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Afghanistan: State and Society, Great Power Politics, and the Way Ahead Findings from an International Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007
THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation conference proceedings series. RAND conference proceedings present a collection of papers delivered at a conference. The papers herein have been commented on by the conference attendees and both the in- troduction and collection itself have been reviewed and approved by RAND Science and Technology. -
Afghanistan 2015 Human Rights Report
AFGHANISTAN 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Afghanistan is an Islamic republic with a strong, directly elected presidency, a bicameral legislative branch, and a judicial branch. Presidential and provincial elections held in 2014 were marred by allegations of fraud that led to an audit of all ballot boxes. Protracted political negotiations between the presidential candidates led to the creation of a national unity government headed by President Ashraf Ghani, with runner-up Abdullah Abdullah assuming the newly created post of chief executive officer. Constitutionally mandated parliamentary elections did not take place during the year. The most recent parliamentary elections took place in 2010 and were marred by high levels of fraud and violence, according to domestic observers, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and other international election-monitoring organizations. Civilian authorities generally maintained control over the security forces, although there were occasions when security forces acted independently. The most significant human rights problems were widespread violence, including indiscriminate attacks on civilians by armed insurgent groups; armed insurgent groups’ killings of persons affiliated with the government; torture and abuse of detainees by government forces; widespread disregard for the rule of law and little accountability for those who committed human rights abuses; and targeted violence of and endemic societal discrimination against women and girls. Other human rights problems included -
Conflict and Peacebuilding Observatory Nº 35 – November 2015
Conflict and Peacebuilding Observatory Nº 35 – November 2015 WORSENING AFGHANISTAN: As the conflict rages, the Taliban split and Islamic State acquires new prominence US military sources announced the dismantling of what was probably al-Qaeda’s largest training camp. Located in the district of Shorabak in Kandahar province, the camp covered 77.7 km2. Losses of territory to the Taliban in some districts have been offset by gains in others. In Helmand, an offensive lasting several months pitted Afghan forces against the Taliban for control of the districts of Marjah and Nad-e-Ali, where over 200 Taliban and 85 soldiers were killed, according to the provincial government. In Kunduz, Afghan forces recovered a base in the district of Dasht-e-Archi, but lost a district in the province of Badakhshan. Government forces confirmed that alongside the Taliban, over 1,300 foreign insurgents (Pakistanis, Tajiks, Uyghurs and others) participated in the battle of Kunduz. Furthermore, in Nangarhar, where there is a group loyal to Islamic State, over 30 insurgents were killed in drone strikes. The local provincial government has stated that around 200 university students there are linked to Islamist groups. In fact, Islamic State banners were waved during an anti-government demonstration. In Zabul, Islamic State executed seven members of the Hazara (Shia) ethnic group that it abducted in September. Among them were three women, the first to be victims of beheading. Their families carried their bodies to Kabul, where they were joined by thousands of people (20,000 according to some media outlets) in one of the largest protests ever seen in the capital. -
Afghanistan: Political Exiles in Search of a State
Journal of Political Science Volume 18 Number 1 Article 11 November 1990 Afghanistan: Political Exiles In Search Of A State Barnett R. Rubin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Rubin, Barnett R. (1990) "Afghanistan: Political Exiles In Search Of A State," Journal of Political Science: Vol. 18 : No. 1 , Article 11. Available at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol18/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Politics at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Political Science by an authorized editor of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ,t\fghanistan: Political Exiles in Search of a State Barnett R. Ru bin United States Institute of Peace When Afghan exiles in Pakistan convened a shura (coun cil) in Islamabad to choose an interim government on February 10. 1989. they were only the most recent of exiles who have aspired and often managed to Mrule" Afghanistan. The seven parties of the Islamic Union ofM ujahidin of Afghanistan who had convened the shura claimed that. because of their links to the mujahidin fighting inside Afghanistan. the cabinet they named was an Minterim government" rather than a Mgovernment-in exile. ~ but they soon confronted the typical problems of the latter: how to obtain foreign recognition, how to depose the sitting government they did not recognize, and how to replace the existing opposition mechanisms inside and outside the country. Exiles in Afghan History The importance of exiles in the history of Afghanistan derives largely from the difficulty of state formation in its sparsely settled and largely barren territory. -
Inconvenient Truths
Inconvenient Truths Moral Challenges to Combat Leadership Dr. George R. Lucas, Jr. Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership U.S. Naval Academy (Annapolis) 2 20th Annual Joseph Reich, Sr. Memorial Lecture U.S. Air Force Academy (Colorado Springs) November 7, 2007 “Inconvenient Truths” -Moral Challenges to Combat Leadership in the New Millennium- G. R. Lucas U.S. Naval Academy (Annapolis) General Born, General & Mrs. Wakin, Mr. Joseph Reich, Jr and members of the Reich family, honored guests, and most of all, to the members of the Cadet Wing of the USAFA in attendance here tonight: good evening, and thank you for inviting me to be with you. I represent an organization at the Naval Academy, the Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership. Don’t be put off that our Center is named after “some Navy guy.” In fact, Vice Admiral Stockdale was – as many of you will also one day be – an accomplished aviator and combat leader. He was, as you no doubt also know, a decorated war hero, including the award of the Congressional Medal of Honor. In his many writings, and in a book with an intriguing title, Philosophical Reflections of a Fighter Pilot, Admiral Stockdale taught, in essence, that the true combat 3 leader and warrior is a teacher, a steward, a jurist, a moralist, and. a philosopher. A “Combat Leader” is . • A Teacher • A Steward •A Jurist • A Moralist • A Philosopher We might pause to reflect upon what Stockdale meant by each of these terms. But regardless of the meaning associated with each, I suspect that this unusual list of traits appears nowhere else in the leadership material you have both studied and learned by example during your time at the Air Force Academy. -
Council Implementing Regulation (EU)
L 82/18 EN Official Journal of the European Union 22.3.2013 COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 261/2013 of 21 March 2013 implementing Article 11(1) and (4) of Regulation (EU) No 753/2011 concerning restrictive measures directed against certain individuals, groups, undertakings and entities in view of the situation in Afghanistan THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, pursuant to paragraph 30 of Security Council Resolution 1988 (2011), updated and amended the list of indi Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European viduals, groups, undertakings and entities subject to Union, restrictive measures. Having regard to Council Regulation (EU) No 753/2011 of (3) Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 753/2011 should be 1 August 2011 concerning restrictive measures directed amended accordingly, against certain individuals, groups, undertakings and entities in view of the situation in Afghanistan ( 1), and in particular HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: Article 11(1) and (4) thereof, Article 1 Whereas: Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 753/2011 is hereby amended as set out in the Annex to this Regulation. (1) On 1 August 2011, the Council adopted Regulation (EU) No 753/2011. Article 2 (2) On 11 February and 25 February 2013, the United This Regulation shall enter into force on the day of its Nations Security Council Committee, established publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 21 March 2013. For the Council The President P. HOGAN ( 1 ) OJ L 199, 2.8.2011, p. -
The Haqqani Network
October 2010 Jeffrey A. Dressler AFGHANISTAN REPORT 6 THE HAQQANI NETWORK FROM PAKISTAN TO AFGHANISTAN INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY of WAR Military A nalysis andEducation for Civilian Leaders Cover photo: Members of an Afghan-international security force pull security on a compound in Waliuddin Bak dis- trict, of Khost province, Afghanistan, Apr. 8, 2010. During the search, the security force captured a Haqqani facilita- tor, responsible for specialized improvised explosive device support and technical expertise for various militant networks. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Mark Salazar/Released) All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2010 by the Institute for the Study of War. Published in 2010 in the United States of America by the Institute for the Study of War. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 515, Washington, DC 20036. http://www.understandingwar.org ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jeffrey A. Dressler is a Research Analyst at the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) where he studies security dynamics in southeastern and southern Afghanistan. He previously published the ISW report, Securing Helmand: Understanding and Responding to the Enemy (October 2009). Dressler’s work has drawn praise from members of the Marine Corps and the intelligence community for its understanding of the enemy network in southern Afghanistan and analysis of the military campaign in Helmand province over the past several years. Dressler was invited to Afghanistan in July 2010 to conduct research for General David Petraeus following his assumption of command. -
Principes Directeurs Du Hcr Relatifs À L'éligibilité Dans
PRINCIPES DIRECTEURS DU HCR RELATIFS À L’ÉLIGIBILITÉ DANS LE CADRE DE L’ÉVALUATION DES BESOINS DE PROTECTION INTERNATIONALE DES DEMANDEURS D’ASILE AFGHANS Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) 19 avril 2016 HCR/EG/AFG/16/02 NOTE Les Principes directeurs relatifs à l’éligibilité publiés par le Bureau du HCR visent à aider les agents en charge de la détermination du statut de réfugié, notamment le personnel du HCR, les gouvernements et les organismes privés, à évaluer les besoins de protection internationale des demandeurs d’asile. Ces principes constituent des interprétations juridiques des critères d’éligibilité au statut de réfugié, qui concernent des groupes de population spécifiques et tiennent compte des circonstances sociales, économiques, sécuritaires et humanitaires ainsi que de la situation des droits de l’homme dans le pays ou le territoire d’origine concerné. Les besoins de protection internationale s’y rapportant sont analysés en détail et des recommandations sont formulées sur la manière de déterminer si les demandes en question relèvent des principes et normes du droit international des réfugiés, notamment au Statut du HCR, à la Convention de 1951 relative au statut des réfugiés et à son Protocole de 1967, ainsi qu’à certains instruments régionaux spécifiques comme la Convention de l’OUA de 1969, la Déclaration de Carthagène et la Directive Qualification de l’Union européenne. Selon la situation, ces recommandations peuvent également concerner des régimes de protection complémentaires ou subsidiaires. -
Suicide Attacks in Afghanistan: Why Now?
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Political Science Department -- Theses, Dissertations, and Student Scholarship Political Science, Department of Spring 5-2013 SUICIDE ATTACKS IN AFGHANISTAN: WHY NOW? Ghulam Farooq Mujaddidi University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/poliscitheses Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, and the International Relations Commons Mujaddidi, Ghulam Farooq, "SUICIDE ATTACKS IN AFGHANISTAN: WHY NOW?" (2013). Political Science Department -- Theses, Dissertations, and Student Scholarship. 25. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/poliscitheses/25 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Department -- Theses, Dissertations, and Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SUICIDE ATTACKS IN AFGHANISTAN: WHY NOW? by Ghulam Farooq Mujaddidi A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Political Science Under the Supervision of Professor Patrice C. McMahon Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2013 SUICIDE ATTACKS IN AFGHANISTAN: WHY NOW? Ghulam Farooq Mujaddidi, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2013 Adviser: Patrice C. McMahon Why, contrary to their predecessors, did the Taliban resort to use of suicide attacks in the 2000s in Afghanistan? By drawing from terrorist innovation literature and Michael Horowitz’s adoption capacity theory—a theory of diffusion of military innovation—the author argues that suicide attacks in Afghanistan is better understood as an innovation or emulation of a new technique to retaliate in asymmetric warfare when insurgents face arms embargo, military pressure, and have direct links to external terrorist groups. -
OPERATION RED WINGS – the (Mis)Information Aftermath Copyright © Ed Darack, 2010, All Rights Reserved – for the Marine
OPERATION RED WINGS – The (Mis)Information Aftermath Copyright © Ed Darack, 2010, All Rights Reserved – For The Marine Corps Gazette Ed Darack – www.darack.com – [email protected] Published in the January, 2011 issue of the Marine Corps Gazette, Page 62 NOTE: The editors at the Gazette changed the subtitle from “The (Mis)Information Aftermath” to “What Really Happened?” “Don’t let the truth ruin a good story.” – Origin unknown OVERVIEW: The events of OPERATION RED WINGS, which spiraled into disaster shortly after the insert of a four-man Naval Special Operations Forces (NAVSOF) reconnaissance and surveillance team (R and S team) during the opening phase of the operation, present warfighters (and those covering military operations) with a broad array of vital contemporary case studies relevant to those functioning at the battalion staff, company, platoon, and squad levels. These include studies in deconfliction between conventional and special operations forces, the paramount necessity of unity of command / effort, communication in complex mountainous terrain, mountain ambush tactics, and the importance of comprehensive, detailed planning, among others. Despite these lessons (the knowledge of which will arguably save lives in future operations), little has been discussed in professional military papers about OPERATION RED WINGS. However, much has been written and discussed about RED WINGS in general media (which is often referenced by warfighters for their ongoing professional military education), and much of this, including the content of two books on the topic, is rife with misinformation. BACKGROUND, KEY POINTS, AND AFTERMATH OF OPERATION RED WINGS: In November, 2004, 3d Battalion, 3d Marines (3/3) arrived in RC-East (Regional Command – East, Afghanistan) and assumed responsibility of their area of operations (AO), which included the restive Kunar Province. -
Street Named After Ahmad Shah Massoud
AFGHAN NEWS Street named after Ahmad Shah Massoud Afghan President Hamid Karzai, unveiling the naming plaque of Ahmad Shah Massoud Marg in New Delhi on April 5. External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee and Chief Minister of Delhi Sheila Dikshit are also seen in the photo. Mukherjee described Massoud as visionary-friend of India and ‘Lion of Panjshir’. ndia on April 5 underscored its special ties with Afghanistan by rorists destroyed the World Trade Center in New York and the naming a street in the Indian capital in honour of Ahmad Shah Pentagon in Washington. Massoud had earlier played a leading role I Massoud, the legendary Afghan com- in driving the Soviet Army out of mander and ‘Lion of Panjshir’. The crossroad “This road is a symbol of ties Afghanistan. He was the country’s defence No. 1 between Niti Marg and Shantipath, near minister under the presidentship of the Afghanistan Embassy in the diplomatic that bind India and Burhanuddin Rabbani. enclave of Chanakyapuri, has been named the Afghanistan and I am “Afghanistan is honoured to have him as Ahmad Shah Massoud Marg. our hero. Afghanistan is honoured to have A plaque bearing the name of the Afghan confident that it will pave the the road here, in a very important part of leader, revered as a hero in the war on the way for even stronger ties Delhi, named after him. We are very very hardliner Taliban militia, was unveiled by grateful to you,” said Karzai, who thanked Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Indian between our two countries and India for this special gesture and remem- External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee. -
NATO in Afghanistan: a Test of the Transatlantic Alliance
NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance Vincent Morelli Section Research Manager Paul Belkin Analyst in European Affairs December 3, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33627 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance Summary The mission of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Afghanistan is seen by many as a test of the alliance’s political will and military capabilities. Since the Washington Summit in 1999, the allies have sought to create a “new” NATO, capable of operating beyond the European theater to combat emerging threats such as terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Afghanistan is NATO’s first “out-of-area” mission beyond Europe. The purpose of the mission is the stabilization and reconstruction of Afghanistan. The mission has proven difficult, an “industrial-strength” insurgency according to General David Petraeus, head of U.S. Central Command, because it must take place while combat operations against Taliban insurgents continue. The situation in Afghanistan has seen a rise in the overall level of violence due to increased Taliban military operations, an increase in terrorist-related activities, and recent major offensive operations conducted by the allies. U.N. Security Council resolutions govern NATO’s responsibilities in Afghanistan. The NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) faces formidable obstacles: shoring up a weak government in Kabul; using military capabilities in a distant country with rugged terrain; and rebuilding a country devastated by war and troubled by a resilient narcotics trade.