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Principes Directeurs Du Hcr Relatifs À L'éligibilité Dans PRINCIPES DIRECTEURS DU HCR RELATIFS À L’ÉLIGIBILITÉ DANS LE CADRE DE L’ÉVALUATION DES BESOINS DE PROTECTION INTERNATIONALE DES DEMANDEURS D’ASILE AFGHANS Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) 19 avril 2016 HCR/EG/AFG/16/02 NOTE Les Principes directeurs relatifs à l’éligibilité publiés par le Bureau du HCR visent à aider les agents en charge de la détermination du statut de réfugié, notamment le personnel du HCR, les gouvernements et les organismes privés, à évaluer les besoins de protection internationale des demandeurs d’asile. Ces principes constituent des interprétations juridiques des critères d’éligibilité au statut de réfugié, qui concernent des groupes de population spécifiques et tiennent compte des circonstances sociales, économiques, sécuritaires et humanitaires ainsi que de la situation des droits de l’homme dans le pays ou le territoire d’origine concerné. Les besoins de protection internationale s’y rapportant sont analysés en détail et des recommandations sont formulées sur la manière de déterminer si les demandes en question relèvent des principes et normes du droit international des réfugiés, notamment au Statut du HCR, à la Convention de 1951 relative au statut des réfugiés et à son Protocole de 1967, ainsi qu’à certains instruments régionaux spécifiques comme la Convention de l’OUA de 1969, la Déclaration de Carthagène et la Directive Qualification de l’Union européenne. Selon la situation, ces recommandations peuvent également concerner des régimes de protection complémentaires ou subsidiaires. Le HCR publie des Principes directeurs relatifs à l’éligibilité afin de favoriser une interprétation et une mise en œuvre précises des critères d’éligibilité au statut de réfugié susmentionnés, conformément à sa responsabilité de surveillance telle qu’elle est définie au paragraphe 8 de son Statut, en complément à l’article 35 de la Convention de 1951 et à l’article 2 de son Protocole de 1967, et en se fondant sur l’expertise qu’il a développée depuis de nombreuses années en matière d’éligibilité et de détermination du statut de réfugié. Nous espérons que les informations et les recommandations figurant dans ces Principes directeurs feront l’objet d’une attention particulière de la part des autorités et des magistrats dans le cadre des procédures de détermination des demandes d’asile. Ces Principes directeurs reposent sur un travail de recherche approfondi, sur des informations fournies par le réseau mondial de bureaux opérationnels du HCR et sur des documents émanant d’experts indépendants, spécialistes du pays concerné, de chercheurs, et d’autres sources, dont la fiabilité est soumise à un contrôle strict. Ces Principes directeurs peuvent être consultés en ligne sur le site Internet de la base documentaire du HCR, Refworld, à l’adresse suivante : http://www.refworld.org. Sommaire I. RESUME ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Statut de réfugié au titre de la Convention de 1951 .......................................................................................... 6 Critères du mandat élargi du HCR, instruments régionaux et formes complémentaires de protection ............ 8 Possibilité de fuite ou de réinstallation interne ............................................................................................... 11 Exclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 II. APERCU DE LA SITUATION EN AFGHANISTAN.......................................................................... 13 A. PRINCIPALES EVOLUTIONS EN AFGHANISTAN ................................................................................................ 13 B. SITUATION SECURITAIRE EN AFGHANISTAN : REPERCUSSIONS DU CONFLIT SUR LA POPULATION CIVILE .. 18 1. Victimes civiles .......................................................................................................................................... 21 2. Atteintes à la sécurité ................................................................................................................................. 23 C. DROITS DE L’HOMME ...................................................................................................................................... 23 1. Violations des droits de l’homme ............................................................................................................... 23 a) Violations des droits de l’homme par des agents étatiques ............................................................................................................. 24 b) Violations des droits de l’homme par des groupes armés progouvernementaux ............................................................................. 27 c) Violations des droits de l’homme par des éléments hostiles au gouvernement ............................................................................... 27 2. Capacité de l’État à protéger les civils contre des violations des droits de l’homme ................................ 31 D. SITUATION HUMANITAIRE ............................................................................................................................... 33 E. DEPLACEMENTS DE POPULATIONS CAUSES PAR LE CONFLIT ......................................................................... 35 F. REFUGIES ET RAPATRIES ................................................................................................................................. 39 III. ELIGIBILITE A UNE PROTECTION INTERNATIONALE ........................................................... 40 A. GROUPES EXPOSES A UN RISQUE POTENTIEL .................................................................................................. 42 1. Individus liés ou perçus comme étant favorables au gouvernement et à la communauté internationale, notamment aux forces militaires internationales ....................................................................................... 43 a) Représentants du gouvernement et fonctionnaires .......................................................................................................................... 44 b) Membres de la PNA et de la PLA .................................................................................................................................................. 45 c) Civils liés ou perçus comme étant favorables aux FNSA ou aux forces progouvernementales ...................................................... 46 d) Civils liés ou perçus comme étant favorables aux forces militaires internationales ........................................................................ 47 e) Acteurs de l’humanitaire et de l’aide au développement ................................................................................................................ 47 f) Militants des droits de l’homme ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 g) Autres civils perçus comme étant favorables au gouvernement ou à la communauté internationale .............................................. 48 j) Individus perçus comme ayant été « occidentalisés » ..................................................................................................................... 51 k) Membres de la famille de personnes liées ou perçues comme favorables au gouvernement et à la communauté internationale .... 51 l) Résumé........................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 2. Journalistes et autres professionnels des médias ....................................................................................... 52 3. Hommes en âge de se battre et enfants dans un contexte d’enrôlement forcé et d’enrôlement de mineurs55 a) Enrôlement forcé par des EHG ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 b) Enrôlement forcé et enrôlement de mineurs par des forces progouvernementales .......................................................................... 57 c) Résumé........................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 4. Civils soupçonnés de soutenir des éléments hostiles au gouvernement ..................................................... 58 5. Membres de minorités religieuses et personnes dont le comportement est jugé contraire à la charia ...... 61 a) Groupes religieux minoritaires ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 b) Conversion de l’islam..................................................................................................................................................................... 66 c) Autres actes jugés contraires à la charia ......................................................................................................................................... 66 d) Résumé..........................................................................................................................................................................................
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