchez arian e N et al., 2015). was erformed followed by Tukey’s of sand and soil to obtain differencesmulti le in filtration om arison test using nfostat statisti al rogram ignifi ant alues Statistical analysis. ata was tested for normality using t e a iro ilk test Table 1. Substrates andwere pre-germination establis ed at P alues treatments below used P to evaluate ar the germination percentage dditionally of four native anspecies. analysis of arian e N was erformed followed by Tukey’s multi le om arison test using nfostat statisti al rogram ignifi ant alues Substrate (S) Pre-germination treatments (PM) S1: soil (100%) PM1:were imbibition establis ed for 48h at -P T°22 alues °C below P ar S2: sand (100%) PM2: imbibition for 24h - T°22 °C S3: soil + sand (50%-50%) PM3: imbibition for 5min - T°80 °C Control PM4: without imbibition
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Statistical analysis. Data was tested for The analysis of variance did not show statistical normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. differences in the germination percentage (%G) Additionally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) P<0.4823); was performed, followed by Tukey’s multiple therefore, these factors do not affect germination. comparison test using Infostat® V.2019 of O. floribundum across substrates ( in response to pre-germination managements established at P-values below 0.05 (P< 0.05) (Conversely,P<0.0193). significantFigure 2 shows differences that PM1 were promoted found (Zar,statistical 2010). program. Significant values were the best germination percentages compared with the other pre-germination treatments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to Sánchez et al. (2019), the family
Araliaceae requires little sunlight and moist Germination. GerminationBacca of et O. al . floribundum-Germination of native tree species. was measured at 35 days after sowing in 30% germination. Conversely, this study
the three substrates. This species showed showedstratification that forup oneto 42% or twogermination months to can reach be germination percentages of 25 andRESULTS 23% for PM1 AND DISCUSSIONobtained by imbibition for 48 hours, while a in S1 and S3, respectively, and 7% for PM1 and temperature increase can reduce germination to 7%; thus, classifying these seeds as sensitive Germination. ermination of O. floribundum was measured at days after sowing in that morphological seed dormancy occurred in to heat stress. Therefore, if these seeds are left t e t ree substrates T is s e ies s owed germination er entages of and O.PM4 floribundum in S2 (Figure since 1).a minimum These findings of 28 days confirm were under direct sun exposure during planting, it required for foronset of in germination and res e ti ely(Sánchez and for and in igure T ese findings onfirm t at mor ologi alwere established seed dorman y by Sánchez o urred et al. (2015) in O. in percentagesfloribundum were 42% sin e in S3, a minimum 35% in S1, of and daystheircan were hinder study re uired theirusing establishment; autochthonous for onset of germinationsimilar species findings of the et al., 2019). At 91 days, the final germination 28% in S2 n e with PM1. et al t days t e finalsame germination family. er entages were in in and in wit
FigurFiguree 1 1ermination erforman e of O. floribundum. wit . Germination performance of O. floribundum. A: S1; B: S2; C: S3 with PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4.
T e analysis of arian e did not s ow statisti al differen es in t e germination er entage of O. floribundum a ross substrates P t erefore t ese fa tors do not affe t germination on ersely signifi ant differen es were found in res onse to re germination managements P igure s ows t at romoted t e best germination er entages om ared wit t e ot er re germination treatments ording to n e et al. t e family ralia eae re uires little sunlig t and moist stratifi ation for one or two mont s to rea germination on ersely UNIVERSIDAD t is DE NARIÑO study e-ISSN s owed 2256-2273 t at Rev. Cienc. u Agr.to January - Junegermination 2020 Volume 37(1): an 80 - 89be obtained by imbibition for ours w ile a tem erature in rease an redu e germination to t us lassifying t ese seeds as sensiti e to eat stress T erefore if t ese seeds are left
Bacca et al.-Germination of native tree species.
under dire t sun e osure during lanting it an inder t eir establis ment similar findings were establis ed by n e in t eir study using auto t onous et al Bacca et al.-Germination of native tree species. 85 s e ies of t e same family
Bacca et al.-Germinationphysiological of native tree dormancy species. with permeable seed coats and developed embryos (Baskin and Baskin, 2014; Sánchez et al., 2018b). under dire t sun e osure during lanting it an inder t eir establis ment similar The analysis of variance did not show statistical findings were establis ed by n e et al in t eir study using auto t onous differences in the germination percentage s e ies of t e same family (%G) of W. tomentosa in response to pre- germination treatments (P<0.1207). However,
across substrates (P<0.0038). Figure 4A shows thatsignificant utmost differencesgermination inpercentage %G was (68%) observed was
Figure 2 erminationFigure er entage 2. Germination of O. percentagefloribundum of in O. res onse floribundum to re germinationachieved in S3, which showed a percentage of in response to pre-germination treatments PM1, 74%. Regarding, S2 the highest percentage of treatments PM2, PM3, PM4. Tukey Tukey’s’s multi le multiple om arison comparison test test P germination was reached after 91 days, in all ( < 0.05). P pre-germination treatments, ranging between
61 and 74% (Figure 4B). These values were T e germination in W. tomentosa began at days after sowing in t e t ree substrates TheFigur germinatione 2 ermination in W. tomentosa er entage began of atO. floribundumhigher than in those res onse reported to by re Romero germination (2015) igure uring35 t istreatments days eriod after sowing in rea edin the threea germination substrates Tukey er entage ’s multi lefor theof same om arison species, who test observed P germination (Figure x3). During this period, PM2 in S1 percentages up to 45% in sand substrate. in a ie ed germination and in obtained germination T is reachedT e g erminationa germination in W. percentage tomentosa of began 42%, at Moreover, days after Aguilar sow ingand inVanegas t e t ree (2009) substrates suggest study demonstrates t at seed dorman y in is broken by imbibitionan imbibition for time of 24h on this same substrate. PM1 igure in S2 achieved uring 60%W. t is tomentosa germination, eriod and in rea ed a germination er entage of PM1 in S3 obtained 53% germination. This Siura and Moreno (2016) mention that sand and sand substrate n e in a ie ed et al mention germination t at t e family and unonia eae in obtained germination T is study demonstrates that seed dormancy in substrate can promote germination since it is study demonstrates t at seed dorman y in W. tomentosa is broken by imbibition for dis lays ysiologi alW. tomentosa dorman y wit is broken ermeable by imbibition seed oats forand 48h de elo ed inert embryo and sprovides better contact water-seeds; and sand substrate n e et al mention t at t e family unonia eae askin and askin and sand n e substrate. et al. Sánchezb et al. (2019) mentiondis lays that ysiologi al the family Cunoniaceae dorman y displays wit ermeable which prevents seed oats phytosanitary and de elo ed issues. embryos additionally, sand allows water to filter easily, askin and askin n e et al. b
Figure 3. Germination behavior of W. tomentosa. A: S1; B: S2; C: S3 with PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4.
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Bacca et al.-Germination of native tree species.
Figure 3 W. tomentosa. s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s P s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s