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Unhcr-Richtlinien Zur Feststellung Des Internationalen Schutzbedarfs Afghanischer Asylsuchender

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Unhcr-Richtlinien Zur Feststellung Des Internationalen Schutzbedarfs Afghanischer Asylsuchender UNHCR-RICHTLINIEN ZUR FESTSTELLUNG DES INTERNATIONALEN SCHUTZBEDARFS AFGHANISCHER ASYLSUCHENDER Der Hohe Flüchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) 19. April 2016 HCR/EG/AFG/16/02 VORBEMERKUNG Die UNHCR-Richtlinien werden vom Büro des Hohen Flüchtlingskommissars herausgegeben, um Entscheidungsträger wie Regierungen, nicht-staatliche Beratungsstellen sowie UNHCR-Mitarbeiter dabei zu unterstützen, die internationalen Schutzbedürfnisse von Asylsuchenden zu beurteilen. Die Richtlinien helfen bei der rechtlichen Auslegung der Kriterien der Flüchtlingseigenschaft durch die Einschätzung der sozialen, politischen, wirtschaftlichen und humanitären Bedingungen sowie der Sicherheits- und Menschenrechtslage im betreffenden Herkunftsland. Die entsprechenden internationalen Schutzbedürfnisse werden detailliert analysiert. Zudem werden Empfehlungen dahingehend abgegeben, wie die in Frage stehenden Anträge in Übereinstimmung mit den relevanten Prinzipien und Kriterien des Flüchtlingsrechts – insbesondere der UNHCR-Satzung, des Abkommens von 1951 über die Rechtsstellung der Flüchtlinge und dem dazugehörigen Protokoll von 1967 sowie relevanten regionalen Instrumenten wie beispielsweise der Erklärung von Cartagena über Flüchtlinge von 1984, der OAU-Konvention von 1969 zur Regelung der besonderen Aspekte der Flüchtlingsprobleme in Afrika und der EU-Qualifikationsrichtlinie – entschieden werden sollten. Die Empfehlungen können sich gegebenenfalls auch auf komplementäre oder subsidiäre Schutzformen beziehen. UNHCR veröffentlicht diese Richtlinien im Rahmen seiner ihm gemäß Artikel 8 der Satzung in Verbindung mit Artikel 35 der Genfer Flüchtlingskonvention und Artikel II des dazugehörigen Protokolls von 1967 übertragenen Zuständigkeit, die korrekte Auslegung und Anwendung der oben genannten Flüchtlingskriterien zu fördern, und auf Grundlage der langjährigen Expertise in Angelegenheiten, die im Zusammenhang mit der Schutzberechtigung und der Bestimmung des Flüchtlingsstatus stehen. Es wird erwartet, dass die in dieser Richtlinie enthaltenen Positionen und Leitlinien bei der Entscheidung über Asylanträge von den Behörden und Gerichten sorgfältig berücksichtigt werden. Die Richtlinien basieren auf detaillierten Recherchen, Berichten von Länderbüros des globalen UNHCR-Netzwerkes, Informationen von unabhängigen Länderexperten und -wissenschaftlern sowie anderen Quellen, die gründlich auf ihre Zuverlässigkeit überprüft wurden. Die Richtlinien sind auf der UNHCR-Website http://www.refworld.org abrufbar. Inhaltsverzeichnis I. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 5 Flüchtlingseigenschaft gemäß der Genfer Flüchtlingskonvention ................................................................ 5 Weitergehende Kriterien gemäß dem UNHCR-Mandat, regionale Instrumente und ergänzende Schutzformen ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Interne Schutzalternative .............................................................................................................................. 9 Ausschlussgründe ........................................................................................................................................ 11 II. ÜBERBLICK ÜBER DIE SITUATION IN AFGHANISTAN 12 A. WICHTIGSTE ENTWICKLUNGEN IN AFGHANISTAN .................................................................................. 12 B. DIE SICHERHEITSLAGE IN AFGHANISTAN: AUSWIRKUNGEN DES KONFLIKTS AUF DIE ZIVILBEVÖLKERUNG ............................................................................................................................... 16 1. Zivile Opfer ........................................................................................................................................ 19 2. Sicherheitsvorfälle ............................................................................................................................. 21 C. MENSCHENRECHTSSITUATION ................................................................................................................ 21 1. Menschenrechtsverletzungen ............................................................................................................. 21 a) Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch staatliche Akteure ................................................................................. 22 b) Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch regierungsnahe bewaffnete Gruppen .................................................... 24 c) Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch regierungsfeindliche Kräfte (AGEs) ..................................................... 25 2. Die Fähigkeit des Staates, Zivilisten vor Menschenrechtsverletzungen zu schützen ......................... 28 D. HUMANITÄRE SITUATION ........................................................................................................................ 30 E. KONFLIKTBEDINGTE VERTREIBUNG ........................................................................................................ 31 F. FLÜCHTLINGE UND RÜCKKEHRER ........................................................................................................... 35 III. INTERNATIONALER SCHUTZBEDARF 36 A. POTENZIELLE RISIKOPROFILE ................................................................................................................. 38 1. Personen, die tatsächlich oder vermeintlich mit der Regierung und der internationalen Gemeinschaft einschließlich der internationalen Streitkräfte verbunden sind oder diese tatsächlich oder vermeintlich unterstützen ........................................................................................ 38 a) Regierungsmitarbeiter und Staatsbedienstete ................................................................................................ 40 b) Mitglieder der afghanischen nationalen Polizei (ANP) und der afghanischen lokalen Polizei (ALP) .......... 41 c) Zivilisten, die mit den afghanischen nationalen Sicherheitskräften (ANSF) / regierungsnahen Kräften verbunden sind oder diese vermeintlich unterstützen .................................................................................... 42 d) Zivilisten, die mit den internationalen Streitkräften verbunden sind oder diese vermeintlich unterstützen ... 43 e) Mitarbeiter von humanitären Hilfs- und Entwicklungsorganisationen .......................................................... 43 f) Menschenrechtsaktivisten .............................................................................................................................. 44 g) Andere Zivilisten, die (vermeintlich) die Regierung oder die internationale Gemeinschaft unterstützen ...... 44 h) Stammesälteste und religiöse Führer ............................................................................................................. 45 i) Frauen im öffentlichen Leben ........................................................................................................................ 45 j) Als „verwestlicht“ wahrgenommene Personen .............................................................................................. 46 k) Familienangehörige von Personen, die tatsächlich oder vermeintlich mit der Regierung oder mit der internationalen Gemeinschaft verbunden sind oder diese tatsächlich oder vermeintlich unterstützen ........... 47 l) Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................................... 48 2. Journalisten und andere in der Medienbranche tätige Personen ...................................................... 48 1 3. Männer im wehrfähigen Alter und Kinder im Kontext der Rekrutierung Minderjähriger und von Zwangsrekrutierung .................................................................................................................... 51 a) Zwangsrekrutierung durch regierungsfeindliche Kräfte (AGEs) ................................................................... 51 b) Zwangsrekrutierung und Rekrutierung Minderjähriger durch regierungsnahe Kräfte ................................... 52 c) Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................................... 53 4. Zivilisten, die der Unterstützung regierungsfeindlicher Kräfte verdächtigt werden ...........................................54 5. Angehörige religiöser Minderheiten und Personen, die angeblich gegen die Scharia verstoßen ........................................................................................................................................... 57 a) Religiöse Minderheiten ................................................................................................................................... 57 b) Konversion vom Islam ................................................................................................................................... 61 c) Andere Handlungen, die gegen die Scharia verstoßen .................................................................................... 62 d) Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................................... 62 6. Personen, die angeblich gegen islamische Grundsätze, Normen und Werte gemäß der Auslegung durch regierungsfeindliche Kräfte (AGEs) verstoßen...................................................... 63 7. Frauen mit bestimmten Profilen oder unter bestimmten Bedingungen lebende Frauen ................... 64 a) Sexuelle und
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